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Insecticide Resistance Semi-Field Evaluation of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes From Coachella Valley, 2018

Insecticide Resistance Semi-Field Evaluation of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes From Coachella... applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Arthropod Management T ests, 46(1), 2021, 1–1 doi: 10.1093/amt/tsab006 Section K: Medical and Veterinary Insecticide Resistance Semi-Field Evaluation of Culex HeadA=HeadB=HeadA=HeadB/HeadA quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes From Coachella Valley, 2018 HeadB=HeadC=HeadB=HeadC/HeadB HeadC=HeadD=HeadC=HeadD/HeadC 1, Kim Y. Hung, Melissa Snelling, Arturo Gutierrez, and Gregorio Alvarado Extract3=HeadA=Extract1=HeadA Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA 92201 and Corresponding author, e-mail: khung@cvmvcd.org History=Text=History=Text_First Section Editor: Michelle Brown EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB/HeadA Southern house mosquito | Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC/HeadB EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD/HeadC The objective of this study was to evaluate the field efficacy of dif- placed on a stand 5 ft high and 50 ft downwind from the spray or- EDI_Extract3=EDI_HeadA=EDI_Extract1=EDI_HeadA ferent adulticide products on local mosquito populations. Bottle igin. The sprays were conducted at the Coachella Valley Mosquito ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB/HeadA bioassay results demonstrated resistance to all adulticide products and Vector Control District campus in Indio, CA on 16 May 2018. tested, but this semi-field study will examine their efficacy. For each product, we used a Longray ULV backpack sprayer for ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC/HeadB Wild mosquitoes were collected by placing gravid water bait the application calibrated at 1 oz per min with a 50 ft swath. Each ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD/HeadC (water infused with Brewer’s yeast and ground alfalfa pellets) product was applied at the maximum label rate by adjusting the ERR_Extract3=ERR_HeadA=ERR_Extract1=ERR_HeadA in a black plastic pan overnight and eggs were collected the next walking speed. Temperature, wind speed, and humidity at the time morning. Mosquitoes were collected from the city of Cathedral of applications was recorded to ensure applications were conducted City. Three egg rafts were placed per larval rearing tray, and larvae within appropriate conditions. We conducted four passes per product were fed daily a mixture of yeast, liver powder, ground fish flakes, with new cages placed per pass. Ten minutes after each spray, the and ground alfalfa pellets. Larvae were kept in rearing chambers cages were removed from the stand and stored in a cooler at room at 55% RH, 28°C, and 16:8 (L:D) h cycle. During the pupal stage, temperature. Cotton balls with 10% sugar water were placed on preliminary pupae were removed to increase the female:male ratio each cage and a damp towel was used to maintain humidity. The and subsequent pupae were placed in a cage for emergence. Adults cotton balls were replenished daily with sugar water. Mosquito mor- were 3–5 d old with mixed sex (60F:40M ratio) and fed 10% sugar tality was assessed immediately before treatment and at 15  min, water daily. The susceptible CQ1 colony strain (originally collected 1  h, 6  h, and 24  h after treatment. Mosquitoes were observed to as adults from Merced, CA in the 1950s) is kept in colony under be knocked down or ‘dead’ if they could no longer have controlled similar rearing conditions. flight or stand. Untreated control mosquitoes had 0–3% mortality at An average of 31 mosquitoes ranging from 19 to 51 mosquitoes the end of the evaluation period and were not included in this report. were aspirated into cylindrical cages with mesh screening on both They were placed at the same time as the treated cages at least 50 ft sides. The cage frame was a 2 in. PVC pipe of 8 in. diameter. A ½ in. upwind of the spray origin to avoid treatment. diameter hole in the side allowed for mosquitoes to be aspirated into See Table 1 for the mean mortality of mosquitoes for the the cage and sealed with a rubber cork. PVC cages were washed and treatments. A  product was acceptable if there was 100% mor- rinsed twice with a degreasing detergent with hot water and allowed tality for both the wild and colony strain mosquitoes. Overall, the to dry in the sun for at least 2 h. A new mesh screen was installed on wild mosquito strains did not get knocked down as quickly as the the cages before reuse. colony strains and resistance was evident. Of all the products tested, For the study, three cages each respectively of wild mosquitoes both DeltaGard and Aqua-Reslin showed field efficacy of 100% from Cathedral City and colony mosquitoes (six cages total) were mortality. Table 1. Product Lbs a.i./acre Strain/location Mean % mortality at time (min) after exposure 0 min 15 min 1 h 6 h 24 h Aqua-Reslin 0.007 Colony 0.8 96.3 100 100 100 Cathedral City 0.2 48.3 97.2 100 100 DeltaGard 0.00134 Colony 0.9 92.1 100 100 100 Cathedral City 0 61.5 99.6 100 100 This research was supported by the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District as part of the routine resistance management work. No special research funds were allocated for this work. © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. 1 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Arthropod Management Tests Oxford University Press

Insecticide Resistance Semi-Field Evaluation of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes From Coachella Valley, 2018

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Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
eISSN
2155-9856
DOI
10.1093/amt/tsab006
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Abstract

applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Arthropod Management T ests, 46(1), 2021, 1–1 doi: 10.1093/amt/tsab006 Section K: Medical and Veterinary Insecticide Resistance Semi-Field Evaluation of Culex HeadA=HeadB=HeadA=HeadB/HeadA quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes From Coachella Valley, 2018 HeadB=HeadC=HeadB=HeadC/HeadB HeadC=HeadD=HeadC=HeadD/HeadC 1, Kim Y. Hung, Melissa Snelling, Arturo Gutierrez, and Gregorio Alvarado Extract3=HeadA=Extract1=HeadA Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA 92201 and Corresponding author, e-mail: khung@cvmvcd.org History=Text=History=Text_First Section Editor: Michelle Brown EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB/HeadA Southern house mosquito | Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC/HeadB EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD/HeadC The objective of this study was to evaluate the field efficacy of dif- placed on a stand 5 ft high and 50 ft downwind from the spray or- EDI_Extract3=EDI_HeadA=EDI_Extract1=EDI_HeadA ferent adulticide products on local mosquito populations. Bottle igin. The sprays were conducted at the Coachella Valley Mosquito ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB/HeadA bioassay results demonstrated resistance to all adulticide products and Vector Control District campus in Indio, CA on 16 May 2018. tested, but this semi-field study will examine their efficacy. For each product, we used a Longray ULV backpack sprayer for ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC/HeadB Wild mosquitoes were collected by placing gravid water bait the application calibrated at 1 oz per min with a 50 ft swath. Each ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD/HeadC (water infused with Brewer’s yeast and ground alfalfa pellets) product was applied at the maximum label rate by adjusting the ERR_Extract3=ERR_HeadA=ERR_Extract1=ERR_HeadA in a black plastic pan overnight and eggs were collected the next walking speed. Temperature, wind speed, and humidity at the time morning. Mosquitoes were collected from the city of Cathedral of applications was recorded to ensure applications were conducted City. Three egg rafts were placed per larval rearing tray, and larvae within appropriate conditions. We conducted four passes per product were fed daily a mixture of yeast, liver powder, ground fish flakes, with new cages placed per pass. Ten minutes after each spray, the and ground alfalfa pellets. Larvae were kept in rearing chambers cages were removed from the stand and stored in a cooler at room at 55% RH, 28°C, and 16:8 (L:D) h cycle. During the pupal stage, temperature. Cotton balls with 10% sugar water were placed on preliminary pupae were removed to increase the female:male ratio each cage and a damp towel was used to maintain humidity. The and subsequent pupae were placed in a cage for emergence. Adults cotton balls were replenished daily with sugar water. Mosquito mor- were 3–5 d old with mixed sex (60F:40M ratio) and fed 10% sugar tality was assessed immediately before treatment and at 15  min, water daily. The susceptible CQ1 colony strain (originally collected 1  h, 6  h, and 24  h after treatment. Mosquitoes were observed to as adults from Merced, CA in the 1950s) is kept in colony under be knocked down or ‘dead’ if they could no longer have controlled similar rearing conditions. flight or stand. Untreated control mosquitoes had 0–3% mortality at An average of 31 mosquitoes ranging from 19 to 51 mosquitoes the end of the evaluation period and were not included in this report. were aspirated into cylindrical cages with mesh screening on both They were placed at the same time as the treated cages at least 50 ft sides. The cage frame was a 2 in. PVC pipe of 8 in. diameter. A ½ in. upwind of the spray origin to avoid treatment. diameter hole in the side allowed for mosquitoes to be aspirated into See Table 1 for the mean mortality of mosquitoes for the the cage and sealed with a rubber cork. PVC cages were washed and treatments. A  product was acceptable if there was 100% mor- rinsed twice with a degreasing detergent with hot water and allowed tality for both the wild and colony strain mosquitoes. Overall, the to dry in the sun for at least 2 h. A new mesh screen was installed on wild mosquito strains did not get knocked down as quickly as the the cages before reuse. colony strains and resistance was evident. Of all the products tested, For the study, three cages each respectively of wild mosquitoes both DeltaGard and Aqua-Reslin showed field efficacy of 100% from Cathedral City and colony mosquitoes (six cages total) were mortality. Table 1. Product Lbs a.i./acre Strain/location Mean % mortality at time (min) after exposure 0 min 15 min 1 h 6 h 24 h Aqua-Reslin 0.007 Colony 0.8 96.3 100 100 100 Cathedral City 0.2 48.3 97.2 100 100 DeltaGard 0.00134 Colony 0.9 92.1 100 100 100 Cathedral City 0 61.5 99.6 100 100 This research was supported by the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District as part of the routine resistance management work. No special research funds were allocated for this work. © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. 1 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

Journal

Arthropod Management Tests – Oxford University Press

Published: Feb 6, 2021

Keywords: Southern house mosquito | Culex quinquefasciatus (Say); permethrin; piperonyl butoxide; deltamethrin/decamethrin

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