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Evaluating Entrust 2SC Added With the Adjuvant Combi-Protec in Managing Spotted-Wing Drosophila in Blueberries, 2021

Evaluating Entrust 2SC Added With the Adjuvant Combi-Protec in Managing Spotted-Wing Drosophila... Blueberry | Vaccinium spp Spotted-wing drosophila | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) spinosad This semi-field bioassay evaluated the efficacy of Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (spinosad) mixed with a novel adjuvant, combi-protec, for managing spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) in Southern highbush blueberry. The Combi-protec (Dedetec, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) is an adjuvant containing plant extract and sugars. In an insecticide spray solution, combi-protec serves as a feeding stimulant for adult SWD, enhancing the insecticide uptake by the flies. This experiment was conducted at the Blueberry Research and Demonstration Farm in Alma, GA (31.5346, −82.5099). The field was planted with a highbush blueberry variety, ‘Star’. Plants are spaced at 1.5 m between plants and 3.7 m between rows. This bioassay included five treatments; Entrust (high rate), Entrust (high rate) + combi-protec, Entrust (low rate) + combi-protec, combi-protec as treated check, and an untreated check (Table 1). Individual plots consisted of 12 blueberry plants. The plots received treatments on 14 May. Treatments were carried out using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a spray boom with four TeeJet flat spray tips (TP8002-VS VisiFlo, TeeJet Technologies LLC, Wheaton, IL), spaced 0.48 m apart. Insecticides were applied at 40 psi and a carrier volume of 467.7 liters/ha. Plant terminals and fruits from the treated plots were collected 1 and 3 days after the treatment (DAT) on 15 and 17 May, respectively, and transported to the laboratory to conduct the bioassay. The bioassay arena consisted of a 946-ml clear plastic container (Fabri-Kal, Kalamazoo, MI) with a matching lid and with a single 5–7 cm long blueberry terminal with five leaves inserted into a floral tube filled with distilled water, which was then fitted through a circular hole in the bottom center of the arena. Each assay container was supplied with 13 ripe blueberries from the experiment plot. Bioassay containers were then arranged in an RCBD design, and treatments were replicated five times. Five male and five female adult SWD of 5–7 d old, reared from the laboratory colony, were then released into individual bioassay arenas. Adult SWD mortality was collected 24 h after the insect release. The containers with insects were kept in a laboratory maintained at 22°C,14:10 (L:D) h, and 86 ± 10% RH for 6 d after the insect release. On the 6 DAT, blueberries were removed from the bioassay containers and transferred to a ventilated 59-ml clear plastic souffle cup (Fabri-Kal, Kalamazoo, MI) with a cotton round (Swisspers, Gastonia, NC) in the bottom, and incubated in a growth chamber (Percival Scientific, Inc., Perry, IA) at 24°C,14:10 (L:D) h, and 60 ± 2% RH for additional 15 d for progeny emergence. The adult progeny counts were taken on 5 Jun and 7 Jun, 21 d after the insect release. Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Tukey–Kramer). Date of observation. Represent bioassays that were conducted using the plant terminals and fruits samples collected two different days (1 and 3 DAT) after the field treatment. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Tukey–Kramer). Date of observation. Represent bioassays that were conducted using the plant terminals and fruits samples collected two different days (1 and 3 DAT) after the field treatment. Open in new tab Treatment efficacy was determined based on the adult SWD mortality in the bioassay chambers 24 h after the insect release and the number of SWD adult progenies that emerged from the blueberry fruits 21 d after the insect release. Data were subjected to ANOVA (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS v. 9.4) with data fitted to a normal distribution, and the mean (LSMEAN option) separation was carried out using the Tukey–Kramer method (P ≤ 0.05). Percentage mortality of SWD from 1 DAT experiment was arcsine transformed before analysis. Moreover, before analysis, adult progeny counts from 1 and 3 DAT bioassays were square-root transformed (sqrt + 0.5). The untransformed means were reported. Both the adult mortality and progeny counts from 1 and 3 DAT bioassays were significantly influenced by the insecticide treatments (Table 1). In both the bioassays, treatments with the Entrust resulted in significantly higher mortality and fewer SWD progenies emergence than the untreated and positive check. For the bioassays with the 1 DAT samples, Entrust at the high rate mixed with the combi-protec resulted in significantly higher mean adult SWD mortality than the Entrust alone treatment applied at the same rate. Additionally, for both 1 and 3 DAT experiments, no significant difference in adult mortality was observed for the low rate Entrust + combi-protec treatment compared with the high rate Entrust applications with or without the combi-protec. For both 1 and 3 DAT bioassays, significantly fewer adult progenies emerged from Entrust-treated blueberries than the untreated check or positive check. Additionally, for both 1 and 3 DAT experiments, no significant difference in progeny emergence was observed for the low rate Entrust + combi-protec treatment with that of high rate Entrust applications with or without the combi-protec.1 Footnotes 1 This research is supported in part by industry gifts of product. We thank Babu Panthi, Levi Miedema, Rupinder Singh, and Subin Neupane for their assistance during the bioassay preparation. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Arthropod Management Tests Oxford University Press

Evaluating Entrust 2SC Added With the Adjuvant Combi-Protec in Managing Spotted-Wing Drosophila in Blueberries, 2021

Evaluating Entrust 2SC Added With the Adjuvant Combi-Protec in Managing Spotted-Wing Drosophila in Blueberries, 2021

Arthropod Management Tests , Volume 47 (1): 1 – Jan 1, 2022

Abstract

Blueberry | Vaccinium spp Spotted-wing drosophila | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) spinosad This semi-field bioassay evaluated the efficacy of Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (spinosad) mixed with a novel adjuvant, combi-protec, for managing spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) in Southern highbush blueberry. The Combi-protec (Dedetec, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) is an adjuvant containing plant extract and sugars. In an insecticide spray solution, combi-protec serves as a feeding stimulant for adult SWD, enhancing the insecticide uptake by the flies. This experiment was conducted at the Blueberry Research and Demonstration Farm in Alma, GA (31.5346, −82.5099). The field was planted with a highbush blueberry variety, ‘Star’. Plants are spaced at 1.5 m between plants and 3.7 m between rows. This bioassay included five treatments; Entrust (high rate), Entrust (high rate) + combi-protec, Entrust (low rate) + combi-protec, combi-protec as treated check, and an untreated check (Table 1). Individual plots consisted of 12 blueberry plants. The plots received treatments on 14 May. Treatments were carried out using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a spray boom with four TeeJet flat spray tips (TP8002-VS VisiFlo, TeeJet Technologies LLC, Wheaton, IL), spaced 0.48 m apart. Insecticides were applied at 40 psi and a carrier volume of 467.7 liters/ha. Plant terminals and fruits from the treated plots were collected 1 and 3 days after the treatment (DAT) on 15 and 17 May, respectively, and transported to the laboratory to conduct the bioassay. The bioassay arena consisted of a 946-ml clear plastic container (Fabri-Kal, Kalamazoo, MI) with a matching lid and with a single 5–7 cm long blueberry terminal with five leaves inserted into a floral tube filled with distilled water, which was then fitted through a circular hole in the bottom center of the arena. Each assay container was supplied with 13 ripe blueberries from the experiment plot. Bioassay containers were then arranged in an RCBD design, and treatments were replicated five times. Five male and five female adult SWD of 5–7 d old, reared from the laboratory colony, were then released into individual bioassay arenas. Adult SWD mortality was collected 24 h after the insect release. The containers with insects were kept in a laboratory maintained at 22°C,14:10 (L:D) h, and 86 ± 10% RH for 6 d after the insect release. On the 6 DAT, blueberries were removed from the bioassay containers and transferred to a ventilated 59-ml clear plastic souffle cup (Fabri-Kal, Kalamazoo, MI) with a cotton round (Swisspers, Gastonia, NC) in the bottom, and incubated in a growth chamber (Percival Scientific, Inc., Perry, IA) at 24°C,14:10 (L:D) h, and 60 ± 2% RH for additional 15 d for progeny emergence. The adult progeny counts were taken on 5 Jun and 7 Jun, 21 d after the insect release. Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Tukey–Kramer). Date of observation. Represent bioassays that were conducted using the plant terminals and fruits samples collected two different days (1 and 3 DAT) after the field treatment. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Tukey–Kramer). Date of observation. Represent bioassays that were conducted using the plant terminals and fruits samples collected two different days (1 and 3 DAT) after the field treatment. Open in new tab Treatment efficacy was determined based on the adult SWD mortality in the bioassay chambers 24 h after the insect release and the number of SWD adult progenies that emerged from the blueberry fruits 21 d after the insect release. Data were subjected to ANOVA (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS v. 9.4) with data fitted to a normal distribution, and the mean (LSMEAN option) separation was carried out using the Tukey–Kramer method (P ≤ 0.05). Percentage mortality of SWD from 1 DAT experiment was arcsine transformed before analysis. Moreover, before analysis, adult progeny counts from 1 and 3 DAT bioassays were square-root transformed (sqrt + 0.5). The untransformed means were reported. Both the adult mortality and progeny counts from 1 and 3 DAT bioassays were significantly influenced by the insecticide treatments (Table 1). In both the bioassays, treatments with the Entrust resulted in significantly higher mortality and fewer SWD progenies emergence than the untreated and positive check. For the bioassays with the 1 DAT samples, Entrust at the high rate mixed with the combi-protec resulted in significantly higher mean adult SWD mortality than the Entrust alone treatment applied at the same rate. Additionally, for both 1 and 3 DAT experiments, no significant difference in adult mortality was observed for the low rate Entrust + combi-protec treatment compared with the high rate Entrust applications with or without the combi-protec. For both 1 and 3 DAT bioassays, significantly fewer adult progenies emerged from Entrust-treated blueberries than the untreated check or positive check. Additionally, for both 1 and 3 DAT experiments, no significant difference in progeny emergence was observed for the low rate Entrust + combi-protec treatment with that of high rate Entrust applications with or without the combi-protec.1 Footnotes 1 This research is supported in part by industry gifts of product. We thank Babu Panthi, Levi Miedema, Rupinder Singh, and Subin Neupane for their assistance during the bioassay preparation. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
Copyright © 2023 Entomological Society of America
eISSN
2155-9856
DOI
10.1093/amt/tsac095
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Blueberry | Vaccinium spp Spotted-wing drosophila | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) spinosad This semi-field bioassay evaluated the efficacy of Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (spinosad) mixed with a novel adjuvant, combi-protec, for managing spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) in Southern highbush blueberry. The Combi-protec (Dedetec, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) is an adjuvant containing plant extract and sugars. In an insecticide spray solution, combi-protec serves as a feeding stimulant for adult SWD, enhancing the insecticide uptake by the flies. This experiment was conducted at the Blueberry Research and Demonstration Farm in Alma, GA (31.5346, −82.5099). The field was planted with a highbush blueberry variety, ‘Star’. Plants are spaced at 1.5 m between plants and 3.7 m between rows. This bioassay included five treatments; Entrust (high rate), Entrust (high rate) + combi-protec, Entrust (low rate) + combi-protec, combi-protec as treated check, and an untreated check (Table 1). Individual plots consisted of 12 blueberry plants. The plots received treatments on 14 May. Treatments were carried out using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a spray boom with four TeeJet flat spray tips (TP8002-VS VisiFlo, TeeJet Technologies LLC, Wheaton, IL), spaced 0.48 m apart. Insecticides were applied at 40 psi and a carrier volume of 467.7 liters/ha. Plant terminals and fruits from the treated plots were collected 1 and 3 days after the treatment (DAT) on 15 and 17 May, respectively, and transported to the laboratory to conduct the bioassay. The bioassay arena consisted of a 946-ml clear plastic container (Fabri-Kal, Kalamazoo, MI) with a matching lid and with a single 5–7 cm long blueberry terminal with five leaves inserted into a floral tube filled with distilled water, which was then fitted through a circular hole in the bottom center of the arena. Each assay container was supplied with 13 ripe blueberries from the experiment plot. Bioassay containers were then arranged in an RCBD design, and treatments were replicated five times. Five male and five female adult SWD of 5–7 d old, reared from the laboratory colony, were then released into individual bioassay arenas. Adult SWD mortality was collected 24 h after the insect release. The containers with insects were kept in a laboratory maintained at 22°C,14:10 (L:D) h, and 86 ± 10% RH for 6 d after the insect release. On the 6 DAT, blueberries were removed from the bioassay containers and transferred to a ventilated 59-ml clear plastic souffle cup (Fabri-Kal, Kalamazoo, MI) with a cotton round (Swisspers, Gastonia, NC) in the bottom, and incubated in a growth chamber (Percival Scientific, Inc., Perry, IA) at 24°C,14:10 (L:D) h, and 60 ± 2% RH for additional 15 d for progeny emergence. The adult progeny counts were taken on 5 Jun and 7 Jun, 21 d after the insect release. Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Tukey–Kramer). Date of observation. Represent bioassays that were conducted using the plant terminals and fruits samples collected two different days (1 and 3 DAT) after the field treatment. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Treatment/formulation . Insecticide rate (liters/ha)a . Combi-protec rate (liters/ha) . Adult mortality/arena (%) . Adult emergence count/arena . 16 Maya 1 DAT assayb . 18 Maya 3 DAT assayb . 5 Juna 1 DAT assayb . 7 Juna 3 DAT assayb . 1. UTC — — 00.0c 00.0b 93.4a 67.2a 2. Combi-protec (treated check) — 1.02 2.0c 00.0b 70.6a 69.6a 3. Entrust 2SC Naturalyte (high rate) 0.44 — 84.0b 82.0a 0.2b 0.2b 4. Entrust SC Naturalyte (high rate) + Combi-protec 0.44 1.02 98.0a 87.2a 0.0b 0.2b 5. Entrust SC Naturalyte (low rate) + Combi-protec 0.22 1.02 96.0ab 74.0a 1.2b 4.2b P ˃ F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Tukey–Kramer). Date of observation. Represent bioassays that were conducted using the plant terminals and fruits samples collected two different days (1 and 3 DAT) after the field treatment. Open in new tab Treatment efficacy was determined based on the adult SWD mortality in the bioassay chambers 24 h after the insect release and the number of SWD adult progenies that emerged from the blueberry fruits 21 d after the insect release. Data were subjected to ANOVA (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS v. 9.4) with data fitted to a normal distribution, and the mean (LSMEAN option) separation was carried out using the Tukey–Kramer method (P ≤ 0.05). Percentage mortality of SWD from 1 DAT experiment was arcsine transformed before analysis. Moreover, before analysis, adult progeny counts from 1 and 3 DAT bioassays were square-root transformed (sqrt + 0.5). The untransformed means were reported. Both the adult mortality and progeny counts from 1 and 3 DAT bioassays were significantly influenced by the insecticide treatments (Table 1). In both the bioassays, treatments with the Entrust resulted in significantly higher mortality and fewer SWD progenies emergence than the untreated and positive check. For the bioassays with the 1 DAT samples, Entrust at the high rate mixed with the combi-protec resulted in significantly higher mean adult SWD mortality than the Entrust alone treatment applied at the same rate. Additionally, for both 1 and 3 DAT experiments, no significant difference in adult mortality was observed for the low rate Entrust + combi-protec treatment compared with the high rate Entrust applications with or without the combi-protec. For both 1 and 3 DAT bioassays, significantly fewer adult progenies emerged from Entrust-treated blueberries than the untreated check or positive check. Additionally, for both 1 and 3 DAT experiments, no significant difference in progeny emergence was observed for the low rate Entrust + combi-protec treatment with that of high rate Entrust applications with or without the combi-protec.1 Footnotes 1 This research is supported in part by industry gifts of product. We thank Babu Panthi, Levi Miedema, Rupinder Singh, and Subin Neupane for their assistance during the bioassay preparation. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

Journal

Arthropod Management TestsOxford University Press

Published: Jan 1, 2022

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