Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Evaluating Efficacy of Biological and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Heliothine Caterpillars in Hemp, 2021

Evaluating Efficacy of Biological and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Heliothine Caterpillars in... Industrial hemp | Cannabis sativa Corn earworm | Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Tobacco budworm | Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-HV1a, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, HzSNPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea), Beauveria bassiana strain GHA, chlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole Field trials to evaluate a range of conventional insecticides and federally approved biopesticides for the control of heliothine caterpillars were conducted in hemp grown following cannabinoid production practices in North Carolina at the Oxford Tobacco Research Station in Oxford, NC. Five-week-old asexually propagated clones of BaOx variety hemp (Carolina Greenhouses, Kinston, NC) were hand-transplanted into uncovered beds on 1 Jul 2021. During cultivation, field burndown was conducted using glyphosate 41% (Mad Dawg Herbicide, Loveland Products Inc., Greeley, CO) and S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) for weed control. Fertilizer 20-16-16, N-K-P (Nutrien Ag Solution, Loveland, CO) was applied during cultivation at a rate of 409 kg/ha. After transplant, weeds were manually removed weekly. Plants were sprinkler irrigated once per week or as needed until flower initiation. Plots consisted of a single 12.2 m long row of 10 plants, although due to stand loss, some rows contained fewer than 10 plants. Each treatment was replicated four times in an RCB design. Following flower initiation, plots were scouted weekly for heliothine larvae. Once at least three replicates of each treatment were infested with caterpillars, insecticide applications were initiated. All treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a single flat fan nozzle. Treatments were applied at 55 psi to achieve a target application rate of 50 gpa for all treatments except Harvanta which was applied at 100 gpa. Three insecticide applications were made on 10 Sep, 15 Sep, and 20 Sep. Heliothine larvae on two buds from five plants per plot were assessed 5 d after the first two applications and 4 d after the final application. On 24 Sep a final damage rating was assessed on the same two buds per plant on which heliothine larvae were observed. Up to 30 larvae were collected weekly from hemp plants adjacent to plots, returned to the laboratory, and reared to adulthood to confirm species identity. Moths were confirmed to be either corn earworm (79%) or tobacco budworm (21%). Data were analyzed by location via a mixed model ANOVA (Proc MIXED, SAS, v.9.4, Cary, NC). Larvae counts were modeled with pesticide treatment and days after treatment as fixed effects and replication as a random effect. Damage rating was modeled with pesticide treatment as a fixed effect and replication as a random effect. In instances where significant effects were observed, adjusted means were separated via the Tukey–Kramer adjustment (α = 0.05). Following the second application, plots treated with Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus ABA-NPV-U (H. zea NPV) with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Bt subsp. kurstaki), H. zea NPV with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Bt subsp. aizawai), and the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) and cyclaniliprole (Harvanta) had significantly lower numbers of larvae (F = 1.88; df = 24,105; P = 0.0153) than untreated control plots (Table 1). Plots treated with the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole and cyclaniliprole, experienced significantly less damage (F = 8.66; df = 8,24; P < 0.0001) than untreated control plots (Table 2). The biopesticide materials which are currently registered in industrial hemp or pending registration generally provided no greater control of corn earworm than the untreated control.1 Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was financially supported through the IR-4 Food Crops Program, which also provided pesticide material. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Arthropod Management Tests Oxford University Press

Evaluating Efficacy of Biological and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Heliothine Caterpillars in Hemp, 2021

Pulkoski, Melissa; Burack, Hannah
Arthropod Management Tests , Volume 48 (1): 1 – Jan 6, 2023
Download PDF
2 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/oxford-university-press/evaluating-efficacy-of-biological-and-reduced-risk-pesticides-against-XgAcK1SBbO

References (0)

References for this paper are not available at this time. We will be adding them shortly, thank you for your patience.

Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.
eISSN
2155-9856
DOI
10.1093/amt/tsac140
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Industrial hemp | Cannabis sativa Corn earworm | Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Tobacco budworm | Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-HV1a, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, HzSNPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea), Beauveria bassiana strain GHA, chlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole Field trials to evaluate a range of conventional insecticides and federally approved biopesticides for the control of heliothine caterpillars were conducted in hemp grown following cannabinoid production practices in North Carolina at the Oxford Tobacco Research Station in Oxford, NC. Five-week-old asexually propagated clones of BaOx variety hemp (Carolina Greenhouses, Kinston, NC) were hand-transplanted into uncovered beds on 1 Jul 2021. During cultivation, field burndown was conducted using glyphosate 41% (Mad Dawg Herbicide, Loveland Products Inc., Greeley, CO) and S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) for weed control. Fertilizer 20-16-16, N-K-P (Nutrien Ag Solution, Loveland, CO) was applied during cultivation at a rate of 409 kg/ha. After transplant, weeds were manually removed weekly. Plants were sprinkler irrigated once per week or as needed until flower initiation. Plots consisted of a single 12.2 m long row of 10 plants, although due to stand loss, some rows contained fewer than 10 plants. Each treatment was replicated four times in an RCB design. Following flower initiation, plots were scouted weekly for heliothine larvae. Once at least three replicates of each treatment were infested with caterpillars, insecticide applications were initiated. All treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a single flat fan nozzle. Treatments were applied at 55 psi to achieve a target application rate of 50 gpa for all treatments except Harvanta which was applied at 100 gpa. Three insecticide applications were made on 10 Sep, 15 Sep, and 20 Sep. Heliothine larvae on two buds from five plants per plot were assessed 5 d after the first two applications and 4 d after the final application. On 24 Sep a final damage rating was assessed on the same two buds per plant on which heliothine larvae were observed. Up to 30 larvae were collected weekly from hemp plants adjacent to plots, returned to the laboratory, and reared to adulthood to confirm species identity. Moths were confirmed to be either corn earworm (79%) or tobacco budworm (21%). Data were analyzed by location via a mixed model ANOVA (Proc MIXED, SAS, v.9.4, Cary, NC). Larvae counts were modeled with pesticide treatment and days after treatment as fixed effects and replication as a random effect. Damage rating was modeled with pesticide treatment as a fixed effect and replication as a random effect. In instances where significant effects were observed, adjusted means were separated via the Tukey–Kramer adjustment (α = 0.05). Following the second application, plots treated with Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus ABA-NPV-U (H. zea NPV) with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Bt subsp. kurstaki), H. zea NPV with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Bt subsp. aizawai), and the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) and cyclaniliprole (Harvanta) had significantly lower numbers of larvae (F = 1.88; df = 24,105; P = 0.0153) than untreated control plots (Table 1). Plots treated with the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole and cyclaniliprole, experienced significantly less damage (F = 8.66; df = 8,24; P < 0.0001) than untreated control plots (Table 2). The biopesticide materials which are currently registered in industrial hemp or pending registration generally provided no greater control of corn earworm than the untreated control.1 Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was financially supported through the IR-4 Food Crops Program, which also provided pesticide material. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

Journal

Arthropod Management Tests – Oxford University Press

Published: Jan 6, 2023

Keywords: Industrial hemp | Cannabis sativa; Corn earworm | Helicoverpa zea (Boddie); Tobacco budworm | Chloridea virescens (Fabricius); GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-HV1a; Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki; HzSNPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea); Beauveria bassiana strain GHA; chlorantraniliprole; cyclaniliprole

There are no references for this article.