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Effects of sodium metabisulfite additives on nursery pig growth

Effects of sodium metabisulfite additives on nursery pig growth Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 †,1, Dwight J. Shawk,* Steve S. Dritz, Robert D. Goodband,* Mike D. Tokach,* Jason C. Woodworth,* and Joel M. DeRouchey* *Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0210; and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0210 ABSTRACT: Sodium metabisulfite (SMB)- Product 1 or Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason based feed additive efficacy was evaluated in three City, IA) at different concentrations and dura- nursery pig growth experiments where pigs were tions. Among the various treatments, Product 1 fed diets containing low deoxynivalenol (<1.5 mg/ or Product 2 concentrations ranged from 0.50% kg; DON) concentrations. Pigs were weaned at initially to 0.25%, 0.15%, or none the last week of approximately 22 d of age and randomly allotted the study. Overall, pigs fed either of the additives to pens with one pen of 27 gilts and one pen of at the highest concentrations and for the longest 27 barrows per feeder; thus, feeder was the experi- period of time had greater (P  <  0.05) ADG and mental unit. In experiment 1, a total of 2,268 ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet, pigs were used in a 35-d trial with 21 feeders per with those fed lower concentrations or shorter treatment. Experimental treatments included durations being intermediate. In experiment 3, a a control diet or the control with 0.50% SMB- total of 2,808 pigs were used in a 28-d trial with 13 based Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, feeders per treatment. All pigs were fed a common OH) fed in phase 1 and 0.25% fed in phases 2 diet for 7 d after weaning. Pigs were then fed either and 3, then all pigs were fed a control diet for a control diet (without any SMB-containing prod- the last week of the study. Pigs fed Product 1 had uct) or a diet containing Product 1 (0.50% and greater (P  <  0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F com- 0.25% from days 0 to 21 and 21 to 28, respectively) pared with pigs fed the control diet from days 0 or SMB (0.50% and 0.25% from days 0 to 21 and to 28. However, from days 28 to 35, the opposite 21 to 28, respectively) or 0.25% SMB from days response was observed with pigs fed the control 0 to 28. Overall, pigs fed Product 1 or high-SMB diet having greater ADG and G:F than pigs pre- diets had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with viously fed Product 1. Despite this response, pigs pigs fed low-SMB or control diets. In conclusion, fed Product 1 were heavier (P  <  0.05) on day 35 results of these experiments indicate that in diets than control-fed pigs. In experiment 2, a total with low DON concentrations, these SMB-based of 4,320 pigs were used in a 42-d trial. Pigs were products increased ADG compared with control fed a control diet or diets with SMB-based either diets. Key words: deoxynivalenol, nursery pig, preservative, sodium metabisulfite © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Transl. Anim. Sci. 2019.3:38–47 doi: 10.1093/tas/txy098 Corresponding author: dritz@ksu.edu Received July 10, 2018. Accepted August 4, 2018. 38 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 39 INTRODUCTION of pigs were weighed and feed disappearance was recorded every 7 d to determine ADG, ADFI, and Deoxynivalenol (DON), or vomitoxin, is a G:F. mycotoxin found in cereal grains and is produced by the Fusarium genus. The DON concentration of Experiment 1 cereal grains can vary from year to year, based on the degree of stress the plant is exposed to during In the first experiment, an SMB-containing the growing season, such as poor soil fertility, harsh product was evaluated (Defusion; Provimi, weather conditions, and insect damage. Swine are Brookville, OH). This product (Product 1) is a com- sensitive to DON with exposure to concentrations mercially available feed preservative that is a blend greater than 1  mg/kg resulting in decreased feed of SMB (92%), organic acids, fermentation prod- intake and growth, whereas exposure to higher ucts, and supplemental vitamins and amino acids. concentrations can result in complete feed refusal A total of 2,268 pigs (PIC 337  ×  1050; initial and vomiting (Rotter et  al., 1996; Forsyth et  al., BW 6.8  kg) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs 1977; Eriksen and Pettersson, 2004). Although not were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and were approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration randomly sorted into 1 of 84 pens (42 pens of bar- as DON-detoxifying agents, sodium metabisu- rows, 42 pens of gilts) with one pen of gilts and one fite (SMB)-based feed additives have been used in pen of barrows per fence line feeder. A pair of pens diets with high DON concentrations with positive (one adjoining feeder) were blocked by BW and results. A positive relationship between growth per- weaning date and then randomly assigned to one formance and the addition of SMB-containing feed of two dietary treatments in a randomized com- additives in swine diets with greater than 3  mg/kg plete block design with 21 feeders per treatment. of DON has been reported (Mahan et  al., 2010; Dietary treatments included a control diet or the Patience et al., 2014; Frobose et al., 2015). However, control with 0.50% Product 1 in phase 1 and 0.25% limited research is available to document growth in phases 2 and 3 (Table 1). From days 28 to 35, all performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing pigs were fed a common diet without Product 1. For SMB-based feed additives and with relatively little phase 1, pigs were offered 0.68 kg feed, which lasted to no DON. Therefore, the objective of these exper- from day 0 to approximately day 5.  Then phase 2 iments was to determine the effects of SMB-based diets were provided until day 21, phase 3 diets were feed additives in low-DON-containing diets on fed from days 21 to 28 with all pigs receiving a con- the growth performance of nursery pigs weighing trol diet without Product 1 from days 28 to 35. approximately 6 to 25 kg. Experiment 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In the second experiment, a custom-made SMB-containing product was evaluated (Product General 2; NutriQuest, Mason City, IA). Product 2 is a cus- The Kansas State University Institutional tom-made preservative and anticaking agent that Animal Care and Use Committee approved the contains SMB (92%), bentonite, and mineral oil. protocol used in these studies. Experiments were This product was compared with Product 1 used in conducted at a commercial research facility located the first experiment. in North Central Ohio. Each pen (2.3  ×  2.7 m) A total of 4,320 pigs (PIC 337  ×  1050; initial initially contained 27 barrows or gilts and a dou- weight 6.2  kg) were used in a 42-d growth trial. ble-sided five-hole stainless-steel fence line feeder. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and Therefore, the experimental unit was the feeder. were randomly sorted into 1 of 160 pens (80 pens Each pen also contained a cup-waterer and access of barrows, 80 pens of gilts) with one pen of gilts to feed and water were provided on an ad libitum and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. A pair basis. Feed additions to each individual pen were of pens (one adjoining feeder) were blocked by BW made and recorded by an electronic feeding sys- and weaning date, and then randomly assigned to tem (Dry Exact; Big Dutchman, Inc., Holland, one of five dietary treatments that were fed for 35 MI). Experimental diets were manufactured at the d in a randomized complete block design. Dietary Hord Elevator (Bucyrus, OH). Feed samples were treatments included: 1)  a control diet; 2)  the con- collected from six feeders per treatment per phase, trol diets with 0.50% Product 1 fed for 7 d followed pooled, and subsampled for chemical analysis. Pens by 0.25% Product 1 from days 7 to 35; 3)  control Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 40 Shawk et al. Table 1. Diet composition, experiment 1 (as-fed basis) Ingredient, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Corn 35.8 50.77 48.27 Soybean meal 20.87 31.57 33.06 Wheat 3.00 — — Bakery meal — — 12.50 Milk, whey powder 25.00 — — Dairylac 80 — 9.00 — HP 300 7.50 2.50 — Corn oil 4.00 1.50 2.50 Limestone 0.85 0.85 1.00 Monocalcium phosphate, 21% 0.73 1.50 0.85 Sodium chloride 0.50 0.60 0.50 l -Lysine HCl 0.45 0.48 0.45 dl -Methionine 0.30 0.31 0.25 l -Threonine 0.21 0.27 0.22 l -Tryptophan 0.06 0.04 0.01 l -Valine 0.12 0.16 0.09 Vitamin and trace mineral premix 0.15 0.15 0.18 Zinc oxide 0.38 0.25 — Copper sulfate — 0.03 0.03 Choline chloride, 60% 0.04 — — Quantum 5000 L 0.05 0.05 — Quantum Blue 2G — — 0.10 Product 1 — — — Total 100 100 100 Calculated analysis Standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA, % Lysine 1.40 1.42 1.38 Isoleucine:lysine 58 58 60 Leucine:lysine 107 109 113 Methionine:lysine 40 41 38 Methionine and cystine:lysine 58 59 57 Threonine:lysine 63 63 62 Tryptopahn:lysine 21.2 20.4 18.5 Valine:lysine 67 70 68 Total lysine, % 1.56 1.57 1.53 Net energy, kcal/kg 2,420 2,474 2,487 Crude protein, % 21.0 21.4 21.3 Calcium, % 0.74 0.77 0.67 Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.76 0.59 Available phosphorus, % 0.55 0.59 0.40 Experimental diet were fed in three phases with dietary phases formulated for BW ranges of 5 to 7, 7 to 11, and 11 to 20 kg. International Ingredients, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH. Provided per kilogram of premix: 26 g Mn from manganese oxide; 66 g Fe from iron sulfate; 88 g Zn from zinc sulfate; 11 g Cu from copper sulfate; 220 mg I from calcium iodate; and 198 mg Se from sodium selenite; 6,613,860 IU vitamin A; 1,468,277 IU vitamin D3; 44,092 IU vitamin E; 154 mg biotin; 1,102 mg folic acid; 2,205 mg pyridoxine; 6,614 mg riboflavin; 2,866 mg menadione; 22,046 mg pantothenic acid; 28,660 mg niacin; 6,614 mg thiamine; and 22 mg vitamin B12. Quantum 5000 (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Quantum Blue 2G (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). diet containing 0.50% Product 2 from days 0 to 7, 5)  control diet containing 0.50% Product 2 from 0.25% from days 7 to 28, and 0.15% from days 28 days 0 to 28 and 0.25% from days 28 to 35 (Table 2). to 35; 4)  control diet containing 0.50% Product 2 On day 35, half of the pens receiving either Product from days 0 to 7 and 0.25% from days 7 to 35; and 1 or Product 2 remained on those treatments and Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 41 Table 2. Diet composition, experiment 2 (as-fed basis) Ingredient, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Corn 35.80 50.77 48.27 Soybean meal 20.87 31.57 33.06 Wheat 3.00 — — Bakery meal — — 12.50 Milk, whey powder 25.00 — — Dairylac 80 — 9.00 — HP 300 7.50 2.50 — Corn oil 4.00 1.50 2.50 Limestone 0.85 0.85 1.00 Monocalcium phosphate, 21% 0.73 1.50 0.85 Sodium chloride 0.50 0.60 0.50 l -Lysine HCl 0.45 0.48 0.45 dl -Methionine 0.30 0.31 0.25 l -Threonine 0.21 0.27 0.22 l -Tryptophan 0.06 0.04 0.01 l -Valine 0.12 0.16 0.09 Vitamin and trace mineral premix 0.15 0.15 0.18 Zinc oxide 0.38 0.25 — Copper sulfate — 0.03 0.03 Choline chloride, 60% 0.04 — — Quantum 5000 L 0.05 0.05 — Quantum Blue 2G — — 0.10 Product 1 −/+ −/+ −/+ Product 2 −/+ −/+ −/+ Total 100 100 100 Calculated analysis Standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA, % Lysine 1.40 1.42 1.38 Isoleucine:lysine 58 58 60 Leucine:lysine 107 109 113 Methionine:lysine 40 41 38 Methionine and cystine:lysine 58 59 57 Threonine:lysine 63 63 62 Tryptopahn:lysine 21.2 20.4 18.5 Valine:lysine 67 70 68 Total lysine, % 1.56 1.57 1.53 Net energy, kcal/kg 2,420 2,474 2,487 Crude protein, % 21.0 21.4 21.3 Calcium, % 0.74 0.77 0.67 Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.76 0.59 Available phosphorus, % 0.55 0.59 0.40 Experimental diet were fed in three phases with dietary phases formulated for 5 to 7, 7 to 11, and 11 to 20 kg BW ranges. 2International Ingredients, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH. Provided per kilogram of premix: 26 g Mn from manganese oxide; 66 g Fe from iron sulfate; 88 g Zn from zinc sulfate; 11 g Cu from copper sulfate; 220 mg I from calcium iodate; and 198 mg Se from sodium selenite; 6,613,860 IU vitamin A; 1,468,277 IU vitamin D3; 44,092 IU vitamin E; 154 mg biotin; 1,102 mg folic acid; 2,205 mg pyridoxine; 6,614 mg riboflavin; 2,866 mg menadione; 22,046 mg pantothenic acid; 28,660 mg niacin; 6,614 mg thiamine; and 22 mg vitamin B12. Quantum 5000 (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Quantum Blue 2G (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH) was included at the expense of corn. Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA) was included at the expense of corn. Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 42 Shawk et al. the other half were switched to the control diet. experiments. Means are reported as least square These combinations resulted in a total of nine means with pooled standard error of the means. For treatments. There were 16 replications (feeders) for experiments 2 and 3, individual treatment means all treatments from days 0 to 35 and 8 replications were separated using the Tukey−Kramer multiple per treatment from days 35 to 42 for all treatments comparison test. Data for all experiments were except for the control, which continued to have 16 analyzed as a randomized complete block design replications per treatment. using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and marginally significant Experiment 3 between P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. In the third experiment, food-grade SMB (Brenntag North America, Reading, PA) was com- RESULTS pared with Product 1.  A  total of 2,808 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initial weight 7.0 kg) were used in a 28-d Chemical Analysis growth trial. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and were randomly sorted into 1 of 104 Chemical analysis of experiment 1 and 3 diets pens (52 pens of barrows, 52 pens of gilts) with one indicated that dietary DON concentrations of all pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line diets, regardless of phase, were less than 0.5 mg/kg feeder. All pigs were fed a common phase 1 diet for or below the detectable limit (Tables  4 and 6). For 7 d, then 7 d after weaning, considered day 0 of experiment 2 (Table  5), the control diet had DON the trial, a pair of pens (one adjoining feeder) were concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Both blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of the Product 1-based diets had DON concentrations four dietary treatments with 13 feeders per treat- equal to or less than 1.3  mg/kg. Diets containing ment. Dietary treatments were fed for 28 d.  The Product 2 had DON concentrations equal to or less four treatments were as follows: 1)  a control diet, than 1.1 mg/kg. 2)  control diet with 0.50% Product 1 from days 0 to 21 followed by 0.25% Product 1 from days 21 to Experiment 1 28, 3) control diet with 0.25% SMB from days 0 to 28, and 4) control diet with 0.5% SMB from days 0 From days 0 to 28, pigs fed diets containing to 21 followed by 0.25% SMB from days 21 to 28 Product 1 had greater (P  <  0.05) ADG, ADFI, (Table 3). G:F, and day 28 BW than those fed the control diet (Table  7). However, from days 28 to 35, when all Chemical Analysis pigs were fed a control diet, the opposite effect was observed. Pigs previously fed the diets containing Feed samples for all three experiments were sub- Product 1 had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, mitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Service, and G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for DON analysis. Dietary DON Regardless, overall (days 0 to 35)  ADG, ADFI, concentrations for experiment 1 were determined G:F, and day 35 BW were greater (P  <  0.05) for by the RIDASCREEN FAST DON SC ELISA kit those pigs fed diets containing Product 1. (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany). Dietary DON concentrations for experiments 2 and 3 were determined by ROSA DONQ2 Quantitative Test Experiment 2 (Charms Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). North From days 0 to 35, pigs fed the Product 1 or Dakota Grain Inspection Service, Inc., follows the Product 2 combinations control diet had increased Federal Grain Inspection Service guidelines that (P  <  0.05) ADG, ADFI, and d 35 BW compared consider the standard certification limits for these with pigs fed the control diet (Table 8). The response assays to be 0.5 to 5  mg/kg (FGIS, 2015). Thus, to SMB products was in a dose-dependent manner the minimum detection limit for both assays was with pigs fed the highest level of Product 2 hav- 0.5 mg/kg. ing greater (P < 0.05) performance than the other Product 2 diets. There was no evidence for differ- Statistical Analysis ence between pigs fed similar levels of Product 1 Feeder was considered the experimental unit and Product 2. Gain to feed was greater (P < 0.05) (one pen of barrows and one pen of gilts) for all for pigs fed the highest levels of Product 2 compared Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 43 Table  3. Diet composition, experiment 3 (as-fed Table  4. DON analysis of experimental diets, 1 1 basis) experiment 1 (as-fed basis) Ingredient, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Item Control Product 1 Corn 50.77 57.43 DON, mg/kg Soybean meal 31.57 33.10 Phase 1 diets <0.5 <0.5 Dairylac 80 9.00 — Phase 2 diets <0.5 <0.5 HP 300 2.50 — Phase 3 diets <0.5 <0.5 Corn oil 1.50 1.50 Multiple samples were collected from each diet throughout the Limestone 0.85 1.05 study, homogenized, and submitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Monocalcium phosphate, 21% 1.50 0.85 Service, Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for analysis of DON as determined by the Sodium chloride 0.60 0.50 RIDASCREEN FAST DON SC ELISA test kit (R-Biopharm AG, l -Lysine HCl 0.48 0.43 Darmstadt, Germany). dl -Methionine 0.31 0.26 Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). l -Threonine 0.27 0.22 with the lowest added Product 2 diets with pigs fed l -Tryptophan 0.04 0.01 l -Valine 0.16 0.09 other diets intermediate. Vitamin and trace mineral premix 0.15 0.18 On day 35, pigs either remained on their respec- Zinc oxide 0.25 0.25 tive Product 1 or Product 2 diets or were switched Copper sulfate 0.03 0.03 to a diet without either of the SMB-containing Quantum 5000 L 0.05 — additives. During this period, those pigs switched to Quantum Blue 2G — 0.10 diets without SMB had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG Product 1 −/+ −/+ and ADFI compared with the pigs remaining on Sodium metabisulfite −/+ −/+ their respective Product 1 or Product 2, with those Total 100 96 fed the control diet intermediate. Calculated analysis Overall, pigs fed Product 1 at the highest level Standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA, % had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared Lysine 1.42 1.37 with pigs fed the control, with pigs fed the other Isoleucine:lysine 58 60 Leucine:lysine 109 115 diets intermediate. There was no evidence to indi- Methionine:lysine 41 39 cate dietary treatment influenced G:F. Pigs fed the Methionine and cystine:lysine 59 58 control diet had lower (P < 0.05) day 42 BW com- Threonine:lysine 63 62 pared with the other dietary treatments. Pigs fed Tryptopahn:lysine 20.4 18.6 Product 1 at the highest level had greater (P < 0.05) Valine:lysine 70 68 day 42 BW compared with pigs fed the two lowest Total lysine, % 1.57 1.53 levels of Product 1, with pigs fed Product 2-con- Net energy, kcal/kg 2,386 2,422 taining diets intermediate. Crude protein, % 21.4 21.2 Calcium, % 0.77 0.68 Experiment 3 Phosphorus, % 0.76 0.62 Available phosphorus, % 0.59 0.41 From days 0 to 21, pigs fed 0.25% SMB had Experimental diet were fed in two phases with dietary phases for- decreased (P  <  0.05) ADG compared with pigs mulated for 7 to 11, and 11 to 20 kg BW ranges. fed the other diets (Table 9). Pigs fed Product 1 or International Ingredients, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 0.50% SMB had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH. with pigs fed the other diets. Pigs fed Product 1 or Provided per kilogram of premix: 26 g Mn from manganese oxide; 0.50% SMB had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI compared 66 g Fe from iron sulfate; 88 g Zn from zinc sulfate; 11 g Cu from cop- per sulfate; 220 mg I from calcium iodate; and 198 mg Se from sodium with pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed 0.25% selenite; 6,613,860 IU vitamin A; 1,468,277 IU vitamin D3; 44,092 IU SMB intermediate. Pigs fed 0.25% SMB had lower vitamin E; 154  mg biotin; 1,102  mg folic acid; 2,205  mg pyridoxine; (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed the other dietary treat- 6,614 mg riboflavin; 2,866 mg menadione; 22,046 mg pantothenic acid; 28,660 mg niacin; 6,614 mg thiamine; and 22 mg vitamin B12. ments. Pigs fed 0.50% SMB had greater (P < 0.05) Quantum 5000 (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated G:F than pigs fed the control, with pigs fed Product release of 0.14% available P. 1 intermediate. Quantum Blue 2G (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an esti- From days 21 to 28, pigs fed 0.25% SMB for the mated release of 0.14% available P. entire experiment had greater (P < 0.05) ADG com- Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH) was included at the pared with pigs fed the other diets. Pigs fed Product expense of corn. Sodium metabisulfite was included at the expense of corn. 1 had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 44 Shawk et al. Table 5. DON analysis of experimental diets (as-fed basis), experiment 2 Product added, % 2 3 Control Product 1 Product 2 Days 0−7 — 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Days 7−21 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 Days 28−35 — 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 Days 35−42 — — 0.25 — 0.15 — 0.25 — 0.25 DON, mg/kg Days 0−7 — <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 7−21 1.4 <0.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 21−28 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 Days 28−35 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 Days 35−42 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.9 Multiple samples were collected from each diet throughout the study, homogenized, and submitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Service, Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for analysis of DON as determined by the ROSA DONQ2 Quantitative Test (Charms Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA). Missing sample. Table 6. DON analysis of experimental diets, experiment 3 (as-fed basis) Product added, % Control Product 1 Sodium metabisulfite Days 0−14 — 0.50 0.25 0.50 Days 14−21 — 0.50 0.25 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 DON, mg/kg Days 0−14 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 14−21 <0.5 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 21−28 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Multiple samples were collected from each diet throughout the study, homogenized, and submitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Service, Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for analysis of DON as determined by ROSA DONQ2 Quantitative Test (Charms Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). DISCUSSION fed the control diet, with pigs fed 0.50% SMB inter- mediate followed by 0.25% SMB. Pigs fed Product DON analysis indicated that DON concen- 1 had increased (P  <  0.05) ADFI compared with trations in experiments 1 and 3 were less than the pigs fed the control diet, with others intermediate. detection limit of the tests used. On the basis of the Pigs fed 0.25% SMB for the entire trial had greater Federal Grain Inspection Service guidelines, the (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed other diets. lowest detection limit for the assays used in the ana- From days 0 to 28, pigs fed Product 1 or 0.50% lysis was 0.5 mg/kg (FGIS, 2015). Diets with SMB- SMB had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with based products would be expected to have slightly pigs fed 0.25% SMB or the control diet. Pigs fed lower analyzed concentrations of DON relative to Product 1 or 0.50% SMB had increased (P < 0.05) the control diets because of the DON binding cap- ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet, acity of the products (Frobose et al. 2015). This was with pigs fed the 0.25% SMB intermediate. Pigs fed evident in DON analysis in experiment 2, where 0.50% SMB had greater (P  <  0.05) G:F than pigs treated feed with higher concentrations of Product fed the control diet, with those fed Product 1 inter- 1 or Product 2 had decreased DON concentrations mediate. Pigs fed 0.25% SMB had lower (P < 0.05) compared with the control diet. Pigs fed the con- G:F compared with pigs fed the other treatments. trol diet in experiment 2 were consistently exposed Pigs fed 0.50% SMB or Product 1 had greater to DON concentrations greater than 1.1  mg/kg (P < 0.05) day 28 BW than pigs fed the other diet- throughout the trial whereas pigs fed the Product 2 ary treatments. treatments were not exposed to DON concentration Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 45 Table 7. Effects of Product 1 on growth of nursery pigs, experiment 1 Item Control Product 1 SEM P Days 0−28 ADG, g 303 365 4.7 <0.001 ADFI, g 403 443 5.0 <0.001 G:F, g/kg 751 822 6.0 <0.001 Days 28−35 (posttest) ADG, g 645 548 13.0 <0.001 ADFI, g 853 817 11.4 <0.002 G:F, g/kg 757 670 11.8 <0.001 Days 0−35 ADG, g 371 401 4.9 <0.001 ADFI, g 492 517 5.5 <0.001 G:F, g/kg 753 775 5.3 <0.001 BW, kg Day 0 6.8 6.8 0.04 <0.921 Day 28 15.4 17.1 0.16 <0.001 Day 35 20.0 20.9 0.20 <0.001 A total of 2,268 pigs (Line 337 × 1050; PIC) were used in a 35-d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d. On entry into the nursery, pigs were randomly sorted into 1 of 84 pens (42 pens of barrows, 42 pens of gilts), with one pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. Pigs were blocked by BW and then randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with 21 feeders per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from days 0 to 28 and a common diet was then fed from days 28 to 35. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). Table 8. Effects of added Product 1 or Product 2 on growth of nursery pigs, experiment 2 Product added, % 2 3 Control Product 1 Product 2 SEM Days 0−7 — 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Days 7−21 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 Days 28−35 — 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Days 35−42 — — 0.25 — 0.15 — 0.25 — 0.25 Days 0−35 d ab c bc a ADG, g 342 382 365 371 394 7.8 c ab b b a ADFI, g 446 490 478 484 502 10.9 ab ab b ab a G:F., g/kg 766 780 765 767 786 5.7 Days 35−42 abcd d ab cd abc bcd ab d a ADG, g 728 663 780 672 770 684 777 649 794 24.4 bcd d ab d abc cd ab d a ADFI, g 1,027 976 1,089 969 1,060 986 1,092 982 1,127 22.7 G:F., g/kg 709 679 718 694 726 697 709 660 709 20.3 Days 0−42 d bc ab cd bc bcd abc abc a ADG, g 404 429 447 415 429 422 437 436 460 9.0 d bcd ab cd bc bcd abc abc a ADFI, g 540 568 592 558 568 567 582 579 608 12.2 G:F., g/kg 749 757 755 746 756 744 752 755 758 8.0 BW, kg Day 0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 0.09 d ab c bc a Day 35 18.3 19.7 19.1 19.3 20.1 0.33 f de ab e de e bc cd a Day 42 23.5 24.3 25.2 24.1 24.4 24.1 24.9 24.7 25.6 0.34 abcde Means within a row with different superscripts differ P < 0.05. A total of 4,320 pigs (Line 337 × 1050; PIC) were used in a 42-d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d. On entry into the nursery, pigs were randomly sorted into 1 of 160 pens (80 pens of barrows, 80 pens of gilts), with one pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. A pair of pens (feeders) were blocked by weight and then randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments that were fed for 35 d in a completely randomized block design. Then on day 35, half of the pens receiving either Product 1 or Product 2 remained on those treatments and the other half were switched to the control diet. These combinations resulted in a total of nine treatments. There were 16 replications (feeders) for all treatments from days 0 to 35 and 8 replications per treatment from days 35 to 42 for all treatments except for the control, which continued to have 16 replications per treatment. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA). Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 46 Shawk et al. Table 9. Effects of added sodium metabisulfite or Product 1 on growth of nursery pigs, experiment 3 Product added, % SEM Control Product 1 Sodium metabisulfite Days 0−21 — 0.50 0.25 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 Days 0−21 b a c a ADG, g 457 482 431 483 5.5 b a ab a ADFI, g 589 609 592 608 6.7 b ab c a G:F, g/kg 776 792 727 796 5.4 Days 21−28 c b a bc ADG, g 679 700 728 697 6.1 b a ab ab ADFI, g 971 1,000 996 995 8.2 b b a b G:F, g/kg 700 700 731 700 4.9 Days 0−28 b a b a ADG, g 512 536 505 536 4.6 b a ab a ADFI, g 684 706 693 704 6.2 b ab c a G:F, g/kg 749 759 729 762 3.3 BW, kg Day 0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.07 b a c a Day 21 16.8 17.3 16.2 17.3 0.14 b a b a Day 28 21.6 22.2 21.3 22.2 0.16 abc Means within a row with different superscripts differ P < 0.05. A total of 2,808 pigs (Line 337 × 1050; PIC) were used in a 28-d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d. On entry into the nursery, pigs were randomly sorted into 1 of 104 pens (52 pens of barrows, 52 pens of gilts), with one pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. Pigs were blocked by BW and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with 13 feeders per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from days 0 to 28. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi Brookville, OH). greater than 1.1  mg/kg. Pigs fed Product 1 were In experiment 2, pigs fed Product 2 for the long- not exposed to DON concentrations greater than est duration and at the highest concentration had 0.9 mg/kg until the last 7 d of the trial. greater ADG compared with pigs fed Product 2 Previous research has indicated that pigs fed for a shorter duration and a lower concentration. DON concentrations greater than 1 mg/kg will have This also agrees with the results of experiment 3 reduced ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed in which pigs fed SMB at the higher concentra- diets with lower DON concentration (Rotter et al., tion had improved ADG compared with pigs fed 1996; Forsyth et al., 1977; Eriksen and Pettersson, a lower concentration of SMB. Overall this would 2004). Frobose et al. (2015) observed that pigs fed suggest that pigs fed a higher concentration of diets with either 0.5 or 1.5 mg/kg DON had greater SMB for a longer duration have improved growth ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed diets performance, though further research should be with 3 mg/kg DON. In our experiments, ADG and conducted to determine the optimal concentration. ADFI would have been minimally influenced by the To the best of our knowledge, there is currently DON concentration of the diets because all dietary no research available that documents the effects of DON concentrations were less than 1.5 mg/kg. transitioning pigs that were fed diets containing an In the studies conducted by Frobose et al. (2015) SMB additive to a diet without an SMB additive. and Mahan et al. (2010), ADG was improved when In experiment 1, when pigs were transitioned to a pigs were fed diets containing Product 1 with a diet- common diet, pigs previously fed Product 1 had ary DON concentration of 3 or 4  mg/kg. Results decreased ADG compared with pigs fed the control of experiments 1, 2, and 3 agree with these studies diet. In experiment 2, pigs previously fed Product 1 because in both experiments pigs fed Product 1 had or Product 2, then switched to a control diet, had improved ADG. However, in contrast to the earlier numerically lower ADG compared with pigs fed the research, diets in experiments 1 and 2 had DON control diet or pigs fed a diet that still contained concentrations that were less than 1.3 mg/kg. This Product 1 or Product 2. It is also interesting to note is significant because it indicates that Product 1 that pigs that were previously fed the highest inclu- improves growth performance of pigs fed diets with sion of Product 2 numerically had the lowest ADG a low concentration of DON. compared with pigs previously fed diets containing Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 47 FGIS. 2015. Mycotoxin handbook. [accessed January 18, lower inclusions of Product 2.  This reduction in 2018]. https://www.gipsa.usda.gov/fgis/handbook/ ADG could be due to the transitioning pigs from MycotoxinHB/MycotoxinHandbook_2016-07-12.pdf . a diet with less than 1  mg/kg DON to a diet with Forsyth, D.M., Y. Yoshizawa, N. Morooka, and J. Tuite. 1977. greater than 1  mg/kg DON. Further research Emetic and feed refusal activity of deoxynivalenol in should be conducted to evaluate the effects of tran- swine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:547–552. Frobose, H.L., E.D.  Fruge, M.D.  Tokach, E.L.  Hansen, sitioning pigs previously fed an SMB additive to a J.M.  DeRouchey, S.S.  Dritz, R.D.  Goodband, and diet that does not contain an SMB additive. J.L.  Nelssen. 2015. The effects of deoxynivalenol-con- In high-DON diets, the biological mechanism taminated corn dried distillers grains with solubles in of SMB is suggested to be the chemical alteration nursery pig diets and potential for mitigation by commer- of DON to a nontoxic DON-sulfonate adduct form cially available feed additives. J. Anim. Sci. 93:1074–1088. (Frobose et al., 2015, 2017). However, in low-DON doi:10.2527/jas.2013–6883 Frobose, H.L., E.W.  Stephenson, M.D.  Tokach, diets the biological mechanism of SMB is unclear. J.M.  DeRouchey, J.C.  Woodworth, S.S.  Dritz, and SMB is commonly used in the food industry as R.D.  Goodband. 2017. Effects of potential detoxify- an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent; however, ing agents on growth performance and deoxynivalenol there is limited research available to document the (DON) urinary balance characteristics of nursery pigs fed effects of SMB on the microbiome of gut of the pig DON-contaminated wheat. J. Anim. Sci. 93:1074–1088. doi:10.2527/jas2013-6883 and feed. Previous research has indicated improve- Mahan, D. 2010. Evaluation of three commercial myco- ments in energy and protein utilization in broilers toxin inhibitors added to vomitoxin (DON) contami- fed sorghum-based diets that were steam-pelleted nated corn diets for weanling pigs: a report from the with SMB (Selle et  al., 2013, 2014; Truong et  al., NCCC-042, S-1044, and NCERA-89 regional com- 2016). The biological mechanism of this improve- mittees on swine nutrition and management. [accessed ment in protein and energy utilization is suggested January 10, 2018]. www.ddgs.umn.edu/prod/groups/ cfans/@pub/@cfans/@ansci/documents/asset/cfans to be the oxidative−reductive depolymerization of _asset_413775.pdf. starch polysaccharides and the reduction of disul- Patience, J.F., A.J.  Myers, S.  Ensley, B.M.  Jacobs, and fide cross-linkages in proteins thus improving pro- D.  Madson. 2014. Evaluation of two mycotoxin mitiga- tein and starch availability (Truong et  al., 2016). tion strategies in grow-finish swine diets containing corn SMB has also shown some potential in the ability to dried distillers grains with solubles naturally contam- inated with deoxynivalenol. J. Anim. Sci. 92:620–626. reduce trypsin in soybean meal by the reduction of doi:10.2527/jas.2013–6238 disulfide cross-linkages (Sessa and Ghantous, 1987; Rotter, B.A., D.B.  Prelusky, and J.J.  Pestka. 1996. Toxicology Wang et al., 2009). Overall, further research should of deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin). J. Toxicol. Environ. be conducted to determine the biological mecha- Health 48:1–3. doi:10.1080/713851046 nism of SMB in low-DON diets. Selle, P.H., S.Y. Liu, J. Cai, R.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Cowieson. In conclusion, in diets relatively low in DON, 2013. Preliminary assessment of including a reducing agent (sodium metabisulphite) in “all-sorghum” diets for pigs fed SMB-based feed additives had improved broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 186:81–90. ADG compared with pigs fed a control diet. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.004 Furthermore, at the dietary concentrations of the Selle, P.H., S.Y. Liu, J. Cai, R.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Cowieson. product tested, greater inclusion and longer feeding 2014. Graded inclusions of sodium metabisulphite duration resulted in the greatest benefit. in sorghum-based diets: I.  Reduction of disulphide cross-linkages in vitro and enhancement of energy uti- Conflict of interest statement. None declared. lisation and feed conversion efficiency in broiler chick- ens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 190:59–67. doi:10.1016/j. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS anifeedsci.2013.12.015 Sessa, D.J., and P.E.  Ghantous. 1987. Chemical inactivation Contribution number 18-387-J from the Kansas of soybean trypsin inhibitors. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, 64:1682–1687. doi:10.1007/BF02542503 Truong, H.H., D.J.  Cadogan, S.Y.  Liu, and P.H.  Selle. KS. Appreciation is expressed to Hord Family 2016. Addition of sodium metabisulfite and micro- Farms (Bucyrus, OH) for providing the animals bial phytase, individually and in combination, to a and research facilities, and to K. Wise, K. Nelson, sorghum-based diet for broiler chickens from 7 to P. Hord for technical assistance. 28  days post-hatch. Anim. Prod. Sci. 56:1484–1491. doi:10.1071/AN14841 Wang, H., R.J.  Faris, T.  Wang, M.E.  Spurlock, and LITERATURE CITED N.  Gabler. 2009. Increased in vitro and in vivo digest- Eriksen, G.S., and H. Pettersson. 2004. Toxicological evaluation ibility of soy proteins by chemical modification of disul- of trichothecenes in animal feed. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. fide bonds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86:1093. doi:10.1007/ 114:205–239. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.08.008 s11746-009-1449-5 Translate basic science to industry innovation http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Translational Animal Science Oxford University Press

Effects of sodium metabisulfite additives on nursery pig growth

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Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 †,1, Dwight J. Shawk,* Steve S. Dritz, Robert D. Goodband,* Mike D. Tokach,* Jason C. Woodworth,* and Joel M. DeRouchey* *Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0210; and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0210 ABSTRACT: Sodium metabisulfite (SMB)- Product 1 or Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason based feed additive efficacy was evaluated in three City, IA) at different concentrations and dura- nursery pig growth experiments where pigs were tions. Among the various treatments, Product 1 fed diets containing low deoxynivalenol (<1.5 mg/ or Product 2 concentrations ranged from 0.50% kg; DON) concentrations. Pigs were weaned at initially to 0.25%, 0.15%, or none the last week of approximately 22 d of age and randomly allotted the study. Overall, pigs fed either of the additives to pens with one pen of 27 gilts and one pen of at the highest concentrations and for the longest 27 barrows per feeder; thus, feeder was the experi- period of time had greater (P  <  0.05) ADG and mental unit. In experiment 1, a total of 2,268 ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet, pigs were used in a 35-d trial with 21 feeders per with those fed lower concentrations or shorter treatment. Experimental treatments included durations being intermediate. In experiment 3, a a control diet or the control with 0.50% SMB- total of 2,808 pigs were used in a 28-d trial with 13 based Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, feeders per treatment. All pigs were fed a common OH) fed in phase 1 and 0.25% fed in phases 2 diet for 7 d after weaning. Pigs were then fed either and 3, then all pigs were fed a control diet for a control diet (without any SMB-containing prod- the last week of the study. Pigs fed Product 1 had uct) or a diet containing Product 1 (0.50% and greater (P  <  0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F com- 0.25% from days 0 to 21 and 21 to 28, respectively) pared with pigs fed the control diet from days 0 or SMB (0.50% and 0.25% from days 0 to 21 and to 28. However, from days 28 to 35, the opposite 21 to 28, respectively) or 0.25% SMB from days response was observed with pigs fed the control 0 to 28. Overall, pigs fed Product 1 or high-SMB diet having greater ADG and G:F than pigs pre- diets had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with viously fed Product 1. Despite this response, pigs pigs fed low-SMB or control diets. In conclusion, fed Product 1 were heavier (P  <  0.05) on day 35 results of these experiments indicate that in diets than control-fed pigs. In experiment 2, a total with low DON concentrations, these SMB-based of 4,320 pigs were used in a 42-d trial. Pigs were products increased ADG compared with control fed a control diet or diets with SMB-based either diets. Key words: deoxynivalenol, nursery pig, preservative, sodium metabisulfite © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Transl. Anim. Sci. 2019.3:38–47 doi: 10.1093/tas/txy098 Corresponding author: dritz@ksu.edu Received July 10, 2018. Accepted August 4, 2018. 38 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 39 INTRODUCTION of pigs were weighed and feed disappearance was recorded every 7 d to determine ADG, ADFI, and Deoxynivalenol (DON), or vomitoxin, is a G:F. mycotoxin found in cereal grains and is produced by the Fusarium genus. The DON concentration of Experiment 1 cereal grains can vary from year to year, based on the degree of stress the plant is exposed to during In the first experiment, an SMB-containing the growing season, such as poor soil fertility, harsh product was evaluated (Defusion; Provimi, weather conditions, and insect damage. Swine are Brookville, OH). This product (Product 1) is a com- sensitive to DON with exposure to concentrations mercially available feed preservative that is a blend greater than 1  mg/kg resulting in decreased feed of SMB (92%), organic acids, fermentation prod- intake and growth, whereas exposure to higher ucts, and supplemental vitamins and amino acids. concentrations can result in complete feed refusal A total of 2,268 pigs (PIC 337  ×  1050; initial and vomiting (Rotter et  al., 1996; Forsyth et  al., BW 6.8  kg) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs 1977; Eriksen and Pettersson, 2004). Although not were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and were approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration randomly sorted into 1 of 84 pens (42 pens of bar- as DON-detoxifying agents, sodium metabisu- rows, 42 pens of gilts) with one pen of gilts and one fite (SMB)-based feed additives have been used in pen of barrows per fence line feeder. A pair of pens diets with high DON concentrations with positive (one adjoining feeder) were blocked by BW and results. A positive relationship between growth per- weaning date and then randomly assigned to one formance and the addition of SMB-containing feed of two dietary treatments in a randomized com- additives in swine diets with greater than 3  mg/kg plete block design with 21 feeders per treatment. of DON has been reported (Mahan et  al., 2010; Dietary treatments included a control diet or the Patience et al., 2014; Frobose et al., 2015). However, control with 0.50% Product 1 in phase 1 and 0.25% limited research is available to document growth in phases 2 and 3 (Table 1). From days 28 to 35, all performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing pigs were fed a common diet without Product 1. For SMB-based feed additives and with relatively little phase 1, pigs were offered 0.68 kg feed, which lasted to no DON. Therefore, the objective of these exper- from day 0 to approximately day 5.  Then phase 2 iments was to determine the effects of SMB-based diets were provided until day 21, phase 3 diets were feed additives in low-DON-containing diets on fed from days 21 to 28 with all pigs receiving a con- the growth performance of nursery pigs weighing trol diet without Product 1 from days 28 to 35. approximately 6 to 25 kg. Experiment 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS In the second experiment, a custom-made SMB-containing product was evaluated (Product General 2; NutriQuest, Mason City, IA). Product 2 is a cus- The Kansas State University Institutional tom-made preservative and anticaking agent that Animal Care and Use Committee approved the contains SMB (92%), bentonite, and mineral oil. protocol used in these studies. Experiments were This product was compared with Product 1 used in conducted at a commercial research facility located the first experiment. in North Central Ohio. Each pen (2.3  ×  2.7 m) A total of 4,320 pigs (PIC 337  ×  1050; initial initially contained 27 barrows or gilts and a dou- weight 6.2  kg) were used in a 42-d growth trial. ble-sided five-hole stainless-steel fence line feeder. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and Therefore, the experimental unit was the feeder. were randomly sorted into 1 of 160 pens (80 pens Each pen also contained a cup-waterer and access of barrows, 80 pens of gilts) with one pen of gilts to feed and water were provided on an ad libitum and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. A pair basis. Feed additions to each individual pen were of pens (one adjoining feeder) were blocked by BW made and recorded by an electronic feeding sys- and weaning date, and then randomly assigned to tem (Dry Exact; Big Dutchman, Inc., Holland, one of five dietary treatments that were fed for 35 MI). Experimental diets were manufactured at the d in a randomized complete block design. Dietary Hord Elevator (Bucyrus, OH). Feed samples were treatments included: 1)  a control diet; 2)  the con- collected from six feeders per treatment per phase, trol diets with 0.50% Product 1 fed for 7 d followed pooled, and subsampled for chemical analysis. Pens by 0.25% Product 1 from days 7 to 35; 3)  control Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 40 Shawk et al. Table 1. Diet composition, experiment 1 (as-fed basis) Ingredient, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Corn 35.8 50.77 48.27 Soybean meal 20.87 31.57 33.06 Wheat 3.00 — — Bakery meal — — 12.50 Milk, whey powder 25.00 — — Dairylac 80 — 9.00 — HP 300 7.50 2.50 — Corn oil 4.00 1.50 2.50 Limestone 0.85 0.85 1.00 Monocalcium phosphate, 21% 0.73 1.50 0.85 Sodium chloride 0.50 0.60 0.50 l -Lysine HCl 0.45 0.48 0.45 dl -Methionine 0.30 0.31 0.25 l -Threonine 0.21 0.27 0.22 l -Tryptophan 0.06 0.04 0.01 l -Valine 0.12 0.16 0.09 Vitamin and trace mineral premix 0.15 0.15 0.18 Zinc oxide 0.38 0.25 — Copper sulfate — 0.03 0.03 Choline chloride, 60% 0.04 — — Quantum 5000 L 0.05 0.05 — Quantum Blue 2G — — 0.10 Product 1 — — — Total 100 100 100 Calculated analysis Standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA, % Lysine 1.40 1.42 1.38 Isoleucine:lysine 58 58 60 Leucine:lysine 107 109 113 Methionine:lysine 40 41 38 Methionine and cystine:lysine 58 59 57 Threonine:lysine 63 63 62 Tryptopahn:lysine 21.2 20.4 18.5 Valine:lysine 67 70 68 Total lysine, % 1.56 1.57 1.53 Net energy, kcal/kg 2,420 2,474 2,487 Crude protein, % 21.0 21.4 21.3 Calcium, % 0.74 0.77 0.67 Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.76 0.59 Available phosphorus, % 0.55 0.59 0.40 Experimental diet were fed in three phases with dietary phases formulated for BW ranges of 5 to 7, 7 to 11, and 11 to 20 kg. International Ingredients, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH. Provided per kilogram of premix: 26 g Mn from manganese oxide; 66 g Fe from iron sulfate; 88 g Zn from zinc sulfate; 11 g Cu from copper sulfate; 220 mg I from calcium iodate; and 198 mg Se from sodium selenite; 6,613,860 IU vitamin A; 1,468,277 IU vitamin D3; 44,092 IU vitamin E; 154 mg biotin; 1,102 mg folic acid; 2,205 mg pyridoxine; 6,614 mg riboflavin; 2,866 mg menadione; 22,046 mg pantothenic acid; 28,660 mg niacin; 6,614 mg thiamine; and 22 mg vitamin B12. Quantum 5000 (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Quantum Blue 2G (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). diet containing 0.50% Product 2 from days 0 to 7, 5)  control diet containing 0.50% Product 2 from 0.25% from days 7 to 28, and 0.15% from days 28 days 0 to 28 and 0.25% from days 28 to 35 (Table 2). to 35; 4)  control diet containing 0.50% Product 2 On day 35, half of the pens receiving either Product from days 0 to 7 and 0.25% from days 7 to 35; and 1 or Product 2 remained on those treatments and Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 41 Table 2. Diet composition, experiment 2 (as-fed basis) Ingredient, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Corn 35.80 50.77 48.27 Soybean meal 20.87 31.57 33.06 Wheat 3.00 — — Bakery meal — — 12.50 Milk, whey powder 25.00 — — Dairylac 80 — 9.00 — HP 300 7.50 2.50 — Corn oil 4.00 1.50 2.50 Limestone 0.85 0.85 1.00 Monocalcium phosphate, 21% 0.73 1.50 0.85 Sodium chloride 0.50 0.60 0.50 l -Lysine HCl 0.45 0.48 0.45 dl -Methionine 0.30 0.31 0.25 l -Threonine 0.21 0.27 0.22 l -Tryptophan 0.06 0.04 0.01 l -Valine 0.12 0.16 0.09 Vitamin and trace mineral premix 0.15 0.15 0.18 Zinc oxide 0.38 0.25 — Copper sulfate — 0.03 0.03 Choline chloride, 60% 0.04 — — Quantum 5000 L 0.05 0.05 — Quantum Blue 2G — — 0.10 Product 1 −/+ −/+ −/+ Product 2 −/+ −/+ −/+ Total 100 100 100 Calculated analysis Standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA, % Lysine 1.40 1.42 1.38 Isoleucine:lysine 58 58 60 Leucine:lysine 107 109 113 Methionine:lysine 40 41 38 Methionine and cystine:lysine 58 59 57 Threonine:lysine 63 63 62 Tryptopahn:lysine 21.2 20.4 18.5 Valine:lysine 67 70 68 Total lysine, % 1.56 1.57 1.53 Net energy, kcal/kg 2,420 2,474 2,487 Crude protein, % 21.0 21.4 21.3 Calcium, % 0.74 0.77 0.67 Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.76 0.59 Available phosphorus, % 0.55 0.59 0.40 Experimental diet were fed in three phases with dietary phases formulated for 5 to 7, 7 to 11, and 11 to 20 kg BW ranges. 2International Ingredients, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH. Provided per kilogram of premix: 26 g Mn from manganese oxide; 66 g Fe from iron sulfate; 88 g Zn from zinc sulfate; 11 g Cu from copper sulfate; 220 mg I from calcium iodate; and 198 mg Se from sodium selenite; 6,613,860 IU vitamin A; 1,468,277 IU vitamin D3; 44,092 IU vitamin E; 154 mg biotin; 1,102 mg folic acid; 2,205 mg pyridoxine; 6,614 mg riboflavin; 2,866 mg menadione; 22,046 mg pantothenic acid; 28,660 mg niacin; 6,614 mg thiamine; and 22 mg vitamin B12. Quantum 5000 (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Quantum Blue 2G (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated release of 0.14% available P. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH) was included at the expense of corn. Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA) was included at the expense of corn. Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 42 Shawk et al. the other half were switched to the control diet. experiments. Means are reported as least square These combinations resulted in a total of nine means with pooled standard error of the means. For treatments. There were 16 replications (feeders) for experiments 2 and 3, individual treatment means all treatments from days 0 to 35 and 8 replications were separated using the Tukey−Kramer multiple per treatment from days 35 to 42 for all treatments comparison test. Data for all experiments were except for the control, which continued to have 16 analyzed as a randomized complete block design replications per treatment. using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and marginally significant Experiment 3 between P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. In the third experiment, food-grade SMB (Brenntag North America, Reading, PA) was com- RESULTS pared with Product 1.  A  total of 2,808 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initial weight 7.0 kg) were used in a 28-d Chemical Analysis growth trial. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and were randomly sorted into 1 of 104 Chemical analysis of experiment 1 and 3 diets pens (52 pens of barrows, 52 pens of gilts) with one indicated that dietary DON concentrations of all pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line diets, regardless of phase, were less than 0.5 mg/kg feeder. All pigs were fed a common phase 1 diet for or below the detectable limit (Tables  4 and 6). For 7 d, then 7 d after weaning, considered day 0 of experiment 2 (Table  5), the control diet had DON the trial, a pair of pens (one adjoining feeder) were concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Both blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of the Product 1-based diets had DON concentrations four dietary treatments with 13 feeders per treat- equal to or less than 1.3  mg/kg. Diets containing ment. Dietary treatments were fed for 28 d.  The Product 2 had DON concentrations equal to or less four treatments were as follows: 1)  a control diet, than 1.1 mg/kg. 2)  control diet with 0.50% Product 1 from days 0 to 21 followed by 0.25% Product 1 from days 21 to Experiment 1 28, 3) control diet with 0.25% SMB from days 0 to 28, and 4) control diet with 0.5% SMB from days 0 From days 0 to 28, pigs fed diets containing to 21 followed by 0.25% SMB from days 21 to 28 Product 1 had greater (P  <  0.05) ADG, ADFI, (Table 3). G:F, and day 28 BW than those fed the control diet (Table  7). However, from days 28 to 35, when all Chemical Analysis pigs were fed a control diet, the opposite effect was observed. Pigs previously fed the diets containing Feed samples for all three experiments were sub- Product 1 had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, mitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Service, and G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for DON analysis. Dietary DON Regardless, overall (days 0 to 35)  ADG, ADFI, concentrations for experiment 1 were determined G:F, and day 35 BW were greater (P  <  0.05) for by the RIDASCREEN FAST DON SC ELISA kit those pigs fed diets containing Product 1. (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany). Dietary DON concentrations for experiments 2 and 3 were determined by ROSA DONQ2 Quantitative Test Experiment 2 (Charms Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). North From days 0 to 35, pigs fed the Product 1 or Dakota Grain Inspection Service, Inc., follows the Product 2 combinations control diet had increased Federal Grain Inspection Service guidelines that (P  <  0.05) ADG, ADFI, and d 35 BW compared consider the standard certification limits for these with pigs fed the control diet (Table 8). The response assays to be 0.5 to 5  mg/kg (FGIS, 2015). Thus, to SMB products was in a dose-dependent manner the minimum detection limit for both assays was with pigs fed the highest level of Product 2 hav- 0.5 mg/kg. ing greater (P < 0.05) performance than the other Product 2 diets. There was no evidence for differ- Statistical Analysis ence between pigs fed similar levels of Product 1 Feeder was considered the experimental unit and Product 2. Gain to feed was greater (P < 0.05) (one pen of barrows and one pen of gilts) for all for pigs fed the highest levels of Product 2 compared Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 43 Table  3. Diet composition, experiment 3 (as-fed Table  4. DON analysis of experimental diets, 1 1 basis) experiment 1 (as-fed basis) Ingredient, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Item Control Product 1 Corn 50.77 57.43 DON, mg/kg Soybean meal 31.57 33.10 Phase 1 diets <0.5 <0.5 Dairylac 80 9.00 — Phase 2 diets <0.5 <0.5 HP 300 2.50 — Phase 3 diets <0.5 <0.5 Corn oil 1.50 1.50 Multiple samples were collected from each diet throughout the Limestone 0.85 1.05 study, homogenized, and submitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Monocalcium phosphate, 21% 1.50 0.85 Service, Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for analysis of DON as determined by the Sodium chloride 0.60 0.50 RIDASCREEN FAST DON SC ELISA test kit (R-Biopharm AG, l -Lysine HCl 0.48 0.43 Darmstadt, Germany). dl -Methionine 0.31 0.26 Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). l -Threonine 0.27 0.22 with the lowest added Product 2 diets with pigs fed l -Tryptophan 0.04 0.01 l -Valine 0.16 0.09 other diets intermediate. Vitamin and trace mineral premix 0.15 0.18 On day 35, pigs either remained on their respec- Zinc oxide 0.25 0.25 tive Product 1 or Product 2 diets or were switched Copper sulfate 0.03 0.03 to a diet without either of the SMB-containing Quantum 5000 L 0.05 — additives. During this period, those pigs switched to Quantum Blue 2G — 0.10 diets without SMB had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG Product 1 −/+ −/+ and ADFI compared with the pigs remaining on Sodium metabisulfite −/+ −/+ their respective Product 1 or Product 2, with those Total 100 96 fed the control diet intermediate. Calculated analysis Overall, pigs fed Product 1 at the highest level Standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA, % had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared Lysine 1.42 1.37 with pigs fed the control, with pigs fed the other Isoleucine:lysine 58 60 Leucine:lysine 109 115 diets intermediate. There was no evidence to indi- Methionine:lysine 41 39 cate dietary treatment influenced G:F. Pigs fed the Methionine and cystine:lysine 59 58 control diet had lower (P < 0.05) day 42 BW com- Threonine:lysine 63 62 pared with the other dietary treatments. Pigs fed Tryptopahn:lysine 20.4 18.6 Product 1 at the highest level had greater (P < 0.05) Valine:lysine 70 68 day 42 BW compared with pigs fed the two lowest Total lysine, % 1.57 1.53 levels of Product 1, with pigs fed Product 2-con- Net energy, kcal/kg 2,386 2,422 taining diets intermediate. Crude protein, % 21.4 21.2 Calcium, % 0.77 0.68 Experiment 3 Phosphorus, % 0.76 0.62 Available phosphorus, % 0.59 0.41 From days 0 to 21, pigs fed 0.25% SMB had Experimental diet were fed in two phases with dietary phases for- decreased (P  <  0.05) ADG compared with pigs mulated for 7 to 11, and 11 to 20 kg BW ranges. fed the other diets (Table 9). Pigs fed Product 1 or International Ingredients, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 0.50% SMB had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH. with pigs fed the other diets. Pigs fed Product 1 or Provided per kilogram of premix: 26 g Mn from manganese oxide; 0.50% SMB had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI compared 66 g Fe from iron sulfate; 88 g Zn from zinc sulfate; 11 g Cu from cop- per sulfate; 220 mg I from calcium iodate; and 198 mg Se from sodium with pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed 0.25% selenite; 6,613,860 IU vitamin A; 1,468,277 IU vitamin D3; 44,092 IU SMB intermediate. Pigs fed 0.25% SMB had lower vitamin E; 154  mg biotin; 1,102  mg folic acid; 2,205  mg pyridoxine; (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed the other dietary treat- 6,614 mg riboflavin; 2,866 mg menadione; 22,046 mg pantothenic acid; 28,660 mg niacin; 6,614 mg thiamine; and 22 mg vitamin B12. ments. Pigs fed 0.50% SMB had greater (P < 0.05) Quantum 5000 (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an estimated G:F than pigs fed the control, with pigs fed Product release of 0.14% available P. 1 intermediate. Quantum Blue 2G (AB Vista, Plantation, FL) provided an esti- From days 21 to 28, pigs fed 0.25% SMB for the mated release of 0.14% available P. entire experiment had greater (P < 0.05) ADG com- Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH) was included at the pared with pigs fed the other diets. Pigs fed Product expense of corn. Sodium metabisulfite was included at the expense of corn. 1 had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 44 Shawk et al. Table 5. DON analysis of experimental diets (as-fed basis), experiment 2 Product added, % 2 3 Control Product 1 Product 2 Days 0−7 — 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Days 7−21 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 Days 28−35 — 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 Days 35−42 — — 0.25 — 0.15 — 0.25 — 0.25 DON, mg/kg Days 0−7 — <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 7−21 1.4 <0.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 21−28 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 Days 28−35 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 Days 35−42 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.9 Multiple samples were collected from each diet throughout the study, homogenized, and submitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Service, Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for analysis of DON as determined by the ROSA DONQ2 Quantitative Test (Charms Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA). Missing sample. Table 6. DON analysis of experimental diets, experiment 3 (as-fed basis) Product added, % Control Product 1 Sodium metabisulfite Days 0−14 — 0.50 0.25 0.50 Days 14−21 — 0.50 0.25 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 DON, mg/kg Days 0−14 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 14−21 <0.5 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Days 21−28 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Multiple samples were collected from each diet throughout the study, homogenized, and submitted to North Dakota Grain Inspection Service, Inc. (Bucyrus, OH) for analysis of DON as determined by ROSA DONQ2 Quantitative Test (Charms Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). DISCUSSION fed the control diet, with pigs fed 0.50% SMB inter- mediate followed by 0.25% SMB. Pigs fed Product DON analysis indicated that DON concen- 1 had increased (P  <  0.05) ADFI compared with trations in experiments 1 and 3 were less than the pigs fed the control diet, with others intermediate. detection limit of the tests used. On the basis of the Pigs fed 0.25% SMB for the entire trial had greater Federal Grain Inspection Service guidelines, the (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed other diets. lowest detection limit for the assays used in the ana- From days 0 to 28, pigs fed Product 1 or 0.50% lysis was 0.5 mg/kg (FGIS, 2015). Diets with SMB- SMB had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with based products would be expected to have slightly pigs fed 0.25% SMB or the control diet. Pigs fed lower analyzed concentrations of DON relative to Product 1 or 0.50% SMB had increased (P < 0.05) the control diets because of the DON binding cap- ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet, acity of the products (Frobose et al. 2015). This was with pigs fed the 0.25% SMB intermediate. Pigs fed evident in DON analysis in experiment 2, where 0.50% SMB had greater (P  <  0.05) G:F than pigs treated feed with higher concentrations of Product fed the control diet, with those fed Product 1 inter- 1 or Product 2 had decreased DON concentrations mediate. Pigs fed 0.25% SMB had lower (P < 0.05) compared with the control diet. Pigs fed the con- G:F compared with pigs fed the other treatments. trol diet in experiment 2 were consistently exposed Pigs fed 0.50% SMB or Product 1 had greater to DON concentrations greater than 1.1  mg/kg (P < 0.05) day 28 BW than pigs fed the other diet- throughout the trial whereas pigs fed the Product 2 ary treatments. treatments were not exposed to DON concentration Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 45 Table 7. Effects of Product 1 on growth of nursery pigs, experiment 1 Item Control Product 1 SEM P Days 0−28 ADG, g 303 365 4.7 <0.001 ADFI, g 403 443 5.0 <0.001 G:F, g/kg 751 822 6.0 <0.001 Days 28−35 (posttest) ADG, g 645 548 13.0 <0.001 ADFI, g 853 817 11.4 <0.002 G:F, g/kg 757 670 11.8 <0.001 Days 0−35 ADG, g 371 401 4.9 <0.001 ADFI, g 492 517 5.5 <0.001 G:F, g/kg 753 775 5.3 <0.001 BW, kg Day 0 6.8 6.8 0.04 <0.921 Day 28 15.4 17.1 0.16 <0.001 Day 35 20.0 20.9 0.20 <0.001 A total of 2,268 pigs (Line 337 × 1050; PIC) were used in a 35-d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d. On entry into the nursery, pigs were randomly sorted into 1 of 84 pens (42 pens of barrows, 42 pens of gilts), with one pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. Pigs were blocked by BW and then randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with 21 feeders per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from days 0 to 28 and a common diet was then fed from days 28 to 35. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). Table 8. Effects of added Product 1 or Product 2 on growth of nursery pigs, experiment 2 Product added, % 2 3 Control Product 1 Product 2 SEM Days 0−7 — 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Days 7−21 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 Days 28−35 — 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Days 35−42 — — 0.25 — 0.15 — 0.25 — 0.25 Days 0−35 d ab c bc a ADG, g 342 382 365 371 394 7.8 c ab b b a ADFI, g 446 490 478 484 502 10.9 ab ab b ab a G:F., g/kg 766 780 765 767 786 5.7 Days 35−42 abcd d ab cd abc bcd ab d a ADG, g 728 663 780 672 770 684 777 649 794 24.4 bcd d ab d abc cd ab d a ADFI, g 1,027 976 1,089 969 1,060 986 1,092 982 1,127 22.7 G:F., g/kg 709 679 718 694 726 697 709 660 709 20.3 Days 0−42 d bc ab cd bc bcd abc abc a ADG, g 404 429 447 415 429 422 437 436 460 9.0 d bcd ab cd bc bcd abc abc a ADFI, g 540 568 592 558 568 567 582 579 608 12.2 G:F., g/kg 749 757 755 746 756 744 752 755 758 8.0 BW, kg Day 0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 0.09 d ab c bc a Day 35 18.3 19.7 19.1 19.3 20.1 0.33 f de ab e de e bc cd a Day 42 23.5 24.3 25.2 24.1 24.4 24.1 24.9 24.7 25.6 0.34 abcde Means within a row with different superscripts differ P < 0.05. A total of 4,320 pigs (Line 337 × 1050; PIC) were used in a 42-d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d. On entry into the nursery, pigs were randomly sorted into 1 of 160 pens (80 pens of barrows, 80 pens of gilts), with one pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. A pair of pens (feeders) were blocked by weight and then randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments that were fed for 35 d in a completely randomized block design. Then on day 35, half of the pens receiving either Product 1 or Product 2 remained on those treatments and the other half were switched to the control diet. These combinations resulted in a total of nine treatments. There were 16 replications (feeders) for all treatments from days 0 to 35 and 8 replications per treatment from days 35 to 42 for all treatments except for the control, which continued to have 16 replications per treatment. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH). Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA). Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 46 Shawk et al. Table 9. Effects of added sodium metabisulfite or Product 1 on growth of nursery pigs, experiment 3 Product added, % SEM Control Product 1 Sodium metabisulfite Days 0−21 — 0.50 0.25 0.50 Days 21−28 — 0.25 0.25 0.25 Days 0−21 b a c a ADG, g 457 482 431 483 5.5 b a ab a ADFI, g 589 609 592 608 6.7 b ab c a G:F, g/kg 776 792 727 796 5.4 Days 21−28 c b a bc ADG, g 679 700 728 697 6.1 b a ab ab ADFI, g 971 1,000 996 995 8.2 b b a b G:F, g/kg 700 700 731 700 4.9 Days 0−28 b a b a ADG, g 512 536 505 536 4.6 b a ab a ADFI, g 684 706 693 704 6.2 b ab c a G:F, g/kg 749 759 729 762 3.3 BW, kg Day 0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.07 b a c a Day 21 16.8 17.3 16.2 17.3 0.14 b a b a Day 28 21.6 22.2 21.3 22.2 0.16 abc Means within a row with different superscripts differ P < 0.05. A total of 2,808 pigs (Line 337 × 1050; PIC) were used in a 28-d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d. On entry into the nursery, pigs were randomly sorted into 1 of 104 pens (52 pens of barrows, 52 pens of gilts), with one pen of gilts and one pen of barrows per fence line feeder. Pigs were blocked by BW and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with 13 feeders per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from days 0 to 28. Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi Brookville, OH). greater than 1.1  mg/kg. Pigs fed Product 1 were In experiment 2, pigs fed Product 2 for the long- not exposed to DON concentrations greater than est duration and at the highest concentration had 0.9 mg/kg until the last 7 d of the trial. greater ADG compared with pigs fed Product 2 Previous research has indicated that pigs fed for a shorter duration and a lower concentration. DON concentrations greater than 1 mg/kg will have This also agrees with the results of experiment 3 reduced ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed in which pigs fed SMB at the higher concentra- diets with lower DON concentration (Rotter et al., tion had improved ADG compared with pigs fed 1996; Forsyth et al., 1977; Eriksen and Pettersson, a lower concentration of SMB. Overall this would 2004). Frobose et al. (2015) observed that pigs fed suggest that pigs fed a higher concentration of diets with either 0.5 or 1.5 mg/kg DON had greater SMB for a longer duration have improved growth ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed diets performance, though further research should be with 3 mg/kg DON. In our experiments, ADG and conducted to determine the optimal concentration. ADFI would have been minimally influenced by the To the best of our knowledge, there is currently DON concentration of the diets because all dietary no research available that documents the effects of DON concentrations were less than 1.5 mg/kg. transitioning pigs that were fed diets containing an In the studies conducted by Frobose et al. (2015) SMB additive to a diet without an SMB additive. and Mahan et al. (2010), ADG was improved when In experiment 1, when pigs were transitioned to a pigs were fed diets containing Product 1 with a diet- common diet, pigs previously fed Product 1 had ary DON concentration of 3 or 4  mg/kg. Results decreased ADG compared with pigs fed the control of experiments 1, 2, and 3 agree with these studies diet. In experiment 2, pigs previously fed Product 1 because in both experiments pigs fed Product 1 had or Product 2, then switched to a control diet, had improved ADG. However, in contrast to the earlier numerically lower ADG compared with pigs fed the research, diets in experiments 1 and 2 had DON control diet or pigs fed a diet that still contained concentrations that were less than 1.3 mg/kg. This Product 1 or Product 2. It is also interesting to note is significant because it indicates that Product 1 that pigs that were previously fed the highest inclu- improves growth performance of pigs fed diets with sion of Product 2 numerically had the lowest ADG a low concentration of DON. compared with pigs previously fed diets containing Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/3/1/38/5067365 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Sodium metabisulfite and nursery pig growth 47 FGIS. 2015. Mycotoxin handbook. [accessed January 18, lower inclusions of Product 2.  This reduction in 2018]. https://www.gipsa.usda.gov/fgis/handbook/ ADG could be due to the transitioning pigs from MycotoxinHB/MycotoxinHandbook_2016-07-12.pdf . a diet with less than 1  mg/kg DON to a diet with Forsyth, D.M., Y. Yoshizawa, N. Morooka, and J. Tuite. 1977. greater than 1  mg/kg DON. Further research Emetic and feed refusal activity of deoxynivalenol in should be conducted to evaluate the effects of tran- swine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:547–552. Frobose, H.L., E.D.  Fruge, M.D.  Tokach, E.L.  Hansen, sitioning pigs previously fed an SMB additive to a J.M.  DeRouchey, S.S.  Dritz, R.D.  Goodband, and diet that does not contain an SMB additive. J.L.  Nelssen. 2015. The effects of deoxynivalenol-con- In high-DON diets, the biological mechanism taminated corn dried distillers grains with solubles in of SMB is suggested to be the chemical alteration nursery pig diets and potential for mitigation by commer- of DON to a nontoxic DON-sulfonate adduct form cially available feed additives. J. Anim. Sci. 93:1074–1088. (Frobose et al., 2015, 2017). However, in low-DON doi:10.2527/jas.2013–6883 Frobose, H.L., E.W.  Stephenson, M.D.  Tokach, diets the biological mechanism of SMB is unclear. J.M.  DeRouchey, J.C.  Woodworth, S.S.  Dritz, and SMB is commonly used in the food industry as R.D.  Goodband. 2017. Effects of potential detoxify- an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent; however, ing agents on growth performance and deoxynivalenol there is limited research available to document the (DON) urinary balance characteristics of nursery pigs fed effects of SMB on the microbiome of gut of the pig DON-contaminated wheat. J. Anim. Sci. 93:1074–1088. doi:10.2527/jas2013-6883 and feed. Previous research has indicated improve- Mahan, D. 2010. Evaluation of three commercial myco- ments in energy and protein utilization in broilers toxin inhibitors added to vomitoxin (DON) contami- fed sorghum-based diets that were steam-pelleted nated corn diets for weanling pigs: a report from the with SMB (Selle et  al., 2013, 2014; Truong et  al., NCCC-042, S-1044, and NCERA-89 regional com- 2016). The biological mechanism of this improve- mittees on swine nutrition and management. [accessed ment in protein and energy utilization is suggested January 10, 2018]. www.ddgs.umn.edu/prod/groups/ cfans/@pub/@cfans/@ansci/documents/asset/cfans to be the oxidative−reductive depolymerization of _asset_413775.pdf. starch polysaccharides and the reduction of disul- Patience, J.F., A.J.  Myers, S.  Ensley, B.M.  Jacobs, and fide cross-linkages in proteins thus improving pro- D.  Madson. 2014. Evaluation of two mycotoxin mitiga- tein and starch availability (Truong et  al., 2016). tion strategies in grow-finish swine diets containing corn SMB has also shown some potential in the ability to dried distillers grains with solubles naturally contam- inated with deoxynivalenol. J. Anim. Sci. 92:620–626. reduce trypsin in soybean meal by the reduction of doi:10.2527/jas.2013–6238 disulfide cross-linkages (Sessa and Ghantous, 1987; Rotter, B.A., D.B.  Prelusky, and J.J.  Pestka. 1996. Toxicology Wang et al., 2009). Overall, further research should of deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin). J. Toxicol. Environ. be conducted to determine the biological mecha- Health 48:1–3. doi:10.1080/713851046 nism of SMB in low-DON diets. Selle, P.H., S.Y. Liu, J. Cai, R.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Cowieson. In conclusion, in diets relatively low in DON, 2013. Preliminary assessment of including a reducing agent (sodium metabisulphite) in “all-sorghum” diets for pigs fed SMB-based feed additives had improved broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 186:81–90. ADG compared with pigs fed a control diet. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.004 Furthermore, at the dietary concentrations of the Selle, P.H., S.Y. Liu, J. Cai, R.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Cowieson. product tested, greater inclusion and longer feeding 2014. Graded inclusions of sodium metabisulphite duration resulted in the greatest benefit. in sorghum-based diets: I.  Reduction of disulphide cross-linkages in vitro and enhancement of energy uti- Conflict of interest statement. None declared. lisation and feed conversion efficiency in broiler chick- ens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 190:59–67. doi:10.1016/j. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS anifeedsci.2013.12.015 Sessa, D.J., and P.E.  Ghantous. 1987. Chemical inactivation Contribution number 18-387-J from the Kansas of soybean trypsin inhibitors. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, 64:1682–1687. doi:10.1007/BF02542503 Truong, H.H., D.J.  Cadogan, S.Y.  Liu, and P.H.  Selle. KS. Appreciation is expressed to Hord Family 2016. Addition of sodium metabisulfite and micro- Farms (Bucyrus, OH) for providing the animals bial phytase, individually and in combination, to a and research facilities, and to K. Wise, K. Nelson, sorghum-based diet for broiler chickens from 7 to P. Hord for technical assistance. 28  days post-hatch. Anim. Prod. Sci. 56:1484–1491. doi:10.1071/AN14841 Wang, H., R.J.  Faris, T.  Wang, M.E.  Spurlock, and LITERATURE CITED N.  Gabler. 2009. Increased in vitro and in vivo digest- Eriksen, G.S., and H. Pettersson. 2004. Toxicological evaluation ibility of soy proteins by chemical modification of disul- of trichothecenes in animal feed. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. fide bonds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86:1093. doi:10.1007/ 114:205–239. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.08.008 s11746-009-1449-5 Translate basic science to industry innovation

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Translational Animal Science – Oxford University Press

Published: Jan 1, 2019

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