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EFFECT OF INSECTICIDE, WATER VOLUME AND METHOD OF APPLICATION ON THE INTERNAL FEEDING LEPIDOPTEROUS COMPLEX IN APPLES, 2005

EFFECT OF INSECTICIDE, WATER VOLUME AND METHOD OF APPLICATION ON THE INTERNAL FEEDING... (A17) APPLE: Malus domestica Borkhausen, 'Golden Delicious' and 'Yorking' EFFECT OF INSECTICIDE, WATER VOLUME AND METHOD OF APPLICATION ON THE INTERNAL FEEDING LEPIDOPTEROUS COMPLEX IN APPLES, 2005 Larry A. Hull Penn State Fruit Res. & Ext. Center Biglerville, PA 17307-0330 Phone: (717) 677-6116 Fax: (717) 677-4112 E-mail: lah4@psu.edu Greg Krawczyk E-mail: gxk13@psu.edu Dave Biddinger E-mail: djb134@psu.edu Codling moth (CM): Cydia pomonella (L.) Oriental fruit moth (OFM): Grapholitha molesta (Busck) A large plot study was designed to evaluate the impact of insecticide chemistry, water volume, and method of application (alternate row middle vs. complete [both middles] sprays) on internal lepidopterous pest control in apples. All treatments were applied to replicated 12-15 tree plots (4 times) in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of either 3 rows x 4 or 5 trees per row with each row consisting of alternating trees of 'Golden Delicious' and 'Yorking' trees. These trees were planted to a spacing of 18 × 25 ft, were 13-14 ft in height and 10-11 ft in width and were 26 yr old. The trees were trained to a modified central leader system and pruned annually. The various insecticide × water volume × method of application treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 309 calibrated to deliver either 50 or 100 gpa as complete sprays or 50% of these volumes when applying the alternate row middle application schedule of insecticides (Table 1). All treatments were applied at a tractor speed of 2.4 mph. A routine schedule of fungicides (Topsin M 85DF and Ziram 76WDF) was maintained throughout the experiment. An assessment of internal fruit injury by CM and OFM was made before the study (22 Jul) was initiated by observing 100 random fruit ('Golden Delicious') per tree in situ on two center trees in each plot and determining the number of fruit showing evidence of frass. A harvest evaluation of fruit exhibiting frass on both 'Golden Delicious' (23 Sep) and 'Yorking' (14 Oct) fruit was conducted in a similar fashion except that 225 fruit per tree on 2 center trees in each plot were randomly examined in situ. In addition, 50 dropped fruit per cultivar per plot were examined for internal worm presence. All apples showing the presence of frass at harvest were collected and examined for the presence of live larvae. All larvae collected during the evaluation process were identified to species. Adult flight of OFM was high during the study while CM flight was very low. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD (P = 0.05). For 'Golden Delicious' data at harvest, all chemical treatments allowed significantly fewer fruit with frass than the untreated check (Table 1). Rimon (alternate row middle/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment, followed by Imidan (alternate row middle/100 gpa) and Assail (complete/50 gpa) (Table 1). There was no comparable complete/100 gpa treatment for Rimon. There was no difference in the percentage of apples with frass for the method of application factor (alternate row middle vs. complete) when averaged across treatments, but there was a statistical difference for the water volume factor (50 and 100 gpa) with the higher volume treatments allowing 52% less frass injury (means = 0.83% vs. 1.74% for the 100 vs. 50 gpa, respectively). For ‘Yorking,’ again all chemical treatments allowed fewer apples with frass, while again the Rimon treatment (alternate row middle/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment for preventing injured fruit (Table 1). Only both Assail treatments at 100 gpa (alternate row middle/complete) were less effective than the Rimon treatment (alternate row middle/100 gpa). There was no difference across all treatments for method of application or gpa. When the data for both 'Golden Delicious' and 'Yorking' was combined and reanalyzed, some similar results were found. The Rimon treatment (alternate row middle/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment while the Assail (alternate row middle/50 gpa) and the Imidan (complete/50 gpa) treatments allowed the most fruit injury from the CM/OFM pest complex (Table 1). For the data from both cultivars, there was no difference across all treatments for method of application, but for the water volume, 100 gpa was more effective than 50 gpa in the prevention of fruit injured by internal feeding larvae. Of the larvae collected from fruit, 322 were identified as OFM and only 2 larvae were CM (Table 2). The lowest number of live larvae (5) was collected from the Rimon (alternate row middle/100 gpa) treatment while the highest number of live larvae (32) was collected from the Imidan (alternate row middle/50 gpa) (Table 2). Overall, it appears that Rimon was the most effective treatment when applied at 100 gpa. In addition, all chemical treatments applied at 100 gpa are more effective in preventing injury from internal feeding larvae than those applied at 50 gpa. There was no consistent effect of method of application on the efficacy across all chemical insecticides. Table 1. % apples with frass Treatment/ Rate amt Rate Application Combined d a b c formulation product/acre lb(AI)/acre method (gpa) Dates of application 22 Jul 23 Sep 14 Oct G and Y Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 Complete (100) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.1a 0.9abc 1.9ab 1.4abc Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 ARM (100) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.1a 0.7ab 1.3ab 1.0ab Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- Complete (100) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.0a 1.1a-d 2.2b 1.7bc Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- ARM (100) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.5a 1.2a-d 2.2b 1.7bc Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml 0.129 ARM (100) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.0a 0.4a 1.2a 0.8a Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 Complete (50) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.0a 2.5e 1.6ab 2.1c Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 ARM (50) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.0a 1.7cde 1.6ab 1.7bc Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- Complete (50) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.1a 0.9ab 2.2ab 1.5bc Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- ARM (50) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.0a 2.2de 1.7ab 2.0c Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml 0.129 Complete (50) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.8a 1.4b-e 1.5ab 1.4abc Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml 0.129 ARM (50) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.3a 1.8b-e 1.4ab 1.6bc Table 1 continued Untreated check -- -- -- -- 0.3a 6.3f 4.2c 5.2d Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05). Number of fruit sampled per treatment (Golden Delicious) was 2,000 apples. Number of fruit samples per treatment (Yorking) was 2,000 apples. Combined Golden Delicious and Yorking samples (4,000 apples/treatment). ARM, alternate row middle. Table 2. No.(%) internal larvae in fruit Golden Delicious Yorking Treatment/ Rate amt Application formulation product/acre method (gpa) CM OFM CM OFM Imidan 70W 1362.0 g Complete (100) 0(0) 2(100) 0(0) 15(100) Imidan 70W 1362.0 g ARM (100) 0(0) 1(100) 0(0) 6(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + Complete (100) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 0(0) 4(100) 0(0) 18(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + ARM (100) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 1(7) 14(93) 0(0) 14(100) Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml ARM (100) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 5(100) Imidan 70W 1362.0 g Complete (50) 0(0) 17(100) 0(0) 10(100) Imidan 70W 1362.0 g ARM (50) 0(0) 25(100) 0(0) 7(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + Complete (50) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 0(0) 2(100) 0(0) 17(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + ARM (50) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 1(4) 22(96) 0(0) 3(100) Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml Complete (50) 0(0) 8(100) 0(0) 3(100) Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml ARM (50) 0(0) 6(100) 0(0) 3(100) Untreated check -- -- 0(0) 70(100) 3(6) 50(94) ARM, alternate row middle. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Arthropod Management Tests Oxford University Press

EFFECT OF INSECTICIDE, WATER VOLUME AND METHOD OF APPLICATION ON THE INTERNAL FEEDING LEPIDOPTEROUS COMPLEX IN APPLES, 2005

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Oxford University Press
Copyright
© Published by Oxford University Press.
eISSN
2155-9856
DOI
10.1093/amt/31.1.A17
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Abstract

(A17) APPLE: Malus domestica Borkhausen, 'Golden Delicious' and 'Yorking' EFFECT OF INSECTICIDE, WATER VOLUME AND METHOD OF APPLICATION ON THE INTERNAL FEEDING LEPIDOPTEROUS COMPLEX IN APPLES, 2005 Larry A. Hull Penn State Fruit Res. & Ext. Center Biglerville, PA 17307-0330 Phone: (717) 677-6116 Fax: (717) 677-4112 E-mail: lah4@psu.edu Greg Krawczyk E-mail: gxk13@psu.edu Dave Biddinger E-mail: djb134@psu.edu Codling moth (CM): Cydia pomonella (L.) Oriental fruit moth (OFM): Grapholitha molesta (Busck) A large plot study was designed to evaluate the impact of insecticide chemistry, water volume, and method of application (alternate row middle vs. complete [both middles] sprays) on internal lepidopterous pest control in apples. All treatments were applied to replicated 12-15 tree plots (4 times) in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of either 3 rows x 4 or 5 trees per row with each row consisting of alternating trees of 'Golden Delicious' and 'Yorking' trees. These trees were planted to a spacing of 18 × 25 ft, were 13-14 ft in height and 10-11 ft in width and were 26 yr old. The trees were trained to a modified central leader system and pruned annually. The various insecticide × water volume × method of application treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 309 calibrated to deliver either 50 or 100 gpa as complete sprays or 50% of these volumes when applying the alternate row middle application schedule of insecticides (Table 1). All treatments were applied at a tractor speed of 2.4 mph. A routine schedule of fungicides (Topsin M 85DF and Ziram 76WDF) was maintained throughout the experiment. An assessment of internal fruit injury by CM and OFM was made before the study (22 Jul) was initiated by observing 100 random fruit ('Golden Delicious') per tree in situ on two center trees in each plot and determining the number of fruit showing evidence of frass. A harvest evaluation of fruit exhibiting frass on both 'Golden Delicious' (23 Sep) and 'Yorking' (14 Oct) fruit was conducted in a similar fashion except that 225 fruit per tree on 2 center trees in each plot were randomly examined in situ. In addition, 50 dropped fruit per cultivar per plot were examined for internal worm presence. All apples showing the presence of frass at harvest were collected and examined for the presence of live larvae. All larvae collected during the evaluation process were identified to species. Adult flight of OFM was high during the study while CM flight was very low. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD (P = 0.05). For 'Golden Delicious' data at harvest, all chemical treatments allowed significantly fewer fruit with frass than the untreated check (Table 1). Rimon (alternate row middle/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment, followed by Imidan (alternate row middle/100 gpa) and Assail (complete/50 gpa) (Table 1). There was no comparable complete/100 gpa treatment for Rimon. There was no difference in the percentage of apples with frass for the method of application factor (alternate row middle vs. complete) when averaged across treatments, but there was a statistical difference for the water volume factor (50 and 100 gpa) with the higher volume treatments allowing 52% less frass injury (means = 0.83% vs. 1.74% for the 100 vs. 50 gpa, respectively). For ‘Yorking,’ again all chemical treatments allowed fewer apples with frass, while again the Rimon treatment (alternate row middle/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment for preventing injured fruit (Table 1). Only both Assail treatments at 100 gpa (alternate row middle/complete) were less effective than the Rimon treatment (alternate row middle/100 gpa). There was no difference across all treatments for method of application or gpa. When the data for both 'Golden Delicious' and 'Yorking' was combined and reanalyzed, some similar results were found. The Rimon treatment (alternate row middle/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment while the Assail (alternate row middle/50 gpa) and the Imidan (complete/50 gpa) treatments allowed the most fruit injury from the CM/OFM pest complex (Table 1). For the data from both cultivars, there was no difference across all treatments for method of application, but for the water volume, 100 gpa was more effective than 50 gpa in the prevention of fruit injured by internal feeding larvae. Of the larvae collected from fruit, 322 were identified as OFM and only 2 larvae were CM (Table 2). The lowest number of live larvae (5) was collected from the Rimon (alternate row middle/100 gpa) treatment while the highest number of live larvae (32) was collected from the Imidan (alternate row middle/50 gpa) (Table 2). Overall, it appears that Rimon was the most effective treatment when applied at 100 gpa. In addition, all chemical treatments applied at 100 gpa are more effective in preventing injury from internal feeding larvae than those applied at 50 gpa. There was no consistent effect of method of application on the efficacy across all chemical insecticides. Table 1. % apples with frass Treatment/ Rate amt Rate Application Combined d a b c formulation product/acre lb(AI)/acre method (gpa) Dates of application 22 Jul 23 Sep 14 Oct G and Y Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 Complete (100) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.1a 0.9abc 1.9ab 1.4abc Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 ARM (100) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.1a 0.7ab 1.3ab 1.0ab Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- Complete (100) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.0a 1.1a-d 2.2b 1.7bc Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- ARM (100) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.5a 1.2a-d 2.2b 1.7bc Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml 0.129 ARM (100) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.0a 0.4a 1.2a 0.8a Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 Complete (50) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.0a 2.5e 1.6ab 2.1c Imidan 70W 1362.0 g 2.1 ARM (50) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.0a 1.7cde 1.6ab 1.7bc Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- Complete (50) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.1a 0.9ab 2.2ab 1.5bc Assail 70W + 71.0 g + 0.109 + Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml -- ARM (50) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.0a 2.2de 1.7ab 2.0c Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml 0.129 Complete (50) 26 Jul, 10, 24 Aug 0.8a 1.4b-e 1.5ab 1.4abc Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml 0.129 ARM (50) 26 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 24 Aug, 1 Sep 0.3a 1.8b-e 1.4ab 1.6bc Table 1 continued Untreated check -- -- -- -- 0.3a 6.3f 4.2c 5.2d Means in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (Fisher's Protected LSD, P > 0.05). Number of fruit sampled per treatment (Golden Delicious) was 2,000 apples. Number of fruit samples per treatment (Yorking) was 2,000 apples. Combined Golden Delicious and Yorking samples (4,000 apples/treatment). ARM, alternate row middle. Table 2. No.(%) internal larvae in fruit Golden Delicious Yorking Treatment/ Rate amt Application formulation product/acre method (gpa) CM OFM CM OFM Imidan 70W 1362.0 g Complete (100) 0(0) 2(100) 0(0) 15(100) Imidan 70W 1362.0 g ARM (100) 0(0) 1(100) 0(0) 6(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + Complete (100) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 0(0) 4(100) 0(0) 18(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + ARM (100) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 1(7) 14(93) 0(0) 14(100) Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml ARM (100) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 5(100) Imidan 70W 1362.0 g Complete (50) 0(0) 17(100) 0(0) 10(100) Imidan 70W 1362.0 g ARM (50) 0(0) 25(100) 0(0) 7(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + Complete (50) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 0(0) 2(100) 0(0) 17(100) Assail 70W + 71.0 g + ARM (50) Stylet Oil 1892.0 ml 1(4) 22(96) 0(0) 3(100) Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml Complete (50) 0(0) 8(100) 0(0) 3(100) Rimon 0.83EC 590.0 ml ARM (50) 0(0) 6(100) 0(0) 3(100) Untreated check -- -- 0(0) 70(100) 3(6) 50(94) ARM, alternate row middle.

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Arthropod Management TestsOxford University Press

Published: Jan 1, 2006

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