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Translate basic science to industry innovation
( SauvantD., PerezJ., TranG. 2004 Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials.2nd ed. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands.)
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Toxic Diets, Water Animals (2005)
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C. F. Huang,* H. H. Stein,† L. Y. Zhang,* Defa Li,* and C. H. Lai* *State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193; and †Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 ABSTRACT: Mineral concentrations were deter- Wheat bran contained more (P < 0.05) K, Mg, Cl, Fe, mined in 13 different feed ingredients commonly used Zn, and Mn compared with wheat and wheat shorts. in swine diets. Ingredients included corn and 4 corn On a DM-basis, 2.72% K was observed in soybean co-products: corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn meal, which was more (P < 0.05) than in the other oil- germ meal, and corn distillers dried grains with sol- seed meals. However, rapeseed meal had the greatest ubles (DDGS). Wheat, wheat bran, and wheat shorts (P < 0.05) concentration of ash (9.37%), Ca (1.01%), were also included, and 5 oilseed meals including P (1.05%), and Fe (526.49 mg/kg) among the oilseed soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cotton - meals, but only 16.2% of the total P in rapeseed meal seed meal, and peanut meal were used as well. Corn was non-phytate P. In contrast, more than 50% of the grain contained 88.7% dry matter (DM) and 0.46% K P in soybean meal and peanut meal was non-phytate (DM basis). Greater concentrations of DM, ash, Ca, P. The least (P < 0.05) concentration of Cu (6.73 mg/ P, nonphytate P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were observed kg, DM basis) was observed in rapeseed meal and the in corn gluten feed, corn DDGS, and corn germ meal greatest (P < 0.05) concentration (32.75 mg/kg) was compared with corn grain (P < 0.05). In general, min- analyzed in sunflower meal. Concentrations of most erals in corn DDGS were approximately three times minerals in soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower greater than in corn grain and about 90% of the total meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal varied consid- P in corn DDGS was in the nonphytate bound form. erably compared with published values. In conclusion, Corn gluten meal had the least concentrations (P < the concentration of minerals in 13 commonly used 0.05) of most minerals, but the greatest (P < 0.05) feed ingredients were analyzed and results indicated concentrations of Fe (373.55 mg/kg, DM basis), Cu considerable variation among and within feed ingredi- (11.88 mg/kg, DM basis), and Se (0.92 mg/kg, DM ents for most minerals, which for some minerals may basis). On a DM-basis, concentrations of DM, Ca, P, be a result of differences in minerals in the soil in which phytate bound P, and Fe in wheat grain were 88.2%, the ingredients were grown, but processing likely also 0.10%, 0.34%, 0.16%, and 53.48 mg/kg, respectively. contributes to differences among ingredients. Key words: corn, corn co-products, minerals, oilseed meals, wheat, wheat co-products © 2017 American Society of Animal Science. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Transl. Anim. Sci. 2017.1:126–136 doi:10.2527/tas2017.0013 INTRODUCTION most are required in relatively small quantities (NRC, 2012). Determination of accurate mineral concentra- Minerals are inorganic elements that are essen- tion of feed ingredients is important because incor- tial for growth and performance in pigs, although rect assumptions about mineral composition in feed ingredients may result in under-supplementation of minerals causing deficiencies, poor growth, and pro - The current work was supported by Special Fund for Agro- duction losses (Liesegang et al., 2002). In contrast, scientific Research in the Public Interest (grant number 201303079). if minerals are added in excess of the requirement, The authors want to thank anhong Liu for her help with data analysis. toxicities, poor growth performance, increased ex- Corresponding author: laichanghua999@163.com cretion, and possibly increased pollution of the envi- Received January 10, 2017. ronment may be the consequences (NRC, 2005). Accepted February 26, 2017. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Minerals in Chinese feed ingredients 127 China is the largest producer of pigs and pig feed 75% of the solubles from the whole stillage, which are in the world, but there are no central feed composition dried to produce DDGS (Pahm et al., 2009; Almeida tables available for Chinese feed ingredients. Instead, and Stein, 2012; Anderson et al., 2012; Rojas et al., values from the U.S. or Europe are used in diet formu- 2013). Wheat bran and wheat shorts are produced from lations in China. Many factors including climate, soil commercial milling of wheat. Wheat bran is the coarse conditions, plant variety, and processing may influence outer covering of the wheat kernel, which is separated nutrient composition of a feed ingredient (Engström from cleaned and scoured wheat (Wilfart et al., 2007; and Lindén, 2009; Zhang et al., 2010; Radulov et al., AAFCO, 2011). Wheat shorts consists of fine particles 2012; Pedersen et al., 2014). In particular, concentra- of wheat bran, wheat germ, wheat flour, and tailings, tions of minerals in feed ingredients are influenced and contains less than 7% crude fiber (AAFCO, 2011) by the soil in which plants are grown and may also and 5 to 20% CP (Huang et al., 1999). be influenced by plant variety and processing method Soybean meal is the product obtained by grinding (Mahan et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010; Kraler et al., the soybean grain residual after removal of most of the 2014). It is, therefore, possible that feed ingredients that oil from soybeans by solvent extraction and contains less are grown and (or) processed in China have a differ - than 7.0% crude fiber (AAFCO, 2011). Rapeseed meal is ent mineral composition than ingredients used in other produced after the mechanically pressed rapeseed expel- parts of the world. If that is the case, then diets may be lers have been solvent extracted to remove the majority incorrectly formulated if U.S. or European feed ingre- of the residual oil. Cottonseed meal contains 34 to 54% dient tables are used in Chinese production systems. As CP and is produced after the oil has been removed from a consequence, there is a need for determining mineral cotton seed via solvent extraction (Li et al., 2012). The concentration of feed ingredients produced in China. AA composition of cottonseed meal is less favorable and Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine AA have a lower digestibility compared with soybean the mineral concentration of 13 commonly used feed in- meal (Knabe et al., 1989; Cromwell, 1998; González- gredients that were grown and (or) processed in China. Vega and Stein, 2012), but cottonseed meal is sometimes used as an alternative protein source in diets for pigs MATERIALS AND METHODS because the cost is usually less compared with soybean meal. Sunflower meal is produced after oil has been sol - vent extracted from sunflower seeds. Sunflower meal Feed Ingredients has a high concentration of fiber, but is sometimes used Thirteen feed ingredients commonly used in China in swine diets (Chiba, 2013; González-Vega and Stein, were analyzed. Ingredients included corn and 4 corn 2012). Peanut meal is the ground product of the shelled co-products: corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn and de-oiled peanuts, composed primarily of the kernels germ meal, and corn distillers dried grains with sol- and a portion of the hulls of peanuts and the concentra- ubles (DDGS). Wheat, wheat bran, and wheat shorts tion of crude fiber is less than 7% (Li et al., 2014a). were also included, and 5 oilseed meals including soy- Samples of corn and wheat were collected directly bean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed from producers’ fields in different regions of China. The meal, and peanut meal were used as well. 10 yellow dent corn samples included the following va- Corn gluten feed is a co-product from the corn rieties: Xianyu 335, Xianyu 696, Xianyu 32D22, Wugu wet milling industry and is a combination of corn bran, 702, Zhengdan 958, Changcheng 799, Lihe 16, Suiyu 7, screenings, distiller solubles, and other residual af- and Demeiya. These samples were collected in Hebei, ter the separation of corn starch (Rausch and Belyea, Shandong, Jilin, Henan, and Heilongjiang provinces in 2006; Almeida et al., 2011; Anderson et al., 2012; Rojas China with 2 samples collected in each province. et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014). Corn gluten meal is Twenty different samples of wheat were collected a high-protein ingredient that is produced by separat- from the main wheat producing provinces including ing protein and starch after centrifugation of the bran- Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Liaoning, and Hebei prov- free part of corn in the wet milling process (Almeida et inces with 4 samples collected in each province. The al., 2011; Anderson et al., 2012; Ji et al., 2012; NRC, varieties of wheat included Longmai 30, Lumai 21, 2012; Rojas et al., 2013). Corn germ meal is another co- Yannong 24, Lumai 15, Beimai 4, Jimai 22, Kehan 16, product from the corn wet milling process where corn is Taishan 22, Longmai 26, and Kenjiu 10. cleaned and steeped and oil is extracted from the germ, Ten samples of each of the 5 oilseed meals were resulting in production of corn germ meal (Rojas et al., collected from commercial feed mills. Likewise, 10 2013). Corn DDGS is produced after fermentation of source of corn gluten meal and corn DDGS and 11 corn to produce ethanol from the starch, and consists sources of corn gluten feed and corn germ meal and of the resulting wet distillers grain as well as at least 10 sources of each wheat co-product were collected Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 128 Huang et al. Table 1. Origin of ingredients used in this research Ingredient Hebei Henan Shandong Shanxi Jilin Liaoning Xinjiang Sichuan Hubei Gansu Heilongjiang Hunan Total Corn 2 2 2 – 2 – – – – – 2 – 10 Corn gluten feed 2 2 2 2 2 1 – – – – – – 11 Corn gluten meal 9 – – – 1 – – – – – – – 10 Corn germ meal – 1 2 2 2 2 – – – – 2 – 11 Corn DDGS – 5 – – 5 – – – – – – – 10 Wheat 4 4 4 4 – 4 – – – – – – 20 Wheat bran – 2 3 – – 3 – – – 2 – – 10 Wheat shorts 2 1 – 2 – 2 1 1 1 1 – – 11 Soybean meal 2 2 2 2 1 – 1 – – – – – 10 Rapeseed meal – – – – – – – – 5 – – 5 10 Sunflower meal 3 – – 1 – 3 3 – – – – – 10 Cottonseed meal 1 1 1 1 – 1 3 1 1 – – – 10 Peanut meal 3 3 4 – – – – – – – – – 10 Number of ingredients acquired from a province. DDGS = distillers dried grains with solubles. from commercial feed mills. The origins of the corn, each mineral was calculated. The standard deviation wheat and the co-products from corn and wheat, and (SD) of the concentration of each mineral in ingredi- the oilseed meals are indicated in Table 1. All samples ents was also calculated. were stored at –20°C after collection. Data were analyzed within 3 groups: corn and corn co-products, wheat and wheat co-products, and oilseed meals. For each group, data were analyzed using the Chemical Analysis PROC Mixed of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) with Analyses for minerals in all samples were conducted a completely randomized design. The model included at the Ministry of Agriculture Feed Potency and Safety ingredient as fixed effect and the source of each ingre - Supervision and Testing Center located at the Ministry of dient as the experimental unit. The Least Significant Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, Beijing, China. Difference Test was used to separate means. An ɑ level All ingredients were analyzed for dry matter (DM; of 0.05 was used to assess significance among means and method 934.01), ash (method 942.05), Ca and P (method P-values between 0.05 and 0.10 were considered a trend. 985.01) according to the procedures of the AOAC (2005). Chlorine was analyzed by using the method (method RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 943.01) described in AOAC (2000). Phytate concentra- tion in the ingredients was determined by using the meth- Corn and Corn Co-products od described by Akinmusire and Adeola (2009). The concentration of phytate-bound P in ingredients was cal- Corn is the most commonly used cereal grains in culated as 28.2% of analyzed phytate (Tran and Sauvant, swine diets due to its high nutritional value (Sauber 2004). Selenium in ingredients was analyzed using an in- and Owens, 2001; Gwirtz and Garcia-Casal, 2014). ductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) Ground corn may be fed directly to pigs, but corn described by Bou et al. (2004). Samples were analyzed may also be processed industrially using wet mill- for I using the method described by Sullivan and Zywicki ing, dry milling, or dry grinding technologies (NRC, (2012). Potassium, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were 2012; Gwirtz and Garcia-Casal, 2014). The primary determined using an inductively coupled plasma–mass objectives of the processing is to produce corn starch, spectrometer (Agilent 7500 series, Santa Clara, CA) as corn syrup, corn oil, corn flour, ethanol, etc., but these described by Duan et al. (2013). processes also result in production of a number of co- products that may be used in animal feeding (Serna- Saldivar, 2010; NRC, 2012). Corn gluten feed, corn Calculations and Statistical Analysis gluten meal, corn germ meal, and DDGS are the main The concentration of phytate bound P in samples co-products that are generated during corn processing. was calculated as 28.2% of analyzed phytate (Tran and The concentration of ash in Chinese corn is rela- Sauvant, 2004). Nonphytate bound P was calculated tively low (Table 2) and this observation is in agree- as the difference between total P and phytate bound ment with observations from other countries (Sauvant P. The minimum, maximum, and the average value of et al., 2004; CVB, 2007; NRC, 2012). However, as corn Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Minerals in Chinese feed ingredients 129 Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Table 2. Mineral composition of 10 sources of corn, 11sources of corn gluten feed, 10 sources of corn gluten meal, 11 sources of corn germ meal, and 10 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), dry matter (DM) basis 1 2 DM Ash Ca P Phy-P NPhy-P K Mg Na Cl Co Cu Fe I Mn Se Zn Item % % % % % % % % % % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Corn c3 d c c bc b b c 4 c d c c c c Avg 88.7 1.29 0.03 0.21 0.14 0.07 0.46 0.12 ND 0.05 ND 2.02 34.84 ND 5.74 0.04 20.03 SD 0.90 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.01 ND 0.01 ND 0.20 8.64 ND 0.67 0.04 3.02 Min 87.5 1.17 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.38 0.10 ND 0.04 ND 1.73 22.87 ND 4.95 0.01 15.54 Max 90.5 1.43 0.06 0.29 0.19 0.10 0.54 0.14 ND 0.08 ND 2.26 46.63 ND 7.02 0.15 24.97 Corn gluten feed a a a a a a a a a c b a a ab Avg 91.9 6.64 0.25 0.86 0.38 0.48 1.68 0.45 0.03 0.30 0.38 4.65 163.37 ND 24.87 0.05 68.93 SD 1.37 2.05 0.14 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.60 0.11 0.02 0.13 0.12 1.03 54.50 ND 7.27 0.02 11.97 Min 89.7 3.72 0.10 0.51 0.13 0.31 0.34 0.25 0.01 0.11 0.26 3.35 69.86 ND 17.00 0.02 55.90 Max 94.7 10.04 0.62 1.18 0.58 0.72 2.51 0.61 0.06 0.57 0.61 6.78 259.02 ND 36.17 0.08 100.16 Corn gluten meal a d c c c b c c b a a c c c Avg 91.6 1.76 0.02 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.14 0.03 11.88 373.55 ND 4.66 0.92 12.70 SD 1.45 0.37 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.09 0.02 1.63 107.01 ND 1.43 0.38 4.08 Min 88.9 1.05 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 8.32 238.81 ND 2.88 0.68 9.05 Max 93.5 2.23 0.09 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.14 0.07 0.02 0.24 0.06 13.59 564.19 ND 6.85 1.95 19.43 Corn germ meal ab c b b b a b b bc c b b c b Avg 90.9 3.11 0.17 0.62 0.22 0.40 0.63 0.32 0.04 0.09 ND 5.71 176.88 ND 14.88 0.04 52.96 SD 1.48 0.95 0.11 0.46 0.12 0.36 0.50 0.27 0.03 0.06 ND 1.06 80.75 ND 10.15 0.01 25.87 Min 88.85 2.11 0.06 0.36 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.06 0.01 0.03 ND 3.94 108.55 ND 4.77 0.02 26.23 Max 93.31 5.01 0.43 1.87 0.52 1.34 1.85 0.86 0.08 0.20 ND 7.45 322.47 ND 37.03 0.05 113.19 Corn DDGS b b b b c a a ab a b b b b a Avg 90.4 5.32 0.12 0.59 0.08 0.53 1.55 0.38 0.13 0.30 0.18 9.69 208.98 0.39 17.85 0.42 83.64 SD 1.34 0.64 0.05 0.18 0.06 0.20 0.24 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.09 2.49 182.95 0.41 5.92 0.31 40.82 Min 88.8 4.10 0.04 0.28 0.03 0.17 1.15 0.29 0.05 0.22 0.06 5.68 10.79 0.15 9.58 0.08 47.48 Max 92.5 6.53 0.21 0.84 0.21 0.79 1.98 0.44 0.35 0.38 0.28 14.4 448.31 0.86 29.31 0.95 190.54 5 6 SEM 0.41 0.34 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.04 0.01 0.03 - 0.45 33.01 – 1.96 0.07 6.96 P-value < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 – < 0.01 < 0.01 – < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 a–d Averages (Avg) with different superscripts within the same column differ ( P < 0.05). DM = dry matter. Phytate P, calculated as 28.2% of phytate (Tran and Sauvant, 2004). Nonphytate P, calculated as the difference between total P and phytate bound P. ND, not detectable. SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Not compared because mineral was not detectable in some ingredients. 130 Huang et al. is processed and starch and other nutrients are removed, consequence of these co-products being produced from the concentration of ash is concentrated in the co-prod- the wet milling industry or via fermentation because ucts, which is the reason for the increased concentration fermentation or steeping in water results in release of P of ash in corn gluten feed, DDGS, and corn germ. In from the phytate molecule (Carlson and Poulsen, 2003; contrast, the concentration of ash in corn gluten meal Lyberg et al., 2006; Rojas and Stein, 2012; Rojas et was not different from the concentration in corn indi - al., 2013). The relatively low concentration of phytate- cating that some of the ash was removed along with bound P in corn DDGS is in agreement with data from removal of gluten and fat from the corn. The concentra- Almeida and Stein (2012) and Rojas et al. (2013) and tion of ash was greater (P < 0.05) in corn gluten feed illustrates that the fermentation process used to produce than in all other co-products indicating that some of the DDGS results in hydrolysis of the phytate molecule. In product streams that are included in corn gluten feed contrast, the low concentrations of phytate bound P in may contain relatively large proportions of ash. corn germ meal and in corn gluten meal that were ob- The concentration of Ca in corn grown in China served in this experiment are in contrast to previous is very low, which has also been reported in previous values (Sauvant et al., 2004; Rojas et al., 2013) and research with Chinese corn (Liu et al., 2013; Li et al., indicate that these ingredients may have been steeped 2014b) and with corn from other countries (Sauvant et at some point during processing. al., 2004; CVB, 2007; NRC, 2012). The concentrations All ingredients contained more K than any other of Ca in corn gluten feed and corn germ meal observed mineral, and the concentrations of K and Mg in corn, in this experiment were greater (P < 0.05) than in corn corn gluten feed and corn DDGS were somewhat and also greater than reported by NRC (2012). This ob- greater than previously published values (Sauvant servation indicates that limestone or other Ca-rich com- et al., 2004; NRC, 2012). These observations may pounds possibly are added during or after processing to be a result of differences in soil concentrations of K produce corn gluten feed and corn germ meal in China. and Mg among corn producing areas of the world. The concentration of Ca in corn gluten meal was also However, concentrations of K and Mg in corn gluten very low, whereas the greater (P < 0.05) concentration meal analyzed in this study were less than reported of Ca in corn DDGS compared with corn is in agree- (Sauvant et al., 2004; NRC, 2012), which is likely a ment with previous data (NRC, 2012; Li et al., 2015). result of the low ash concentration in the corn gluten The concentration of P in the Chinese corn was meals included in this study. less than reported by Sauvant et al. (2004) and NRC Sodium was not detectable in the corn used in (2012), but in good agreement with values reported for this study, and concentrations were low in all the corn other sources of Chinese corn (Liu et al., 2013). This co-products. The concentration of Cl was also low may indicate that some areas of China have lower soil in corn, corn gluten meal, and corn germ meal, but concentrations of P compared with corn-growing areas somewhat greater in corn gluten feed and corn DDGS. in other parts of the world. The concentrations of P in The values for both Na and Cl in all ingredients are in corn germ meal and corn DDGS observed in this study agreement with values reported by NRC (2012). were greater (P < 0.05) than in corn, but also less than Values for Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in corn and corn reported by NRC (2012). Corn gluten feed also con- DDGS observed in this experiment are in agreement tained more (P < 0.05) P than corn, but the value ob- with values published by Sauvant et al. (2004) and tained in this experiment was close to values published NRC (2012). There are very few published values for by Sauvant et al. (2004) and NRC (2012). In contrast, concentrations of micro minerals in corn gluten feed, the concentration of P in corn gluten meal observed in corn gluten meal, and corn germ meal. As an example, this study was not different from the concentration in the values published by NRC (2012) for Cu, Fe, Mn, corn, but much less than values reported by Sauvant and Zn are based on only one observation per ingredi- et al. (2004) and NRC (2012). These observations in- ent. Thus, the current data based on analysis of 10 or 11 dicate that production processes used in the corn wet different sources of each of these ingredients provide milling industry in China may be different from the a more robust database for these minerals than what processes used in other parts of the world and that dif- has previously been available. The observation that ferent product streams may be included in the ingredi- the concentration of Fe is the most variable among the ents called corn gluten feed and corn gluten meal. ingredients may have been caused by differences in In agreement with previous reports (Sauvant et al., the Fe concentration in the water used in the wet mill- 2004; NRC, 2012; Almeida and Stein, 2012; Rojas et ing of corn, but differences in soil concentrations of Fe al., 2013), the majority of the P in corn was bound to may also have contributed to these differences. phytate. However, for all the corn co-products, the ma- Iodine was not detected in any of the ingredients jority of the P was not phytate bound, which is likely a except in corn DDGS. To our knowledge, concentra- Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Minerals in Chinese feed ingredients 131 tions of I in corn and corn co-products have not previ- (2007). More Ca was observed in wheat, wheat bran, ously been reported. However, the observation that I is and wheat shorts compared with values reported by present in corn DDGS, but not in the other ingredients Ficco et al. (2009), Zhang et al. (2010), Sauvant et al. is difficult to explain because we are not aware of any (2004), CVB (2007), and NRC (2012). Greater con- addition of I during processing that would explain the centrations of DM, P, phytate bound P, Fe, but less Se, appearance of I in DDGS. were also observed in wheat, wheat bran, and wheat Large variations in the concentration of Se in shorts compared with previous values (Sauvant et al., corn has been described because of variations in soil 2004, CVB, 2007; NRC, 2012). Se concentrations (Mahan et al., 2005; 2014) and The wheat kernel mainly consists of bran, endo- the concentration of Se in corn that was determined sperm, and germ. Wheat bran is the outer layer of the in this experiment is within the wide range of previ- grain and contains 50 to 80% of the minerals of the ously reported values (Mahan et al., 2014). A much whole wheat grain, which is the primary reason for the greater concentration of Se in corn DDGS compared greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of most minerals in with corn grain has also been reported (Sauvant et al., wheat bran compared with wheat grain and wheat shorts 2004; NRC, 2012; Kim et al., 2014), and results of the (Underwood and Suttle, 1999; Suttle, 2010). Because present study is in agreement with these observations. most of the starch is removed in the milling process, nu- Likewise, the observation that the concentration of Se trient densities including mineral concentration, in wheat in corn gluten meal was greater (P < 0.05) than in all shorts is generally greater than in wheat. However, wheat other ingredients is in agreement with NRC (2012). bran has greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of minerals However, the values for Se in corn gluten feed and than wheat shorts because of the higher amount of seed corn germ meal observed in this experiment are less coat in wheat bran compared with wheat shorts. than reported by Sauvant et al. (2004). Cobalt was not detected in corn or in corn germ Oilseed Meals meal, but concentrations in corn gluten feed, corn glu- ten meal, and corn DDGS were detectable. There are The concentration of DM in cottonseed meal was very few published data for the concentration of Co in greater (P < 0.05) than in soybean meal (Table 4). No corn and corn co-products, but the current values based differences in DM concentrations were observed be - on analysis of 10 or 11 different ingredients indicate that tween rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, corn DDGS and corn gluten feed may provide some Co and peanut meal. Greater (P < 0.05) concentration of to the diets. This is, however, of limited value in the ash was observed in rapeseed meal than in soybean feeding of pigs, but when fed to ruminant animals, Co meal, but there were no differences in ash concentra - may be used in the synthesis of vitamin B . tions between soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and sunflower meal. The Ca concentration in sunflower meal was greater ( P < 0.05) than in soybean Wheat and Wheat Co-products meal, but less (P < 0.05) compared with rapeseed meal. On a DM basis, the concentration of ash (1.82%) The DM, ash, Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Mn, and Zn con- in wheat was greater than the value reported by CVB centrations in soybean meal were within the range (2007), but less compared with the value reported by of values published previously (Sauvant et al., 2004; NRC (2012; Table 3). Fan et al. (2008) reported that CVB, 2007; NRC, 2012), but there was less (P < 0.05) the concentrations of minerals in wheat grain have de- phytate bound P in soybean meal compared with the creased over the last 160 yr, but the concentration of values reported by Sauvant et al. (2004) and NRC most minerals in wheat that were analyzed in this study (2012). This indicates that the digestibility of P in the were greater than reported book values, which may soybean meal analyzed in this work may be greater be due to the different origins of the wheat samples. than suggested by Sauvant et al. (2004) and NRC Whereas all samples used in this study were from China, (2012). Less Fe and Cu was also analyzed in soybean samples from many countries in the world are included meal compared with the values reported by Sauvant et in most other databases (Ficco et al., 2009; Zhang et al. (2004), CVB (2007), and NRC (2012). al., 2010, NRC, 2012). Many other factors, including Rapeseed meal contained 1.01% Ca (DM-basis), varieties, growing environment, and soil conditions also which is the greatest (P < 0.05) among the 5 oilseed affect mineral compositions of wheat grain (Peterson et meals analyzed in this work. On a DM basis, rapeseed al., 1983; Anglani, 1998; Hawkesford and Zhao, 2007). meal also contained more (P < 0.05) P (1.05%) than the Wheat bran contained more ash (5.45%, DM ba- other oilseed meals, but the concentration of non-phy- sis) than reported by NRC (2012), but less compared tate P (0.17%) was the least (P < 0.05) in rapeseed meal, with values reported by Sauvant et al. (2004) and CVB which indicates that the P in rapeseed meal has a lower di- Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 132 Huang et al. Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Table 3. Mineral composition of 20 sources of wheat, 10 sources of wheat bran, and 10 sources of wheat shorts, dry matter (DM) basis 1 2 3 DM Ash Ca P Phy-P NPhy-P K Mg Na Cl Co Cu Fe I Mn Se Zn Item % % % % % % % % % % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Wheat b c a c c b b b 4 b c b b b b Avg 88.2 1.82 0.10 0.34 0.16 0.18 0.50 0.18 ND 0.05 ND 5.75 53.48 ND 44.99 0.04 33.15 SD 0.89 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.07 ND 0.01 ND 1.63 20.71 ND 11.38 0.01 9.14 Min 86.7 1.44 0.03 0.28 0.05 0.06 0.43 0.09 ND 0.01 ND 3.78 19.96 ND 30.55 0.02 21.08 Max 89.9 2.23 0.16 0.42 0.27 0.35 0.59 0.30 ND 0.07 ND 11.01 97.17 ND 72.76 0.05 65.13 Wheat bran a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Avg 89.4 5.45 0.10 0.91 0.57 0.34 1.46 0.55 0.01 0.08 ND 13.66 137.20 ND 129.25 0.46 94.71 SD 0.74 0.50 0.02 0.20 0.10 0.18 0.15 0.08 0.00 0.03 ND 0.54 56.77 ND 23.41 0.27 12.21 Min 88.32 4.74 0.08 0.54 0.41 0.09 1.32 0.45 0.01 0.05 ND 12.82 54.68 ND 87.74 0.11 62.25 Max 90.50 6.49 0.14 1.16 0.72 0.65 1.85 0.75 0.03 0.16 ND 14.63 248.92 ND 154.12 1.03 106.51 Wheat shorts b b b b b b b b b b b c a b Avg 88.2 2.53 0.06 0.44 0.24 0.20 0.51 0.15 0.02 0.05 ND 8.56 69.24 1.13 5.87 0.59 33.58 SD 0.67 0.96 0.02 0.16 0.12 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.01 0.01 ND 3.75 37.15 0.65 2.77 0.19 16.44 Min 87.03 1.34 0.03 0.26 0.01 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.01 0.04 ND 3.33 15.40 0.40 1.48 0.31 8.84 Max 89.30 3.97 0.10 0.72 0.42 0.63 0.79 0.24 0.03 0.06 ND 14.52 117.40 2.20 9.23 1.00 61.75 5 6 SEM 0.33 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 - 0.01 – 0.63 10.44 – 4.05 0.05 3.44 P-value < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 – < 0.01 – < 0.01 < 0.01 – < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 a–c Averages (Avg) with different superscripts within the same column differ ( P < 0.05). DM = dry matter. Phytate P, calculated as 28.2% of phytate (Tran and Sauvant, 2004). Nonphytate P, calculated as the difference between total P and phytate P. ND, not detectable. SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Not compared because mineral was not detectable in some ingredients. Minerals in Chinese feed ingredients 133 Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/2/126/4636605 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Table 4. Mineral composition of 10 sources of soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal, DM basis 1 2 3 DM Ash Ca P Phy-P NPhy-P K Mg Na Cl Co Cu Fe I Mn Se Zn Item % % % % % % % % % % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Soybean meal b b c c d a a d a 4 bc c c b Avg 88.8 7.05 0.30 0.69 0.21 0.49 2.72 0.35 0.04 ND 0.52 16.48 151.77 0.20 42.94 ND 54.55 SD 0.75 0.40 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.23 0.03 0.02 ND 0.18 2.85 80.69 0.06 5.22 ND 3.92 Min 87.5 6.63 0.22 0.55 0.15 0.38 2.25 0.32 0.02 ND 0.34 13.27 47.74 0.11 32.52 ND 47.66 Max 90.1 7.79 0.36 0.81 0.28 0.57 3.03 0.41 0.07 ND 1.01 22.41 319.72 0.29 52.17 ND 59.45 Rapeseed meal a a a a a c b ab bc d a b a Avg 89.8 9.37 1.01 1.05 0.88 0.17 1.78 0.62 0.01 0.13 ND 6.73 526.49 ND 75.28 0.59 81.23 SD 0.84 0.42 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.10 ND 0.32 243.88 ND 8.24 0.44 6.40 Min 88.7 8.70 0.89 0.90 0.70 0.12 1.47 0.55 0.01 0.05 ND 6.37 291.27 ND 64.40 0.16 63.93 Max 91.7 10.11 1.21 1.22 1.02 0.22 1.90 0.65 0.03 0.31 ND 7.27 998.64 ND 87.56 1.60 87.01 Sunflower meal a b b a b a cd b c a b c a Avg 90.2 6.54 0.51 1.03 0.54 0.49 1.60 0.61 0.01 0.10 0.36 32.75 310.23 ND 39.53 0.25 77.64 SD 1.21 0.85 0.08 0.19 0.14 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.13 5.53 64.74 ND 5.80 0.02 15.26 Min 89.0 4.64 0.32 0.59 0.20 0.39 1.36 0.35 0.01 0.08 0.25 19.09 239.68 ND 25.05 0.20 48.89 Max 92.8 7.40 0.59 1.21 0.68 0.54 1.72 0.67 0.01 0.12 0.66 37.6 428.02 ND 42.99 0.28 104.22 Cottonseed meal a b c bc c b bc a bc c c a a b Avg 90.4 7.09 0.34 0.71 0.41 0.31 1.72 0.70 0.02 0.08 0.27 13.88 170.09 ND 128.22 0.78 51.88 SD 1.72 1.08 0.24 0.28 0.10 0.27 0.16 0.19 0.01 0.03 0.16 3.57 140.58 ND 59.54 0.16 14.05 Min 88.4 5.84 0.17 0.37 0.28 0.01 1.44 0.51 0.01 0.04 0.15 7.81 17.57 ND 17.00 0.51 35.13 Max 94.1 9.95 1.02 1.02 0.53 0.69 1.93 1.05 0.05 0.13 0.69 19.08 477.7 ND 175.14 1.03 77.14 Peanut meal a b c b c a d c ab b b bc b a Avg 90.0 6.89 0.27 0.83 0.35 0.48 1.54 0.47 0.03 ND ND 18.77 381.14 ND 58.67 0.10 72.56 SD 0.68 0.71 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.03 ND ND 3.00 163.83 ND 15.18 0.04 7.02 Min 89.1 5.67 0.22 0.78 0.30 0.42 1.43 0.42 0.01 ND ND 13.18 147.22 ND 39.52 0.07 56.92 Max 91.4 8.11 0.34 0.93 0.43 0.54 1.69 0.50 0.10 ND ND 22.52 580.49 ND 91.27 0.20 78.74 5 6 SEM 0.35 0.23 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.01 - – 1.09 47.5 – 8.66 – 3.21 P-value < 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 – – < 0.01 < 0.01 – < 0.01 – < 0.01 a–d Averages (Avg) with different superscripts within the same column differ ( P < 0.05). DM = dry matter. Phytate P, calculated as 28.2% of phytate (Tran and Sauvant, 2004). Nonphytate P, calculated as the difference between total P and phytate P. ND, not detectable. SEM = pooled standard error of the mean. Not compared because mineral was not detectable in some ingredient. 134 Huang et al. gestibility than P in the other oilseed meals. The greatest solvent extraction method, differences among crush - (P < 0.05) concentrations of K and Na were observed in ing plants in China and plants in other countries may soybean meal, but the least (P < 0.05) K and Na concen- exist, which may also have contributed to some of the trations were detected in peanut meal and sunflower meal. differences in mineral composition that were observed. Sunflower meal contained more Ca and P compared with In conclusion, compared with corn and wheat the values reported by Liu et al. (2015), but there was grain, corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, corn DDGS, less phytate-bound P in sunflower meal compared with wheat bran, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed values reported by Sauvant et al. (2004) and NRC (2012). meal, and peanut meal had a greater concentration of The concentration of P in cottonseed meal was in Fe and most other micro minerals. The greatest con- agreement with the value reported by Li et al. (2012), centration of Ca and the greatest percentage of phy- but less compared with values from Sauvant et al. tate bound P versus total P (83.8%, DM basis) were (2004), CVB (2007), and NRC (2012). Cottonseed observed in rapeseed meal whereas soybean meal had meal also contained less Fe, Zn, and Cu, but more the greatest concentration of K. No differences were Mn compared with values reported by Sauvant et al. observed for most minerals between corn gluten meal (2004), CVB (2007), and NRC (2012). The greatest and corn and between wheat and wheat shorts. The (P < 0.05) concentration of Mn among the 5 oilseed greatest variation in Se concentration was observed in meals was observed in cottonseed. corn. Concentrations of most minerals in corn, corn The concentrations of Ca and P in sunflower gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, corn meal were greater than the values reported by Liu et DDGS, wheat, wheat bran, wheat shorts, soybean meal, al. (2015) and a lower percentage of the P was bound rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and to phytate compared with values from Sauvant et al. peanut meal were different compared with databases (2004) and NRC (2012). As is the case for the soybean published elsewhere. As a consequence, the current re- meal analyzed in this study, the lower percentage of sults, if used in formulation of pig feed ingredients in phytate bound P in sunflower meal likely will result China, may result in more accurate diet formulations. in a greater digestibility of P in Chinese sunflower meal compared with sunflower meal produced in other LITERATURE CITED parts of the world. Concentrations of all other miner- AAFCO. 2011. Association of American Feed Control Officials. als in sunflower meal were within the range of values Official Publication. Oxford, IN. previously reported (Sauvant et al., 2004; CVB, 2007; AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. NRC, 2012) although the concentration of ash was AOAC. 2005. Official methods of analysis. 18th ed. AOAC Int., less than reported in these 3 feed databases. Arlington, VA. The concentrations of DM, ash, Ca, and P in peanut Almeida, F. N., and H. H. Stein. 2012. 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Translational Animal Science – Oxford University Press
Published: Apr 1, 2017
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