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Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health

Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and... EDITORIAL European Heart Journal - Case Reports doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab326 Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health Wealthy nations must do much more, much faster 1 2 3 4 Lukoye Atwoli , Abdullah H. Baqui , Thomas Benfield , Raffaella Bosurgi , 5 6 7 8 Fiona Godlee , Stephen Hancocks , Richard Horton , Laurie Laybourn-Langton *, 9 10 11 12 Carlos Augusto Monteiro , Ian Norman , Kirsten Patrick , Nigel Praities , 13 14 15 16 Marcel G.M. Olde Rikkert , Eric J. Rubin , Peush Sahni , Richard Smith , 17 18 19 Nick Talley , Sue Turale , and Damia´n Va´zquez 1 2 3 4 Editor in Chief, East African Medical Journal; Editor in Chief, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition; Editor in Chief, Danish Medical Journal; Editor in Chief, PLOS 5 6 7 8 Medicine; Editor in Chief, The BMJ; Editor in Chief, British Dental Journal; Editor in Chief, The Lancet; Senior Adviser, UK Health Alliance on Climate Change; 9 10 11 12 Editor in Chief, Revista de Sau ´de Pu ´ blica; Editor in Chief, International Journal of Nursing Studies; Interim Editor in Chief, CMAJ; Executive Editor, Pharmaceutical Journal; 13 14 15 16 Editor in Chief, Dutch Journal of Medicine; Editor in Chief, NEJM; Editor in Chief, National Medical Journal of India; Chair, UK Health Alliance on Climate Change; 17 18 19 Editor in Chief, Medical Journal of Australia; Editor in Chief, International Nursing Review; and Editor in Chief, Pan American Journal of Public Health The UN General Assembly in September 2021 will bring countries heat related mortality among people aged over 65 has increased by together at a critical time for marshalling collective action to tackle more than 50%. Higher temperatures have brought increased dehy- the global environmental crisis. They will meet again at the biodiver- dration and renal function loss, dermatological malignancies, tropical sity summit in Kunming, China, and the climate conference (COP26) infections, adverse mental health outcomes, pregnancy complica- in Glasgow, UK. Ahead of these pivotal meetings, we—the editors of tions, allergies, and cardiovascular and pulmonary morbidity and mor- 5,6 health journals worldwide—call for urgent action to keep average tality. Harms disproportionately affect the most vulnerable, global temperature increases below 1.5 C, halt the destruction of na- including among children, older populations, ethnic minorities, 2,4 ture, and protect health. poorer communities, and those with underlying health problems. Health is already being harmed by global temperature increases Global heating is also contributing to the decline in global yield po- and the destruction of the natural world, a state of affairs health pro- tential for major crops, falling by 1.8-5.6% since 1981; this, together fessionals have been bringing attention to for decades. The science is with the effects of extreme weather and soil depletion, is hampering unequivocal; a global increase of 1.5 C above the pre-industrial efforts to reduce undernutrition. Thriving ecosystems are essential average and the continued loss of biodiversity risk catastrophic harm . to human health, and the widespread destruction of nature, including 2,3 . to health that will be impossible to reverse. Despite the world’s . habitats and species, is eroding water and food security and increasing . 3,7,8 necessary preoccupation with COVID-19, we cannot wait for the . the chance of pandemics. pandemic to pass to rapidly reduce emissions. . The consequences of the environmental crisis fall disproportion- Reflecting the severity of the moment, this editorial appears in . ately on those countries and communities that have contributed least health journals across the world. We are united in recognizing that to the problem and are least able to mitigate the harms. Yet no coun- only fundamental and equitable changes to societies will reverse our try, no matter how wealthy, can shield itself from these impacts. current trajectory. Allowing the consequences to fall disproportionately on the most The risks to health of increases above 1.5 Care now well vulnerable will breed more conflict, food insecurity, forced displace- established. Indeed, no temperature rise is ‘safe’. In the past 20 years, ment, and zoonotic disease—with severe implications for all This editorial is being published simultaneously in many international journals. Please see the full list here: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate- emergency-editorial-september-2021. *Corresponding author. Laurie Laybourn-Langton, UK. Email: laurie.laybourn@ukhealthalliance.org V The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 Editorial countries and communities. As with the COVID-19 pandemic, we But such investments will produce huge positive health and economic are globally as strong as our weakest member. outcomes. These include high quality jobs, reduced air pollution, Rises above 1.5 C increase the chance of reaching tipping points in . increased physical activity, and improved housing and diet. Better air natural systems that could lock the world into an acutely unstable . quality alone would realize health benefits that easily offset the global . 22 state. This would critically impair our ability to mitigate harms and to . costs of emissions reductions. 9,10 . prevent catastrophic, runaway environmental change. . These measures will also improve the social and economic . determinants of health, the poor state of which may have made . 23 . populations more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic. But the Global targets are not enough . changes cannot be achieved through a return to damaging austerity Encouragingly, many governments, financial institutions, and policies or the continuation of the large inequalities of wealth and businesses are setting targets to reach net-zero emissions, including power within and between countries. targets for 2030. The cost of renewable energy is dropping rapidly. Many countries are aiming to protect at least 30% of the world’s land and oceans by 2030. . Cooperation hinges on wealthy These promises are not enough. Targets are easy to set and hard to achieve. They are yet to be matched with credible short and nations doing more longer term plans to accelerate cleaner technologies and transform societies. Emissions reduction plans do not adequately incorporate In particular, countries that have disproportionately created the en- health considerations. Concern is growing that temperature rises vironmental crisis must do more to support low and middle income above 1.5 C are beginning to be seen as inevitable, or even accept- countries to build cleaner, healthier, and more resilient societies. able, to powerful members of the global community. Relatedly, High income countries must meet and go beyond their outstanding current strategies for reducing emissions to net zero by the middle of commitment to provide $100 bn a year, making up for any shortfall in the century implausibly assume that the world will acquire great 2020 and increasing contributions to and beyond 2025. Funding 14,15 capabilities to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. must be equally split between mitigation and adaptation, including This insufficient action means that temperature increases are likely . improving the resilience of health systems. 16 . to be well in excess of 2 C, a catastrophic outcome for health and . Financing should be through grants rather than loans, building local environmental stability. Critically, the destruction of nature does not . capabilities and truly empowering communities, and should come have parity of esteem with the climate element of the crisis, and every . alongside forgiving large debts, which constrain the agency of so 17 . single global target to restore biodiversity loss by 2020 was missed. . many low income countries. Additional funding must be marshalled 18 . This is an overall environmental crisis. . to compensate for inevitable loss and damage caused by the conse- Health professionals are united with environmental scientists, busi- quences of the environmental crisis. nesses, and many others in rejecting that this outcome is inevitable. As health professionals, we must do all we can to aid the transition More can and must be done now—in Glasgow and Kunming—and in to a sustainable, fairer, resilient, and healthier world. Alongside acting the immediate years that follow. We join health professionals world- to reduce the harm from the environmental crisis, we should 1,19 wide who have already supported calls for rapid action. proactively contribute to global prevention of further damage and Equity must be at the centre of the global response. Contributing a action on the root causes of the crisis. We must hold global leaders to fair share to the global effort means that reduction commitments account and continue to educate others about the health risks of the must account for the cumulative, historical contribution each country crisis. We must join in the work to achieve environmentally sustain- has made to emissions, as well as its current emissions and capacity able health systems before 2040, recognizing that this will mean chang- to respond. Wealthier countries will have to cut emissions more ing clinical practice. Health institutions have already divested more quickly, making reductions by 2030 beyond those currently than $42 bn of assets from fossil fuels; others should join them. 20,21 proposed and reaching net-zero emissions before 2050. Similar The greatest threat to global public health is the continued failure targets and emergency action are needed for biodiversity loss and of world leaders to keep the global temperature rise below 1.5 C the wider destruction of the natural world. and to restore nature. Urgent, society-wide changes must be made To achieve these targets, governments must make fundamental and will lead to a fairer and healthier world. We, as editors of health changes to how our societies and economies are organized and how journals, call for governments and other leaders to act, marking 2021 we live. The current strategy of encouraging markets to swap dirty . as the year that the world finally changes course. for cleaner technologies is not enough. Governments must intervene . Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy to support the redesign of transport systems, cities, production and . on declaration of interests and F.G. serves on the executive commit- distribution of food, markets for financial investments, health systems, . tee for the UK Health Alliance on Climate Change and is a Trustee of and much more. Global coordination is needed to ensure that the . the Eden Project. R.S. is the chair of Patients Know Best, has stock in rush for cleaner technologies does not come at the cost of more en- . UnitedHealth Group, has done consultancy work for Oxford vironmental destruction and human exploitation. Pharmagenesis, and is chair of the Lancet Commission of the Value of Many governments met the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic Death. None further declared. with unprecedented funding. The environmental crisis demands a similar emergency response. Huge investment will be needed, be- Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; not externally yond what is being considered or delivered anywhere in the world. peer reviewed. Editorial 3 . 10. Wunderling N, Donges JF, Kurths J, Winkelmann R. Interacting tipping elements References increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming. Earth System 1. In support of a health recovery. https://healthyrecovery.net. . Dynamics 2021;12:601–619. 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for policymakers. In: 11. High Ambition Coalition. https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org. Global warming of 1.5 C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global 12. Global Climate and Health Alliance. Are national climate commitments enough warming of 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas to protect our health? https://climateandhealthalliance.org/initiatives/healthy- emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the ndcs/ndc-scorecards/. threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate pov- 13. Climate strikers: open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is ‘sur- erty. 2018. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. . render’. Carbon Brief; 2020. https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open- 3. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem . letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrender. Services. Summary for policymakers: the global assessment report on 14. Fajardy M, Ko ¨ berle A, MacDowell N, Fantuzzi A. BECCS deployment, A reality biodiversity and ecosystem services. 2019. https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/ check. Grantham Institute briefing paper 28; 2019. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ 2020-02/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers_en.pdf. media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/ 4. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Beagley J, Belesova K et al. The BECCS-deployment---a-reality-check.pdf. 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding 15. Anderson K, Peters G. The trouble with negative emissions. Science 2016;354:182–183. to converging crises. Lancet 2021;397:129–170. . 16. Climate action tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org. 5. Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin- . 17. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Global Biodiversity Outlook Rheault R-A et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic . 5. 2020. https://www.cbd.int/gbo5. reviews. BMJ Open 2021;11:e046333. 18. Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstro ¨ m J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM et al. 6. Haines A, Ebi K. The imperative for climate action to protect health. N Engl J . Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing Med 2019;380:263–273. . planet. Science 2015;347:1259855. 7. United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research 19. UK Health Alliance. Our calls for action. http://www.ukhealthalliance.org/cop26/. Institute. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic Diseases and How to Break the . 20. Climate Action Tracker. Warming projections global update: May 2021. https:// Chain of Transmission. 2020. https://72d37324-5089-459c-8f70-271d19427cf2.file climateactiontracker.org/documents/853/CAT_2021-05-04_Briefing_Global- susr.com/ugd/056cf4_b5b2fc067f094dd3b2250cda15c47acd.pdf. . Update_Climate-Summit-Momentum.pdf. 8. IPCC. 2019: Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: An IPCC 21. United Nations Environment Programme. Emissions Gap Report 2020. UNEP, 2020. Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land . 22. Markandya A, Sampedro J, Smith SJ, Van Dingenen R, Pizarro-Irizar C, Arto I et al. Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris Agreement: a Forthcoming. modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2018;2:e126–e133. 9. Lenton TM, Rockstro ¨ m J, Gaffney O, Rahmstorf S, Richardson K, Steffen W . 23. Paremoer L, Nandi S, Serag H, Baum F. COVID-19 pandemic and the social et al. Climate tipping points—too risky to bet against. Nature 2019;575: determinants of health. BMJ 2021;372:n129. 592–595. . http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png European Heart Journal - Case Reports Oxford University Press

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Oxford University Press
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.
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2514-2119
DOI
10.1093/ehjcr/ytab326
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Abstract

EDITORIAL European Heart Journal - Case Reports doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab326 Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health Wealthy nations must do much more, much faster 1 2 3 4 Lukoye Atwoli , Abdullah H. Baqui , Thomas Benfield , Raffaella Bosurgi , 5 6 7 8 Fiona Godlee , Stephen Hancocks , Richard Horton , Laurie Laybourn-Langton *, 9 10 11 12 Carlos Augusto Monteiro , Ian Norman , Kirsten Patrick , Nigel Praities , 13 14 15 16 Marcel G.M. Olde Rikkert , Eric J. Rubin , Peush Sahni , Richard Smith , 17 18 19 Nick Talley , Sue Turale , and Damia´n Va´zquez 1 2 3 4 Editor in Chief, East African Medical Journal; Editor in Chief, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition; Editor in Chief, Danish Medical Journal; Editor in Chief, PLOS 5 6 7 8 Medicine; Editor in Chief, The BMJ; Editor in Chief, British Dental Journal; Editor in Chief, The Lancet; Senior Adviser, UK Health Alliance on Climate Change; 9 10 11 12 Editor in Chief, Revista de Sau ´de Pu ´ blica; Editor in Chief, International Journal of Nursing Studies; Interim Editor in Chief, CMAJ; Executive Editor, Pharmaceutical Journal; 13 14 15 16 Editor in Chief, Dutch Journal of Medicine; Editor in Chief, NEJM; Editor in Chief, National Medical Journal of India; Chair, UK Health Alliance on Climate Change; 17 18 19 Editor in Chief, Medical Journal of Australia; Editor in Chief, International Nursing Review; and Editor in Chief, Pan American Journal of Public Health The UN General Assembly in September 2021 will bring countries heat related mortality among people aged over 65 has increased by together at a critical time for marshalling collective action to tackle more than 50%. Higher temperatures have brought increased dehy- the global environmental crisis. They will meet again at the biodiver- dration and renal function loss, dermatological malignancies, tropical sity summit in Kunming, China, and the climate conference (COP26) infections, adverse mental health outcomes, pregnancy complica- in Glasgow, UK. Ahead of these pivotal meetings, we—the editors of tions, allergies, and cardiovascular and pulmonary morbidity and mor- 5,6 health journals worldwide—call for urgent action to keep average tality. Harms disproportionately affect the most vulnerable, global temperature increases below 1.5 C, halt the destruction of na- including among children, older populations, ethnic minorities, 2,4 ture, and protect health. poorer communities, and those with underlying health problems. Health is already being harmed by global temperature increases Global heating is also contributing to the decline in global yield po- and the destruction of the natural world, a state of affairs health pro- tential for major crops, falling by 1.8-5.6% since 1981; this, together fessionals have been bringing attention to for decades. The science is with the effects of extreme weather and soil depletion, is hampering unequivocal; a global increase of 1.5 C above the pre-industrial efforts to reduce undernutrition. Thriving ecosystems are essential average and the continued loss of biodiversity risk catastrophic harm . to human health, and the widespread destruction of nature, including 2,3 . to health that will be impossible to reverse. Despite the world’s . habitats and species, is eroding water and food security and increasing . 3,7,8 necessary preoccupation with COVID-19, we cannot wait for the . the chance of pandemics. pandemic to pass to rapidly reduce emissions. . The consequences of the environmental crisis fall disproportion- Reflecting the severity of the moment, this editorial appears in . ately on those countries and communities that have contributed least health journals across the world. We are united in recognizing that to the problem and are least able to mitigate the harms. Yet no coun- only fundamental and equitable changes to societies will reverse our try, no matter how wealthy, can shield itself from these impacts. current trajectory. Allowing the consequences to fall disproportionately on the most The risks to health of increases above 1.5 Care now well vulnerable will breed more conflict, food insecurity, forced displace- established. Indeed, no temperature rise is ‘safe’. In the past 20 years, ment, and zoonotic disease—with severe implications for all This editorial is being published simultaneously in many international journals. Please see the full list here: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate- emergency-editorial-september-2021. *Corresponding author. Laurie Laybourn-Langton, UK. Email: laurie.laybourn@ukhealthalliance.org V The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 Editorial countries and communities. As with the COVID-19 pandemic, we But such investments will produce huge positive health and economic are globally as strong as our weakest member. outcomes. These include high quality jobs, reduced air pollution, Rises above 1.5 C increase the chance of reaching tipping points in . increased physical activity, and improved housing and diet. Better air natural systems that could lock the world into an acutely unstable . quality alone would realize health benefits that easily offset the global . 22 state. This would critically impair our ability to mitigate harms and to . costs of emissions reductions. 9,10 . prevent catastrophic, runaway environmental change. . These measures will also improve the social and economic . determinants of health, the poor state of which may have made . 23 . populations more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic. But the Global targets are not enough . changes cannot be achieved through a return to damaging austerity Encouragingly, many governments, financial institutions, and policies or the continuation of the large inequalities of wealth and businesses are setting targets to reach net-zero emissions, including power within and between countries. targets for 2030. The cost of renewable energy is dropping rapidly. Many countries are aiming to protect at least 30% of the world’s land and oceans by 2030. . Cooperation hinges on wealthy These promises are not enough. Targets are easy to set and hard to achieve. They are yet to be matched with credible short and nations doing more longer term plans to accelerate cleaner technologies and transform societies. Emissions reduction plans do not adequately incorporate In particular, countries that have disproportionately created the en- health considerations. Concern is growing that temperature rises vironmental crisis must do more to support low and middle income above 1.5 C are beginning to be seen as inevitable, or even accept- countries to build cleaner, healthier, and more resilient societies. able, to powerful members of the global community. Relatedly, High income countries must meet and go beyond their outstanding current strategies for reducing emissions to net zero by the middle of commitment to provide $100 bn a year, making up for any shortfall in the century implausibly assume that the world will acquire great 2020 and increasing contributions to and beyond 2025. Funding 14,15 capabilities to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. must be equally split between mitigation and adaptation, including This insufficient action means that temperature increases are likely . improving the resilience of health systems. 16 . to be well in excess of 2 C, a catastrophic outcome for health and . Financing should be through grants rather than loans, building local environmental stability. Critically, the destruction of nature does not . capabilities and truly empowering communities, and should come have parity of esteem with the climate element of the crisis, and every . alongside forgiving large debts, which constrain the agency of so 17 . single global target to restore biodiversity loss by 2020 was missed. . many low income countries. Additional funding must be marshalled 18 . This is an overall environmental crisis. . to compensate for inevitable loss and damage caused by the conse- Health professionals are united with environmental scientists, busi- quences of the environmental crisis. nesses, and many others in rejecting that this outcome is inevitable. As health professionals, we must do all we can to aid the transition More can and must be done now—in Glasgow and Kunming—and in to a sustainable, fairer, resilient, and healthier world. Alongside acting the immediate years that follow. We join health professionals world- to reduce the harm from the environmental crisis, we should 1,19 wide who have already supported calls for rapid action. proactively contribute to global prevention of further damage and Equity must be at the centre of the global response. Contributing a action on the root causes of the crisis. We must hold global leaders to fair share to the global effort means that reduction commitments account and continue to educate others about the health risks of the must account for the cumulative, historical contribution each country crisis. We must join in the work to achieve environmentally sustain- has made to emissions, as well as its current emissions and capacity able health systems before 2040, recognizing that this will mean chang- to respond. Wealthier countries will have to cut emissions more ing clinical practice. Health institutions have already divested more quickly, making reductions by 2030 beyond those currently than $42 bn of assets from fossil fuels; others should join them. 20,21 proposed and reaching net-zero emissions before 2050. Similar The greatest threat to global public health is the continued failure targets and emergency action are needed for biodiversity loss and of world leaders to keep the global temperature rise below 1.5 C the wider destruction of the natural world. and to restore nature. Urgent, society-wide changes must be made To achieve these targets, governments must make fundamental and will lead to a fairer and healthier world. We, as editors of health changes to how our societies and economies are organized and how journals, call for governments and other leaders to act, marking 2021 we live. The current strategy of encouraging markets to swap dirty . as the year that the world finally changes course. for cleaner technologies is not enough. Governments must intervene . Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy to support the redesign of transport systems, cities, production and . on declaration of interests and F.G. serves on the executive commit- distribution of food, markets for financial investments, health systems, . tee for the UK Health Alliance on Climate Change and is a Trustee of and much more. Global coordination is needed to ensure that the . the Eden Project. R.S. is the chair of Patients Know Best, has stock in rush for cleaner technologies does not come at the cost of more en- . UnitedHealth Group, has done consultancy work for Oxford vironmental destruction and human exploitation. Pharmagenesis, and is chair of the Lancet Commission of the Value of Many governments met the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic Death. None further declared. with unprecedented funding. The environmental crisis demands a similar emergency response. Huge investment will be needed, be- Provenance and peer review: Commissioned; not externally yond what is being considered or delivered anywhere in the world. peer reviewed. Editorial 3 . 10. Wunderling N, Donges JF, Kurths J, Winkelmann R. Interacting tipping elements References increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming. Earth System 1. In support of a health recovery. https://healthyrecovery.net. . Dynamics 2021;12:601–619. 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for policymakers. In: 11. High Ambition Coalition. https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org. Global warming of 1.5 C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global 12. Global Climate and Health Alliance. Are national climate commitments enough warming of 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas to protect our health? https://climateandhealthalliance.org/initiatives/healthy- emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the ndcs/ndc-scorecards/. threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate pov- 13. Climate strikers: open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is ‘sur- erty. 2018. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. . render’. Carbon Brief; 2020. https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open- 3. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem . letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrender. Services. Summary for policymakers: the global assessment report on 14. Fajardy M, Ko ¨ berle A, MacDowell N, Fantuzzi A. BECCS deployment, A reality biodiversity and ecosystem services. 2019. https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/ check. Grantham Institute briefing paper 28; 2019. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/ 2020-02/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers_en.pdf. media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/ 4. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Beagley J, Belesova K et al. The BECCS-deployment---a-reality-check.pdf. 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding 15. Anderson K, Peters G. The trouble with negative emissions. Science 2016;354:182–183. to converging crises. Lancet 2021;397:129–170. . 16. Climate action tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org. 5. Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin- . 17. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Global Biodiversity Outlook Rheault R-A et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic . 5. 2020. https://www.cbd.int/gbo5. reviews. BMJ Open 2021;11:e046333. 18. Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstro ¨ m J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM et al. 6. Haines A, Ebi K. The imperative for climate action to protect health. N Engl J . Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing Med 2019;380:263–273. . planet. Science 2015;347:1259855. 7. United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research 19. UK Health Alliance. Our calls for action. http://www.ukhealthalliance.org/cop26/. Institute. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic Diseases and How to Break the . 20. Climate Action Tracker. Warming projections global update: May 2021. https:// Chain of Transmission. 2020. https://72d37324-5089-459c-8f70-271d19427cf2.file climateactiontracker.org/documents/853/CAT_2021-05-04_Briefing_Global- susr.com/ugd/056cf4_b5b2fc067f094dd3b2250cda15c47acd.pdf. . Update_Climate-Summit-Momentum.pdf. 8. IPCC. 2019: Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: An IPCC 21. United Nations Environment Programme. Emissions Gap Report 2020. UNEP, 2020. Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land . 22. Markandya A, Sampedro J, Smith SJ, Van Dingenen R, Pizarro-Irizar C, Arto I et al. Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris Agreement: a Forthcoming. modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2018;2:e126–e133. 9. Lenton TM, Rockstro ¨ m J, Gaffney O, Rahmstorf S, Richardson K, Steffen W . 23. Paremoer L, Nandi S, Serag H, Baum F. COVID-19 pandemic and the social et al. Climate tipping points—too risky to bet against. Nature 2019;575: determinants of health. BMJ 2021;372:n129. 592–595. .

Journal

European Heart Journal - Case ReportsOxford University Press

Published: Sep 6, 2021

There are no references for this article.