Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

Vachara Peansupap; Pisal Nov; Tanit Tongthong

doi:10.3390/buildings11080323

Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

Peansupap, Vachara;Nov, Pisal;Tongthong, Tanit 2021-07-27 00:00:00 buildings Article Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts Vachara Peansupap * , Pisal Nov and Tanit Tongthong Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; pisal.no@student.chula.ac.th (P.N.); tanit.t@chula.ac.th (T.T.) * Correspondence: pvachara@chula.ac.th Abstract: The kingpost was a vertical element that was used to support the structural strut in the deep excavation. The structural kingpost was commonly arranged by experienced engineers who used two-dimensional construction drawings. Thus, it was still time-consuming and error-prone. Currently, an available construction program has been developed to arrange the structural kingpost by identifying the clash problems in the 3D environment. However, they have a limitation for detecting the clash that was unable to visualize the concurrent clashes between kingpost and many underground structures. Then, the engineer cannot see all the clash incidents with each kingpost and move the kingpost to avoid the clashes successfully. Since the kingpost arrangement was still an inefﬁcient practice that was limited in the visualization aspect, this research used engineering knowledge and advanced construction technology to detect and solve the clashes between kingposts and underground structures. The methodology used engineering knowledge of kingpost arrange- ment to develop the system modules by using a rule-based approach. Then, these modules were developed into the system by using visual programming of Building Information Modelling (BIM). To test the system, an underground structure from building construction was selected as a case study to apply the developed system. Finally, the ﬁnding of this study could overcome human judgment Citation: Peansupap, V.; Nov, P.; by providing less interaction in the kingpost arrangement and visualization improvement of clash Tongthong, T. Utilization of Building occurrences in the 3D model. Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts. Buildings Keywords: structural kingpost; building information modeling (BIM); clash detection 2021, 11, 323. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/buildings11080323 Academic Editor: Junbok Lee 1. Introduction Received: 6 June 2021 Due to the increasing number of high-rise building constructions, deep excavation is a Accepted: 22 July 2021 popular method used to obtain underground space. This space can serve different purposes Published: 27 July 2021 of the ﬁnished product such as car parking lots, cellars, shops, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing services [1]. In the deep excavation work, the retaining wall and strutting system Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral are designed and constructed to prevent the collapse of the excavated soil around the with regard to jurisdictional claims in construction zone [2,3]. Moreover, deep excavation has become an important method in published maps and institutional afﬁl- the construction of underground structures because it roughly costs around 20% of the total iations. construction cost. When the scale and depth of the excavation work are increased with the building construction projects, many issues related to geological conditions, underground structures, and construction sites are carefully considered in the deep excavation process. In the deep excavation process, the retaining wall, which is made of concrete or steel, is Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. ﬁrst placed around the excavation area. Then, the excavation work uses heavy equipment Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. such as excavators and dump trucks to remove the ﬁrst layer of the soil and install the This article is an open access article strutting system. After the soil removal has reached the bottom level, the foundation distributed under the terms and structure is constructed and followed up with the underground structures such as pile, conditions of the Creative Commons footing, girder, slab, column, and beam. In this process, the strutting system is one of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the important structures use to brace the lateral force of the land in the deep excavation creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ work [4,5]. Figure 1 shows components of the strutting system. With this system, the 4.0/). Buildings 2021, 11, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080323 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 2 of 28 important structures use to brace the lateral force of the land in the deep excavation work [4,5]. Figure 1 shows components of the strutting system. With this system, the kingpost is the only vertical element that usually uses to support the structural strut [6]. Moreover, kingpost is the only vertical element that usually uses to support the structural strut [6]. this kingpost has to properly install to avoid the constructible problems that could cause Moreover, this kingpost has to properly install to avoid the constructible problems that damage, or collapse of the retaining structure and adjacent residents [7]. could cause damage, or collapse of the retaining structure and adjacent residents [7]. Figure 1. Components of the strutting system. Figure 1. Components of the strutting system. Although Although th the e k kingpost ingpost i is s a an n i important mportant e element lement used used to to s support upport th the e vertical vertical d dir irection ection of of th the e s str trutti utting ng ssystem, ystem, ppr reevious vious stud studies ies fofound und kin kingpost gpost pro pr boblems lems at th atethe conconstr structiuction on site site for tfor he l the ast dec last a decade. de. FirstFirst, , an in an adeq inadequate uate conn connection ection of kiof ngkingposts, posts, whicwhich h was o was ne o one f foof ur four main problems in the deep excavation of Taiwan, contributed to the failure of lateral main problems in the deep excavation of Taiwan, contributed to the failure of lateral brac- bracings [8]. Next, inadequate installation problems of kingposts, which support the struts ings [8]. Next, inadequate installation problems of kingposts, which support the struts through the brackets, were incorrectly used to support the trestle [3]. Then, any movement through the brackets, were incorrectly used to support the trestle [3]. Then, any movement or vibration of the kingpost, which was produced by the heavy equipment, clearly affected or vibration of the kingpost, which was produced by the heavy equipment, clearly af- the stability of the struts. Another research study found that space and physical conﬂicts of fected the stability of the struts. Another research study found that space and physical kingposts at the site were the main construction problems in Bangkok’s deep excavations [9]. conflicts of kingposts at the site were the main construction problems in Bangkok’s deep Besides these mentioned problems, clash problems of the kingpost still occurred and led to excavations [9]. Besides these mentioned problems, clash problems of the kingpost still interruptions of the construction work at the site [10]. After the structural strut was installed occurred and led to interruptions of the construction work at the site [10]. After the struc- and excavation work done completely, the underground structure needed to be constructed tural strut was installed and excavation work done completely, the underground struc- consequently. During this stage, the engineers encountered the problem that the kingpost ture needed to be constructed consequently. During this stage, the engineers encountered was clashed by the underground structures, such as (1) kingpost and pile, (2) kingpost and the problem that the kingpost was clashed by the underground structures, such as (1) footing, and (3) kingpost and column [8]. Then, they had to cut the kingpost to install the kingpost and pile, (2) kingpost and footing, and (3) kingpost and column [8]. Then, they underground structure. The remaining kingpost was kept in the underground structures, had to cut the kingpost to install the underground structure. The remaining kingpost was such as footing. Due to the constructible problems, especially clashes between kingposts kept in the underground structures, such as footing. Due to the constructible problems, and underground structures, these problems should be identiﬁed and solved at an early especially clashes between kingposts and underground structures, these problems should stage of the project. be identified and solved at an early stage of the project. 2. Traditional Practice of Structural Kingpost Arrangement 2. Traditional Practice of Structural Kingpost Arrangement The arrangement of the structural kingpost is conducted by detecting and solving the The arrangement of the structural kingpost is conducted by detecting and solving the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. These clash problems clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. These clash problems should be under the technical problem. However, the engineer still lacks a tool for detecting should be under the technical problem. However, the engineer still lacks a tool for detect- and solving the clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures [11]. ing and solving the clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures To arrange the structural kingpost, the common practice still takes a long time and is [11]. error-prone. First, the engineers generally use two-dimensional construction drawings as a To arrange the structural kingpost, the common practice still takes a long time and is tool to arrange the structural kingpost [12]. Then, they also have to check each kingpost in error-prone. First, the engineers generally use two-dimensional construction drawings as the drawing to see whether it has a clash between the kingpost and underground structures a tool to arrange the structural kingpost [12]. Then, they also have to check each kingpost or not. If they found the clash, they will move the kingpost to another location around the in the drawing to see whether it has a clash between the kingpost and underground struc- strut intersection to avoid the clash. Figures 2 and 3 show the kingpost plan and examples tures or not. If they found the clash, they will move the kingpost to another location of clash avoidance between kingposts and underground structures. Thus, this practice around the strut intersection to avoid the clash. Figures 2 and 3 show the kingpost plan consumes much time, and it is sometimes hard to identify all possible clash problems and examples of clash avoidance between kingposts and underground structures. Thus, between the kingpost and underground structures, such as pile, footing, column, girder, and wall. Due to this limitation for recognizing all clash problems with the structural kingpost, some engineers just wait to see these problems at the construction stage and Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 this practice consumes much time, and it is sometimes hard to identify all possible cl3aof sh28 this practice consumes much time, and it is sometimes hard to identify all possible clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures, such as pile, footing, col- problems between the kingpost and underground structures, such as pile, footing, col- umn, girder, and wall. Due to this limitation for recognizing all clash problems with the umn, girder, and wall. Due to this limitation for recognizing all clash problems with the structural kingpost, some engineers just wait to see these problems at the construction structural kingpost, some engineers just wait to see these problems at the construction cut the kingpost to embed within the underground structure. Without a clearly deﬁned stage and cut the kingpost to embed within the underground structure. Without a clearly stage and cut the kingpost to embed within the underground structure. Without a clearly suitable location, the waste of kingpost embedding within the underground structure defined suitable location, the waste of kingpost embedding within the underground struc- defined suitable location, the waste of kingpost embedding within the underground struc- causes a larger budget during the construction phase. In short, the traditional practice of ture causes a larger budget during the construction phase. In short, the traditional practice ture causes a larger budget during the construction phase. In short, the traditional practice kingpost arrangement is still time-consuming and error-prone for detecting and solving the of kingpost arrangement is still time-consuming and error-prone for detecting and solving of kingpost arrangement is still time-consuming and error-prone for detecting and solving clash problems at an early stage of the project. Therefore, current construction technology the clash problems at an early stage of the project. Therefore, current construction tech- the clash problems at an early stage of the project. Therefore, current construction tech- should develop some software tools for detecting and solving this problem. nology should develop some software tools for detecting and solving this problem. nology should develop some software tools for detecting and solving this problem. Figure 2. Kingpost plan. Figure 2. Kingpost plan. Figure 2. Kingpost plan. Figure 3. Examples of clash avoidance between kingpost and underground structure. Figure 3. Examples of clash avoidance between kingpost and underground structure. Figure 3. Examples of clash avoidance between kingpost and underground structure. In current technology, an available construction program could be used for detecting IIn n ccurr urren ent t tec technology hnology, ,an an aavailable vailable co constr nstruc uction tion prpr og ogram ram cocould uld bebe use used d for det for detecting ecting the clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures, but there is still a tthe he cclash lash p pr rooblems blems bbetween etween th the e kikingpost ngpost an and d un under dergrgr ouound nd strstr ucuctur tures, es, bubut t there i therse sis tilstill l a a limitation in the visualization aspect [13]. This problem usually occurs when there is more lim limitation itation in in tthe he vvisualization isualization as aspect pect [13] [13 . T ]. h This is prpr ob oblem lem ususually ually occu occurs rs whe when n thether re is e m isomor re e than one clash with the same kingpost. tthan han o one ne cclash lash w with ith the the sa same me kkingpost. ingpost. Based on Table 1, it shows a comparison between the available construction program B Based ased oon n TT aable ble 11 , i , tit sh shows ows a c a o comparison mparison bet between ween the the avavailable ailable con constr structuction ion pro pr gr ogram am and the proposed idea of detecting concurrent clash detection, such as (1) clash between and the proposed idea of detecting concurrent clash detection, such as (1) clash between and the proposed idea of detecting concurrent clash detection, such as (1) clash between kingpost and piling and (2) clash between kingpost and footing. First, the detection of kingpost and piling and (2) clash between kingpost and footing. First, the detection of kingpost and piling and (2) clash between kingpost and footing. First, the detection of clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut intersection. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut intersection, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31 clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31 one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31 kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut inter- section. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut inter- section, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will relocate clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will stop its one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the running when the engineers find no clash after they move the kingpost to one of the four kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut inter- kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut inter- angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction program, section. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut inter- Buildings 2021, 11, 323 4 of 28 section. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut inter- the engineer could not see the other clashes between the same kingpost and other under- section, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will relocate section, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will relocate ground structures at the same time. Moreover, this process will take time for relocating to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will stop its to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will stop its the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. running wh running wh en the engineers fin en the engineers fin d no clash after d no clash after they move the kingpost to one of the four they move the kingpost to one of the four relocate to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction program, angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction program, Table 1. An example of a comparison between available construction program and proposed idea. stop its running the engin when eerthe could engineers not see the other c ﬁnd no clash lashes between after they the same move the kin kingpost gpost andto othe one r und of er- the engineer could not see the other clashes between the same kingpost and other under- ground structures at the same time. Moreover, this process will take time for relocating the four angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction Available Const ground ructio str n Progra uctures m at the same time. Moreover, thi Propose s process wil d Idea l take time for relocating the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. program, the engineer could not see the other clashes between the same kingpost and st the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. Clash detection at 1 time: a clash between king- Concurrent clash detection: clashes between (1) kingpost and other underground structures at the same time. Moreover, this process will take time for post and pile pile and (2) kingpost and footing Table 1. An example of a comparison between available construction program and proposed idea. relocating the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. Table 1. An example of a comparison between available construction program and proposed idea. Available Construction Program Proposed Idea Available Construction Program Proposed Idea st Clash dete Tct able ion at 1. An 1 ti example me: a clash between ki of a comparison ng- between Concurrent clash available constr detection: clashes between (1) kin uction program and proposedgide post and a. st Clash detection at 1 time: a clash between king- Concurrent clash detection: clashes between (1) kingpost and post and pile pile and (2) kingpost and footing Available Construction Program Proposed Idea post and pile pile and (2) kingpost and footing Clash detection at 1st time: a clash Concurrent clash detection: clashes between (1) between kingpost and pile kingpost and pile and (2) kingpost and footing nd Clash detection at 2 time: a clash between king- post and footing Clash detection at 2nd time: a clash nd Clash detection at 2 time: a clash between king- between kingpost and footing post and footing nd Clash detection at 2 time: a clash between king- post and footing On the other hand, if the engineer would like to relocate the kingpost to solve the clashes with pile and footing, the proposed idea will allow the engineer to see all possible clashes between the kingpost and other underground structures at the same time after the ﬁrst time of clash detection. Then the engineer could move the kingpost to another angle around the strut intersection that does not have a clash. However, if there are all clashes around the strut intersection, the engineer is required to select the location that kingpost that has less impact from the clash because the kingpost can keep in the underground structure as an embedded kingpost. In conclusion, by seeing the concurrent clash occurrences between the kingpost and other underground structures, it could give the engineer a clear view of clashes with each kingpost and also allow the engineer to move the kingpost to avoid the clashes successfully. Figure 4 shows a comparison of kingpost relocation using the available construction program and the proposed idea in this study. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 a clear view of clashes with each kingpost and also allow the engineer to move the ki 5 of ng- 28 post to avoid the clashes successfully. Figure 4 shows a comparison of kingpost relocation using the available construction program and the proposed idea in this study. Figure Figur4. e 4A . A comparison comparison of of kingpost kingpost r r elocation elocationby byusing usingthe theavailable availableconstr constru uction ction p prro ogram gram and and the the pr proposed oposed i idea. dea. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 6 of 28 In conclusion, the available software tool still does not provide much support in terms of the visualization aspect. This research aims to propose a tool for visualizing the concurrent clash occurrences between each kingpost and other underground structures at the same time. Thus, this study attempts to change from the traditional practice of kingpost arrangement to a 3D model by integrating advanced construction technology called Building Information Modelling (BIM). 3. Building Information Modelling for Deep Excavation Building information modelling (BIM) is a process that uses a digital-physical repre- sentation of the object as a tool for improving communication and visualization among project participants. This digital representation provided information about the property of the object and allowed the user to make a decision in the process through the project lifecycle from the initial of the project to the operation and maintenance stage [15]. BIM has been used for improving visualization as a virtual building prototype and communicating the information among project participants as interoperability [16]. Moreover, it improves the working process to be more collaborative between project participants by a systematic data and information organization [15]. Due to the advantage of Building Information Modelling, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has changed the traditional practice to be more productive by providing better visualization, communication, coordination, and cooperation among project participants. Thus, BIM has been used to minimize an inefﬁcient working process [17]. In the construction ﬁeld, BIM also has been integrated into design and construction work for many years. Furthermore, this technology has improved the early detection of errors in the design process and allowed the work with less constructible problems. Based on previous studies, BIM technology has been studied in deep excavation work. First, BIM was integrated with modular coordination rules for developing the object- level design work [18]. These rules allowed the modeler to place and align the building components with a reference system. Moreover, the rules of modular coordination also include other functions such as (1) joint details, (2) alignment system, (3) preferred sizes, and (3) 5 mm rule/tolerance. Next, the Changsha Zhongqing Square project was chosen as a case study between BIM and deep foundation work [19]. A 3D model of the supporting system was created by Revit software. Moreover, this study also examined the deepening design of nodes, the collision of elements, and the simulation process of the construction. Another research study focused on developing the code compliance of BIM-based for checking with the construction work in the deep foundation [15]. At the design stage, code checking was applied to ensure the safety issue in the deep foundation. In addition, this code compliance checking also could reduce property loss and personal injury. Last, a web-based analysis was established as a framework to examine the options of building excavation works [20]. Moreover, this study could provide an early estimate and schedule of the excavation work by using the probabilistic method and 4D simulations. Other studies attempted to integrate BIM technology for improving the deep excava- tion. These studies were summarized in Table 2. In conclusion, depending on previous studies between BIM and deep excavation, they have attempted to solve two main issues, including (1) stability and safety during the deep excavation and visualization in the 3D environment. Finally, many kinds of research have been conducted between BIM technol- ogy and deep excavation. However, the study of kingpost and BIM has not been much considered in the past study. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 7 of 28 Table 2. Studies between the deep excavation and BIM. References Research Description Focused on developing a 3D building and excavation model in a real-world case study. As a result, the monitoring data of the system could measure the [14] settlement of soil. Moreover, it could analyze the impact of the environment on the ground surface. Integrated a BIM technology for identifying the risk in monitoring work of the deep excavation. Moreover, the system also could visualize the instrument’s [21] location in the 3D environment. Last, the developed system also provided the data required for assessing the ground settlement. Established settlement monitoring and impact management by using a BIM-based approach. This research could identify the risks by comparing [22] warning levels and monitoring data. Therefore, this system could control the impact of ground settlement. Used BIM to model a high building, “Mogilska Tower”, in Cracow. This study [23] checked the settlement and evaluated the neighboring building’s impact. Applied with BIM for checking the clash with the structural strut. However, it [24] focused on a different element of the strutting system, which served a different function for supporting the retaining wall. The issue of BIM and kingpost has not much focused on current studies. First, a deep excavation project in Jakarta, Indonesia, was chosen to study the BIM in design and construction phases [25]. This study developed a 3D model to understand the complex geometry of underground structures and kingposts. Moreover, it provided some more ad- vantages, including (1) an overall perspective of design, (2) important areas identiﬁcations, and (3) an optimized design. Next, a system of ontology-based analysis was developed to manage the construction risk in the 3D environment of BIM [10]. Furthermore, the system also gave the user more ability to follow up with the construction processes by monitoring the risks of the accident with the kingpost models. In short, many previous studies attempted to use BIM technology in deep excavation work. Although many studies attempted to use BIM in the deep excavation work, this technology has not adapted to solve the clash problems in the kingpost arrangement yet. Therefore, this research used engineering knowledge and advanced construction technology to detect and solve the concurrent clashes between kingposts and underground structures. 4. Research Methodology System development uses the concept of integrating expertise and BIM technologies to detect and relocate clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. The research methodology consists of ﬁve main steps. First, the knowledge of engineers was collected with some experts by the interview. Moreover, these experts were senior engineers of subcontractor companies in Thailand and had around 15 years of working experience in deep excavation. Next, after interviewing with experts, the information of the kingpost arrangement, which was analyzed by transcription analysis, was divided into three main parts, including (1) structural kingpost generation, (2) clash detection of kingpost, and (3) kingpost relocation. Brief information about each part was described in the next section. Then, this information was developed into the modules by using a rule-based approach. Last, a system was developed and tested using the rule-based approach and BIM technology. In the developed system, it was developed into three modules, including (1) module of structural kingpost generation, (2) module of kingpost clash detection, and (3) module of kingpost relocation. Then, BIM technology, which used some available computer software, including Autodesk Revit and Dynamo software, was applied with the three modules for generating, detecting, and relocating the structural kingpost. In the second stage, after the system was completely developed, a case study Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 8 of 28 available computer software, including Autodesk Revit and Dynamo software, was ap- plied with the three modules for generating, detecting, and relocating the structural king- post. In the second stage, after the system was completely developed, a case study of un- of underground structures from building construction was used in the system testing. derground structures from building construction was used in the system testing. Figure 5 Figure 5 shows an overall process of research methodology. shows an overall process of research methodology. Figure 5. The research process methodology. Figure 5. The research process methodology. 4.1. 4.1. Case Case S Study tudy In Inpractice, practice, the themain maincontractor contractor i issr r equir equir ed edto tocalculate calculatethe thecost cost e estimation stimationfor forbid bid submission. The depth excavation is required the specialist sub-contractor to involve submission. The depth excavation is required the specialist sub-contractor to involve dur- during the bidding process to support the cost estimates of the soil protection system. ing the bidding process to support the cost estimates of the soil protection system. At this At this stage, the specialist subcontractor tries to develop a construction drawing of the stage, the specialist subcontractor tries to develop a construction drawing of the bracing bracing system. The construction drawing should be more realistic because the cost of system. The construction drawing should be more realistic because the cost of temporary temporary work is high. If the bidding cost of the strutting system is underestimated, it work is high. If the bidding cost of the strutting system is underestimated, it may affect may affect cost overrun during the construction phase, while if the bidding cost of the cost overrun during the construction phase, while if the bidding cost of the strutting sys- strutting system is overestimated, it may affect the loss of bid competitiveness. tem is overestimated, it may affect the loss of bid competitiveness. Due to the uncertainty of building requirements and limitation of bid preparation Due to the uncertainty of building requirements and limitation of bid preparation time, the construction drawing is needed to develop from preliminary design rather than time, the construction drawing is needed to develop from preliminary design rather than detail design. Thus, the purpose of preliminary design is to develop an initial construction detail design. Thus, the purpose of preliminary design is to develop an initial construction drawing and estimate the approximated cost for supporting the bidding price of the main drawing and estimate the approximated cost for supporting the bidding price of the main contractor. The strutting system is proposed by previous research work. This research contractor. The strutting system is proposed by previous research work. This research ar- article focused on the issues related to kingposts, which have several conditions related to ticle focused on the issues related to kingposts, which have several conditions related to constructability and bidding cost variance. constructability and bidding cost variance. During the primary design stage, the structural kingpost was developed by two main During the primary design stage, the structural kingpost was developed by two main tasks, including the design and arrangement of the structural kingpost. However, this tasks, including the design and arrangement of the structural kingpost. However, this study did not relate to the detailed design of the structural kingpost, and it is focused on the study did not relate to the detailed design of the structural kingpost, and it is focused on preliminary design. The cost engineer is only focused on the arrangement of the structural the preliminary design. The cost engineer is only focused on the arrangement of the struc- kingpost, which may conﬂict with underground structures. If the kingpost can be arranged tural kingpost, which may conflict with underground structures. If the kingpost can be to avoid the underground structures, we can pull back and reuse the kingpost. However, arranged to avoid the underground structures, we can pull back and reuse the kingpost. the kingpost cannot be arranged to avoid other underground structures and may need to However, the kingpost cannot be arranged to avoid other underground structures and be embedded within the underground structures, which may cause the variance of bidding may need to be embedded within the underground structures, which may cause the var- price. Therefore, the arrangement of kingpost is necessary to take the consideration during iance of bidding price. Therefore, the arrangement of kingpost is necessary to take the preliminary cost estimation. consideration during preliminary cost estimation. 4.2. Information Support of the Kingpost Arrangement 4.2. Information Support of the Kingpost Arrangement 4.2.1. Information of Structural Kingpost Generation 4.2.1. Information of Structural Kingpost Generation In this state, the engineers of subcontractors usually did not have much time to con- In this state, the engineers of subcontractors usually did not have much time to con- sider many inﬂuencing factors for arranging the structural kingpost. It is essential to check the sider m clash an between y influen kingposts cing factoand rs for under arrangr giound ng the s str tru uctur ctura es, l k as inshown gpost. Iin t is Figur essen et3 ia . lThus, to chec itk could the clsupport ash betw the een cost kinest gpimation osts and u fornthe derg bidding round s work tructfaster ures, .aIn s sh the ow kingpost n in Figu arrangement, re 3. Thus, it it was generated after the structural strut was arranged already. The arrangement of the structural strut was studied in another paper [24]. Moreover, the space between kingpost Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 28 could support the cost estimation for the bidding work faster. In the kingpost arrange- Buildings 2021, 11, 323 9 of 28 ment, it was generated after the structural strut was arranged already. The arrangement of the structural strut was studied in another paper [24]. Moreover, the space between could support the cost estimation for the bidding work faster. In the kingpost arrange- kingpost and kingpost is not considered because the kingpost space followed the strut ment, it was generated after the structural strut was arranged already. The arrangement and kingpost is not considered because the kingpost space followed the strut space that space that has already been checked in the strut arrangement stage. The kingpost location of the structural strut was studied in another paper [24]. Moreover, the space between has already been checked in the strut arrangement stage. The kingpost location was placed was placed at any angle of the intersection between strut and strut. There are four possible at kiany ngpangle ost anof d ki the ngp intersection ost is not c between onsiderestr d b ut ecand ausestr th ut. e ki Ther ngpe ost ar sp e four ace f possible ollowedlocations the strut locations around the angle between strut and strut intersection. Figure 6 shows the four space that has already been checked in the strut arrangement stage. The kingpost location around the angle between strut and strut intersection. Figure 6 shows the four possible possible locations of the kingpost on the top view. locations was placof ed a the t akingpost ny angle o on f th the e in top ters view ectio .n between strut and strut. There are four possible locations around the angle between strut and strut intersection. Figure 6 shows the four possible locations of the kingpost on the top view. Figure 6. A picture of the kingpost location. Figure 6. A picture of the kingpost location. Figure 6. A picture of the kingpost location. 4.2.2. 4.2.2.Characteristics Characteristicsof ofClash Clash D Detection etection between betweenKingpost Kingpost and and Under Undergr ground ound S Str tructur uctures es 4.2.2. Characteristics of Clash Detection between Kingpost and Underground Structures The clash problem refers to the intersection between selected elements. In this study, The clash problem refers to the intersection between selected elements. In this study, The clash problem refers to the intersection between selected elements. In this study, the clash is checked between kingpost and underground structures. the structural kingpost the clash is checked between kingpost and underground structures. the structural king- detection the clash is is undertaken checked bkingpost etween kand ingp under ost agr nd u ound nderg structur roun es, d s including tructurespile, . the s footing, tructural king- post detection is undertaken kingpost and underground structures, including pile, foot- column, girder, and wall. In some cases, if the kingpost only clashes with the footing and is p ino gst , c o det lum ec nt, g ion ir i der, a s unn dert d wa alk l. I en n k so in m ge c po as stes a, i nfd u the k nderg ingpro osu t o nn d s ly c tr lu asch tes ur es wi,t h in tc hlu e fd oin otig n p g ile, foot- not able to relocate to another place. This kingpost is cut and kept inside the footing as the and is not able to relocate to another place. This kingpost is cut and kept inside the footing ing, column, girder, and wall. In some cases, if the kingpost only clashes with the footing embedded kingpost. Figure 7 shows the IF-THEN condition statement of clash detection as the embedded kingpost. Figure 7 shows the IF-THEN condition statement of clash de- and is not able to relocate to another place. This kingpost is cut and kept inside the footing between kingpost and underground structures. tection between kingpost and underground structures. as the embedded kingpost. Figure 7 shows the IF-THEN condition statement of clash de- tection between kingpost and underground structures. Figure Figure 7 7.. The The IF-TIF-THEN HEN condicondition tion statemstatement ent of clash d ofetclash ection b detection etween kin between gpost and kingpost undergroand und structures. underground structures. Figure 7. The IF-THEN condition statement of clash detection between kingpost and underground structures. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 10 of 28 4.2.3. Characteristics of Kingpost Relocation After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, walls, columns, piles, and footings. These problems were solved by relocating the kingpost to another angle of the intersection between strut and strut. There were four conditions of the kingpost location at the angle of strut and strut intersection that needed to consider Buildings Buildings 2021 2021 , 11 , 11 , x FO , x FO R P R P EER EER R R EVIEW EVIEW 11 of 11 of 31 31 for the relocation work. Table 3 shows the four conditions of the kingpost location at the angle of the strut and strut intersection. Each condition had three relocation options in the original place. Moreover, each option had the module for moving the kingpost to another Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 31 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 31 angle 4.4. 2. of 2. 3. C 3. C the hh ar str ar act ut act eand rist erist icstr ic s o s o ut f Kin f Kin intersection. gp gp ost ost Re Re loc loc In at a the it on ion r elocation process, there were two steps in this development process. First, the relocation began by selecting a detected kingpost After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated at the angle of the strut and the strut intersection in the 3D model. Next, the user should the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, 4.2.3. Characteristics of Kingpost Relocation understand and select one of the options in the conditions that he or she wanted to relocate 4.2.3. Characteristics of Kingpost Relocation After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated the kingpost. Moreover, after moving the kingpost location, the analysis is still re-checked Table 3. Table 3. Fo Fu or u c r c onditions onditions of k of k ing ing post locat post locat ion at the ion at the ang ang le of le of stru stru t intersect t intersect ion. ion. After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, for identifying the clash problems. This analysis attempted to ensure the new location of the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, Cond Cond itit ion ion Cond Cond itit ion ion the kingpost has no clash problems. After the information support was collected from the Ch Ch arac arac te tris eris titci Pic c Pic tur tur e of e of K K ingp ingp ost L ost L oca oca - - Ch Ch arac arac te tris eris titci Pic c Pic tur tur e of e of Number Number of of Table 3. Four conditions of kingpost locat Number Number ion at the of of angle of strut intersection. interview, it was used to develop into the module of kingpost relocation. tion at the Kingpost Location at the Table 3. tion at th Four c e onditions of kingpost location at the angle of Ki stru ngp t intersect ost Loca ion. tion at the KK ing ing pp ost ost Lo Lo ca ca - - Kin Kin gg pos pos t t Condition Angle Angle of S of S trtu ru t In t In tersec tersec tio tio nn Condition Angle Angle of S of S trtu ru t In t In tersec tersec tio tio nn Table 3. Four conditions of kingpost location at the angle of strut intersection. Cond tio tio nit n ion Characteristic Picture of Kingpost Loca- Loca Cond Loca tio tio itn ion n Characteristic Picture of Number of Number of Characteristic Picture of Kingpost Loca- Characteristic Picture of tion at the Kingpost Location at the Number of Number of Kingpost Loca- Characteristic tion at th Picture e of Kingpost KCharacteristic ingpost LocaPicture tion at of the Condition Number of Condition Number of Kingpost Loca- Angle of Strut Intersection Kingpost Angle of Strut Intersection Kingpost Location at the Kingpost Location at the tion Location Angle of Strut Intersection Angle of Strut Intersection Kingpost Location Kingpost Location tion Location Angle of Strut Intersection Angle of Strut Intersection Top Top View View ToTo p Vi p Vi ew ew Second Second OrO igrin iga in l al Secon Secon d d OrO igina rigina l l Locati Locati onon LoL cat ocat ion ion Location Loc Loc ation ation Location Top View Top View Top View Top View Condition Second Condition Original Original Second Condition 2 Locati Secon ond Location Condition 2 Original Location Loc Secon ation d Original 1 1 Location Location Location Location Condition Condition Condition 2 Condition Condition 2 1 Condition 2 Fourt Fourt h h 1 Thi Thi rdrd Location Location Location Fou Fou rthrth Thir Thir d d Location Loc Loc ation ation LoLo cac tia oti non Fourth Third Location Location Fourth Fourth Third Third 005 005 Location Location LocFou ation rth LocThir ation d 004 004 Location Location Top Top Vi V ew iew ToTo p V p iV ew iew Fourth Fourth ThTh irdird ThTh irdird Fou Fou rthrth LoL cation ocation Location LoL co ac tion ation Location LoLo caca tiotio n n Top View Top View Top View Top View Fourth Third Third Fourth Location Fourth Location Location Third Third Loca Fou tiorn th Location Location Location Location Condition Condition 3 4 Condition Condition Condition Condition 3 3 4 4 Original Second Second Original Original Second Second Original LoL cation ocation LoL catio ocatio n n LoLo cac tion ation Loca Loca tiotn ion Condition Condition Condition Condition 3 4 3 4 Original Second Second Original LoO cation riginal Locatio Second n Loc Seco ation nd Loca Ortig ioina n l Location Location Location Location 006 006 007 007 4.2.4. Types of Kingpost The structural kingpost was used to serve two main functions. First, the kingpost was used to reduce the strut span. Regarding the historical data of 25 building construction 006 007 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 28 4.2.4. Types of Kingpost Buildings 2021, 11, 323 11 of 28 The structural kingpost was used to serve two main functions. First, the kingpost was used to reduce the strut span. Regarding the historical data of 25 building construction projects, the allowable span of the strut was determined around 6.5 m. Figure 8 shows an allowable spacing number (L), and Table 4 shows allowable spacing numbers from 25 projects, the allowable span of the strut was determined around 6.5 m. Figure 8 shows building construction projects in the deep excavation. Then, the strut span should be an allowable spacing number (L), and Table 4 shows allowable spacing numbers from smaller than the allowable span of 6.5 m. If the strut span was bigger than the allowable 25 building construction projects in the deep excavation. Then, the strut span should be span number, the strut could fail from its bracing work. Thus, the kingpost was used when smaller than the allowable span of 6.5 m. If the strut span was bigger than the allowable the strut was longer than 6.5 m. Second, the kingpost was applied to support the structural span number, the strut could fail from its bracing work. Thus, the kingpost was used when strut and avoided the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. the strut was longer than 6.5 m. Second, the kingpost was applied to support the structural This study only focused on the identification and solution of the clash problems. Moreo- strut and avoided the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. ver, in the current market, three sizes of kingpost are commonly used, including HR400 This study only focused on the identiﬁcation and solution of the clash problems. Moreover, mm, HR350 mm, and HR300 mm. This developed system allowed the user to select any in the current market, three sizes of kingpost are commonly used, including HR400 mm, size among these three types of kingposts. Figure 9 shows the types of kingposts in Thai- HR350 mm, and HR300 mm. This developed system allowed the user to select any size land. among these three types of kingposts. Figure 9 shows the types of kingposts in Thailand. KINGPOST Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 28 Figure 8. An allowable spacing number (L). Figure 8. An allowable spacing number (L). Unit Sectional Moment of Elastic Plastic Dimension Wt. Area Inertia Modulus Modulus (mm) 2 4 3 3 (kg/m) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) Type G h b tw tf A ly lz Wel.y Wel.z Wpl.y Wpl.z 94 300 300 10 15 120 20.41 6.75 1.36 450 1.50 684 H 300 × 300 H 350 × 350 137 350 350 12 19 174 13.59 40.30 2.30 776 2.54 1.17 H 400 × 400 172 400 400 13 21 219 66.62 22.42 3.33 1.12 3.67 1.70 Figure 9. Types of kingposts in Thailand. Figure 9. Types of kingposts in Thailand. 4.3. System Development After collecting the information support of the kingpost arrangement, this infor- mation needed to develop into the module of the system. There were three main stages of developed system. First, the module was initially developed for generating the initial structural kingpost in the 3D model. Next, the clash detection module was developed to identify the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. Third, the relocation module of the kingpost location was developed to relocate the kingpost to a suitable place. After solving the clash problems, a better structural kingpost could finally be obtained and generated into the 3D model. Figure 10 shows three main stages of the developed system. Each stage had a module that are explained in the following section. Figure 10. Three main stages of the developed system. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 12 of 28 Table 4. Allowable spacing numbers (L) from 25 deep excavation projects. F Max. - Section Radius of Effective Allowable Actual DESIGN L L1 Strut Type Worst Case, F Area Gyration Length Stress, Fa Stress, fa fa < Fa STRUT (t/m) (m) (m) (cm ) (cm) (m) (ksc) (ksc) 300 300 14 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 875.6 Ok 400 400 31.1 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 1040.3 Ok 350 350 24.6 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1035.5 Ok Project 1 300 300 9.3 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 620.6 Ok 350 350 25.8 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1080.4 Ok 350 350 23.5 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 994.4 Ok 300 300 4.7 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 370.1 Ok Project 2 350 350 18 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 787.3 Ok 300 300 12.1 3 5.2 119.8 7.5 69.2 1119.7 420 Ok 300 300 14.6 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 847.7 Ok Project 3 350 350 25.1 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 981.7 Ok 350 350 29.7 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 1140 Ok 350 350 7.3 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 390 Ok Project 4 350 350 15.7 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 702.8 Ok 300 300 9.1 8.5 4.2 119.8 7.5 56.2 1200 763.6 Ok Project 5 300 300 11 7.6 4.8 119.8 7.5 63.9 1153.4 807.6 Ok 300 300 14.2 7.6 4.8 119.8 7.5 63.9 1153.4 1013.4 Ok 300 300 12.2 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 725.5 Ok Project 6 400 400 34.5 6 6 218.7 10.1 59.4 1181 1061.7 Ok 350 350 27.9 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 1079.3 Ok 300 300 10.5 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 640.4 Ok Project 7 350 350 20.3 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 814.7 Ok 350 350 19.2 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 831.8 Ok Project 8 350 350 29.5 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1218.3 Ok Project 9 300 300 11.4 2.5 6.6 119.8 7.5 87.9 991.1 353.1 Ok 300 300 3.9 6.7 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 335.5 Ok Project 10 300 300 12.1 6.7 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 794.1 Ok 300 300 12.6 3.4 12 119.8 7.5 157.1 437.6 351 Ok Project 11 350 350 17 3.4 12 173.9 8.8 133.5 606.3 326.9 Ok Project 12 300 300 12.6 6 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 747.6 Ok 300 300 12.6 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 799.6 Ok Project 13 300 300 15.3 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 946.1 Ok 350 350 15 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 677.8 Ok Project 14 400 400 30.5 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 1021.3 Ok 350 350 20.6 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 884.1 Ok 350 350 16.2 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 720 Ok 350 350 42.4 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 908 Ok Project 15 400 400 33.4 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 1108.5 Ok 350 350 18.9 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 823.6 Ok Buildings 2021, 11, 323 13 of 28 Table 4. Cont. F Max. - Section Radius of Effective Allowable Actual DESIGN L L1 Strut Type Worst Case, F Area Gyration Length Stress, Fa Stress, fa fa < Fa STRUT (t/m) (m) (m) (cm ) (cm) (m) (ksc) (ksc) 300 300 10.4 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 635.4 Ok 300 300 28.6 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1225.3 1222.7 Ok Project 16 350 350 24.1 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 948.9 Ok 350 350 18.6 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 758.8 Ok 300 300 11.6 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 744.3 Ok Project 17 350 350 25.5 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1069.9 Ok 350 350 22 6.5 7 173.9 8.8 79.2 1053.1 938.3 Ok 350 350 48 6.5 7 347.8 8.8 79.2 1053.1 1013.1 Ok Project 18 400 400 64 6.5 7 437.4 10.1 69.3 1119.3 1067.1 Ok 350 350 50 6.5 7 347.8 8.8 79.2 1053.1 1053.1 Ok 400 400 29 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 977.9 Ok Project 19 400 400 25.5 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 873.9 Ok 400 400 26.9 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 63.7 1154.6 914.3 Ok Project 20 400 400 57.4 6.5 6.5 437.4 10.1 63.7 1154.6 968.3 Ok 400 400 27.6 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 63.7 1154.6 937.2 Ok 400 400 35 6 6 218.7 10.1 59.4 1181 1076.2 Ok Project 21 400 400 61 6 6 437.4 10.1 59.4 1181 952.8 Ok 400 400 57 6 6 437.4 10.1 59.4 1181 897.9 Ok 350 350 18.7 5.5 5.5 173.9 8.8 62.2 1163.9 707.4 Ok Project 22 350 350 36.7 5.5 5.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 696.4 Ok 350 350 45 5.5 5.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 827.6 Ok 350 350 20.7 7 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 949.2 Ok Project 23 400 400 23.4 8 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 972 Ok 350 350 29 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 658 Ok 350 350 39 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 844.9 Ok Project 24 350 350 53 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 1068.4 Ok 350 350 55 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 1067.7 Ok 400 400 62 6.5 6.5 437.4 10.1 59.4 1181 1037.4 Ok 350 350 29 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 68.3 1125.6 977.6 Ok Project 25 400 400 40.8 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 878 Ok 350 350 26.5 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 68.3 1125.6 903 Ok 4.3. System Development After collecting the information support of the kingpost arrangement, this information needed to develop into the module of the system. There were three main stages of devel- oped system. First, the module was initially developed for generating the initial structural kingpost in the 3D model. Next, the clash detection module was developed to identify the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. Third, the relocation module of the kingpost location was developed to relocate the kingpost to a suitable place. After solving the clash problems, a better structural kingpost could ﬁnally be obtained and generated into the 3D model. Figure 10 shows three main stages of the developed system. Each stage had a module that are explained in the following section. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 28 Sec- Unit Moment of Elastic Plastic tional Dimension Wt. Inertia Modulus Modulus Area (mm) 4 3 3 Type (kg/m) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) G h b tw tf A ly lz Wel.y Wel.z Wpl.y Wpl.z 94 300 300 10 15 120 20.41 6.75 1.36 450 1.50 684 H 300 × 300 H 350 × 350 137 350 350 12 19 174 13.59 40.30 2.30 776 2.54 1.17 H 400 × 400 172 400 400 13 21 219 66.62 22.42 3.33 1.12 3.67 1.70 Figure 9. Types of kingposts in Thailand. 4.3. System Development After collecting the information support of the kingpost arrangement, this infor- mation needed to develop into the module of the system. There were three main stages of developed system. First, the module was initially developed for generating the initial structural kingpost in the 3D model. Next, the clash detection module was developed to identify the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. Third, the relocation module of the kingpost location was developed to relocate the kingpost to Buildings 2021, 11, 323 14 of 28 a suitable place. After solving the clash problems, a better structural kingpost could finally be obtained and generated into the 3D model. Figure 10 shows three main stages of the developed system. Each stage had a module that are explained in the following section. Figure 10. Three main stages of the developed system. Figure 10. Three main stages of the developed system. 4.3.1. Module for Generating the Initial Structural Kingpost in the 3D Model In the ﬁrst stage, the initial structural kingpost was generated into the 3D model. The purpose of this module was to determine the kingpost position at any angle of intersection between strut and strut. There were many stages in the module of the structural kingpost generation. First, the user selected all 3D strut models and applied the rule-based approach with the intersection point between horizontal and transverse struts. Then each intersection point was added by (1) strut width with a value of Point X and (2) strut length with a value of Point Y. A new location of intersection point was obtained and generated into the 3D model by using one of the three kingpost family types. Figure 11 shows a module of the structural kingpost generation. 4.3.2. Module for Detecting the Clash Problems When the structural kingpost was obtained into the 3D model, this structure needed to check for detecting the clash problems between kingposts and other elements of un- derground structures. The development of the clash detection module was only focused on (1) kingposts and columns, (2) kingposts and walls, (3) kingposts and beams, and (4) kingposts and foundations that had piles and footings. In the clash detection module, the input of the rule-based approach was applied between the kingpost components and the other elements of underground structures such as beams, walls, columns, piles, and footings. After the detection process, the detected kingposts and elements of underground structures were found and shown in different colours. For example, the detected kingposts were shown in green colour, whereas the detected elements of underground structures were shown in orange colour. Figure 12 shows a module of clash detection between kingposts and underground structures. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 28 4.3.1. Module for Generating the Initial Structural Kingpost in the 3D Model In the first stage, the initial structural kingpost was generated into the 3D model. The purpose of this module was to determine the kingpost position at any angle of intersection between strut and strut. There were many stages in the module of the structural kingpost generation. First, the user selected all 3D strut models and applied the rule-based ap- proach with the intersection point between horizontal and transverse struts. Then each intersection point was added by (1) strut width with a value of Point X and (2) strut length Buildings 2021, 11, 323 15 of 28 with a value of Point Y. A new location of intersection point was obtained and generated into the 3D model by using one of the three kingpost family types. Figure 11 shows a module of the structural kingpost generation. Input Process Output Gridline in transverse direction GL1  (GL11, GL21) No clash points GL2  (GL12, GL22)  3D Strut in transverse False GLg  (GL1g, GL2g) If and horizontal a ⋂ b directions Gridline in horizontal direction True GL1  (GL11, GL21) Clash points GL2  (GL12, GL22)  GLh  (GL1g, GL2h) Value of Point New coordination New Value of Point Value of Point of clash point X1 (X1, Y1, Z) Value of Point New Value of Point Y Y1 Width Convert to w +w Strut dimension (Width = w, Select one type of Length = b) Length Convert to kingpost sizes like 300 x 300 mm, b ̶ b Generate all 3D 350 x 350 mm, kingposts 400 x 400 mm Figure 11. A module of structural kingpost generation. Figure 11. A module of structural kingpost generation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 28 4.3.2. Module for Detecting the Clash Problems When the structural kingpost was obtained into the 3D model, this structure needed to check for detecting the clash problems between kingposts and other elements of under- ground structures. The development of the clash detection module was only focused on (1) kingposts and columns, (2) kingposts and walls, (3) kingposts and beams, and (4) king- posts and foundations that had piles and footings. In the clash detection module, the input of the rule-based approach was applied between the kingpost components and the other elements of underground structures such as beams, walls, columns, piles, and footings. After the detection process, the detected kingposts and elements of underground struc- tures were found and shown in different colours. For example, the detected kingposts were shown in green colour, whereas the detected elements of underground structures Buildings 2021, 11, 323 were shown in orange colour. Figure 12 shows a module of clash detection between16 kiof ng 28 - posts and underground structures. Input Process Output No detected results Input of underground structure element (a) False Detected elements Color the detected If of a elements of a a ⋂ b Input of kingpost True elements (b) Detected results Color the detected elements of b Detected elements Unhide the detected Hide the element of b of b elements of b Figure 12. A module of clash detection between kingposts and underground structures. Figure 12. A module of clash detection between kingposts and underground structures. 4.3.3. Modules for Kingpost Relocation 4.3.3. Modules for Kingpost Relocation After the process of clash detection, the ﬁnding showed the detected kingposts and After the process of clash detection, the finding showed the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, including beams, walls, columns, piles, and o footings. ther elemen These ts ofclash underg prro oblems und str wer uctur e visualize es, includ din ing b the eam 3D s, w model. alls, co Tlu o m solve ns, pthe iles,clash and footings. These clash problems were visualized in the 3D model. To solve the clash prob- problems, the kingpost was required to relocate to another angle of intersection between lstr em ut s, t and he kstr ing ut. poTher st wa eswer requ e ifour red tconditions o relocate to of athe noth str erut anintersection. gle of intersec Each tion b condition etween st had rut a thr nd s eetr main ut. Th options ere were f that ou the r co kingpost, nditions o which f the swas trut applied intersectwith ion. E ta he ch c rule-based ondition ha appr d toach, hree ma could in omove ptionsto thanother at the kiangle ngposof t, w intersection hich was abetween pplied wstr ithut thand e rulstr e-b ut. ase For d ap example, proach, c when ould the original location of the kingpost was at the top left-hand side or ﬁrst location, the move to another angle of intersection between strut and strut. For example, when the kingpost was able to move to the other three locations of strut and strut intersection original location of the kingpost was at the top left-hand side or first location, the kingpost such as the second, third or fourth location. Each location had the module, as shown in was able to move to the other three locations of strut and strut intersection such as the Figure 13. Moreover, after relocating the kingpost, it was also re-checked with the clash second, third or fourth location. Each location had the module, as shown in Figure 13. problems. Figures 14–16 show the modules of kingpost relocation to the second, third or Moreover, after relocating the kingpost, it was also re-checked with the clash problems. fourth location. Figures 14–16 show the modules of kingpost relocation to the second, third or fourth lo- cation. 4.4. Software for Developing System To develop a system of kingpost arrangement, it is required to combine the module 4.4. Software for Developing System development with the current available BIM software. In this study, the modules of the To develop a system of kingpost arrangement, it is required to combine the module kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, development with the current available BIM software. In this study, the modules of the which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this system was developed in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the developed system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 28 kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this system was developed in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the devel- oped system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. Table 5. A brief description of each software. Software Icon Description Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction works by following a 3D coordination model. Function: The software consists of all functional disciplines in- cluding structure, architecture, and MEP. Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 Objective: This software is open-source visual programming that allows the user to create the design alternatives, and process the data automation. Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate Buildings 2021, 11, 323 17 of 28 and interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Infor- mation Models, and simulation engines. New value of Point X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 29 New value of Point X1 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 29 kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, = (X + (Ty × 2)) which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo New value of Point Y1 Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this New value of Point Y1 kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, system was = – (Y d e + (T veloped x × 2)) in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the devel- Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this oped system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. system was developed in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the devel- Table 5. A brief description of each software. oped system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Software Icon Description Table 5. A brief description of each software. Table 5. A brief description of each software. Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 Software Icon Description Software Icon Description Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 works by following a 3D coordination model. Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction works Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction Function: The software consists of all functional disciplines in- by following a 3D coordination model. works by following a 3D coordination model. clud Function: ing struc The softwar ture, arch e consists itecture, of all and functional MEP. disciplines including Function: The software consists of all functional disciplines in- structure, architecture, and MEP. cluding structure, architecture, and MEP. Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 Objective: This software is open-source visual programming that allows Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 Object the userive: to crTh eate is soft the design ware is open-sou alternatives, and rce visu process al the progr dataamming that 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 automation. allows the user to create the design alternatives, and process the Objective: This software is open-source visual programming that Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate and data automation. allows the user to create the design alternatives, and process the interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Information Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate Models, and simulation engines. data automation. and interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Infor- Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate mation Models, and simulation engines. and interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Infor- mation Models, and simulation engines. New value of Point X1 New value of Point X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) = (X + (Ty × 2)) New value of Point X1 New value of Point X1 = (X + = (X + (Ty × 2)) (Ty × 2)) New value of Point Y1 New value of Point Y1 New value of Point Y1 New value of Point Y1 = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 18 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 28 Input Process Output No detected results Flase Input of Color the detected If Detected elements of a underground elements of a a ⋂ K2 structure element True (a) Color the detected Detected results elements of K2 Detected elements of K2 Unhide the detected elements of K2 Select 3D New 3D kingpost kingpost elements location K2 Value of Point Z New value of Point New coordination Point of kingpost Value of Po int Y Y1 = (Y + (Tx × 2)) (X, Y1, Z) Value of Point X Compare vec tor by Distance value two points X//Xc result Tx Value of Point Xc Value of Point Yc Value of Point Zc Clash Point c Detected results Strut in Transverse False transverse strut, Lt If Select 3D Strut Lt ⋂ Lh elements True Strut in Horizontal horizontal strut, Lh No detected results Figure 14. A module of kingpost relocation to the second location. Figure 14. A module of kingpost relocation to the second location. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 19 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 28 Input Process Output No detected results Input of False underground Color the detected If Detected elements of a structure element elements of a a ⋂ K3 True (a) Color the detected Detected results elements of K3 Detected elements of K3 Unhide the detected elements of K3 Select 3D New 3D kingpost kingpost elements location K3 Value of Point Z New value of Point New coordination Point of Value of Point X X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) (X1, Y, Z) kingpost Value of Point Y Compare vector by two Distance value points Y//Yc result Ty Value of Point Yc Value of Point Xc Value of Point Zc Clash Point c Detected results Strut in Transverse False transverse strut, Lt If Select 3D Strut Lt ⋂ Lh elements Strut in Horizontal True horizontal Strut, Lh No detected results Figure 15. A module of kingpost relocation to the third location. Figure 15. A module of kingpost relocation to the third location. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 20 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 28 Input Process Output No detected results False Input of If Color the detected Detected elements of a underground a ⋂ K4 elements of a True structure element (a) Detected results Color the detected elements of K4 Detected elements of K4 Unhide the detected elements of K4 Select 3D New 3D kingpost kingpost location K4 Value of Point Z New value of Point New coordination Value of Point Y Point of kingpost Y1 = (Y + (Tx x 2)) (X1, Y1, Z) Value of Point X New value of Point X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) Compare vector by Distance value two points X//Xc result Tx Value of Point Xc Distance Compare vector by value Value of Point Yc two points Y//Yc result Ty Value of Point Zc Clash Point c Strut in Transverse Detected results False transverse strut, Lt If Select 3D Strut Lt ⋂ Lh elements Strut in Horizontal True horizontal strut, Lh No detected results Figure 16. A module of kingpost relocation to the fourth location. Figure 16. A module of kingpost relocation to the fourth location. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 21 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 28 5. A System Testing with a Case Study 5. A System Testing with a Case Study 55.1. .1. D Description escription oof f tthe he PPr rooject ject A A p prroject oject of ofbasement basement constr consuction tructioin n iBangkok, n BangkoThailand, k, Thailand was , w selected as selec as tea d a case s astudy case s for tudv yalidating for valida the ting system. the syst In em this . In t pr hoject, is protwo ject, t of w ﬁ oce ofbuildings fice buildin had gs h seven ad sev ﬂoors, en floo and rs, athe nd height was 22.9 m. Furthermore, the total area of the three-ﬂoor basement was 4911.2 m . the height was 22.9 m. Furthermore, the total area of the three-floor basement was 4911.2 This basement was used to serve as a car parking lot. The width of the deep excavation m . This basement was used to serve as a car parking lot. The width of the deep excavation was 31.5 m, the length was 77.7 m, and the depth was 14.6 m. Last, a 3D model of the was 31.5 m, the length was 77.7 m, and the depth was 14.6 m. Last, a 3D model of the underground structure was developed by using Autodesk Revit Software. Figure 17 shows underground structure was developed by using Autodesk Revit Software. Figure 17 the 3D model of the basement. shows the 3D model of the basement. F Figure igure 1 17. 7. T Thr hree ee-ﬂoor -floor b basement asement o of f o of ffﬁce ice b building uilding c constr onstru uction ction iin n t the he 3 3D D m model. odel. 5.2. Results of a System Testing 5.2. Results of a System Testing After each module of the system was completely developed and tested with a case After each module of the system was completely developed and tested with a case study, the results could dramatically change the process of kingpost arrangement. First, the study, the results could dramatically change the process of kingpost arrangement. First, module of kingpost generation required a few steps for generating the structural kingpost the module of kingpost generation required a few steps for generating the structural king- in a 3D model. Moreover, it spent less time and required less user interaction in the kingpost post in a 3D model. Moreover, it spent less time and required less user interaction in the generation process. Next, the module for detecting the clash of kingpost can present a kingpost generation process. Next, the module for detecting the clash of kingpost can pre- clear picture of all underground structure elements that clashed with the kingpost in a 3D sent a clear picture of all underground structure elements that clashed with the kingpost model at the same time. This also required the user to process the clash detection in a few in a 3D model at the same time. This also required the user to process the clash detection steps. Last, the kingpost relocation module allowed the user to change the location of the in a few steps. Last, the kingpost relocation module allowed the user to change the loca- kingpost easier and did not require much experience or skill for some engineers to ﬁnd a tion of the kingpost easier and did not require much experience or skill for some engineers suitable place to solve the clash between kingposts and underground structures. In short, to find a suitable place to solve the clash between kingposts and underground structures. these three modules of the kingpost arrangement provided the user less interaction with In short, these three modules of the kingpost arrangement provided the user less interac- the system and less time to know the result of each module. Each module test was shown tion with the system and less time to know the result of each module. Each module test in the next section. was shown in the next section. 5.2.1. Step 1: Initial Structural Kingpost Generation in the 3D Model 5.2.1. Step 1: Initial Structural Kingpost Generation in the 3D Model i. Input Data Process of Structural Kingpost Generation i. Input Data Process of Structural Kingpost Generation The structural kingpost generation aimed to determine the quantity and position of The structural kingpost generation aimed to determine the quantity and position of kingpost at any angle of intersection between strut and strut and generate in the 3D model. kingpost at any angle of intersection between strut and strut and generate in the 3D model. The input information was begun by choosing the structural strut in the 3D model. Then, The input information was begun by choosing the structural strut in the 3D model. Then, the user should select one of three kingpost types. Table 6 shows input information and the user should select one of three kingpost types. Table 6 shows input information and the interface of the kingpost generation. the interface of the kingpost generation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 22 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 28 Table 6. The input and interface of the structural kingpost generation. Table 6. The input and interface of the structural kingpost generation. Input Interface Input Interface Table 6. The input and interface of the structural kingpost generation. Input Interface Select all struts in the 3D model Select all struts in the 3D model Select all struts in the 3D model ii. The Result of Structural Kingpost Generation ii. The Result of Structural Kingpost Generation After the input information was obtained from the structural strut selection in the After the input information was obtained from the structural strut selection in the 3D 3D model, the dynamo ran the calculation process for determining the kingpost numbers model, the dynamo ran the calculation process for determining the kingpost numbers and ii. The Result of Structural Kingpost Generation and generated the structural kingpost in the 3D model. As a result, 48 kingposts were generated the structural kingpost in the 3D model. As a result, 48 kingposts were deter- determined After the inp from utthe inform intersection ation wa between s obtainstr edut from t and str heut str and uctur shown al strin ut s Table elect7 ion . Mor in t eover he 3D , mined from the intersection between strut and strut and shown in Table 7. Moreover, these kingposts were generated in the 3D model and shown in Figure 18. model, the dynamo ran the calculation process for determining the kingpost numbers and these kingposts were generated in the 3D model and shown in Figure 18. generated the structural kingpost in the 3D model. As a result, 48 kingposts were deter- Table 7. The result of structural kingpost generation. mined from the intersection between strut and strut and shown in Table 7. Moreover, Table 7. The result of structural kingpost generation. these kingposts were generated in the 3D model and shown in Figure 18. Generation of Structural Kingpost Finding Results Generation of Structural Kingpost Finding Results Kingpost Numbers 4 12 = 48 Kingpost Numbers 4 × 12 = 48 Table 7. The result of structural kingpost generation. Generation of Structural Kingpost Finding Results Kingpost Numbers 4 × 12 = 48 Figure 18. An initial structural kingpost generation in plan and 3D views. Figure 18. An initial structural kingpost generation in plan and 3D views. Figure 18. An initial structural kingpost generation in plan and 3D views. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 23 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 28 5.2.2. Step 2: Clash Detection of Structural Kingpost 5.2.2. Step 2: Clash Detection of Structural Kingpost i. Input Data Process of Clash Detection i. Input Data Process of Clash Detection After obtaining the initial structural kingpost, it was applied for detecting the clash 5.2.2. Step 2: Clash Detection of Structural Kingpost problems between kingposts and other underground structures. In the input requirement, After obtaining the initial structural kingpost, it was applied for detecting the clash i. Input Data Process of Clash Detection the user is required to select between kingposts and underground structures. There were problems between kingposts and other underground structures. In the input require- After obtaining the initial structural kingpost, it was applied for detecting the clash five ment, cases the of c user lash isdetectio requiredn. The to select se case between s were kingposts included and (1) kin under ggr po ound sts and str w uctur alls, es. (2) Ther king- e problems between kingposts and other underground structures. In the input requirement, posts and were ﬁve be cases ams, (3) of clash kingposts and detection. foo These tings, cases (4) kin were gposts included and (1) pile kingposts s, and (5) kingposts and walls, the user is required to select between kingposts and underground structures. There were (2) kingposts and beams, (3) kingposts and footings, (4) kingposts and piles, and (5) king- and columns. All clash occurrences were checked at the same time. Table 8 shows the five cases of clash detection. These cases were included (1) kingposts and walls, (2) king- posts and columns. All clash occurrences were checked at the same time. Table 8 shows input information and interface. posts and beams, (3) kingposts and footings, (4) kingposts and piles, and (5) kingposts the input information and interface. and columns. All clash occurrences were checked at the same time. Table 8 shows the Table 8. The input and interface of clash detection. input information and interface. Table 8. The input and interface of clash detection. Input Interface Input Interface Table 8. The input and interface of clash detection. Input Interface Select model elements -> Select 3D king- Select model elements -> Select 3D kingposts Select model elements -> Select 3D king- model posts model posts model Select model elements -> Select other 3D Select model elements -> Select other 3D Sunder elect m ground odel e str lem uctur ent es s - including > Select o columns, ther 3D underground structures including col- walls, beams, piles, and footings underground structures including col- umns, walls, beams, piles, and footings umns, walls, beams, piles, and footings ii. The Result of Clash Problems ii. The Result of Clash Problems The underground structures, which included piles, footings, columns, walls, and The underground structures, which included piles, footings, columns, walls, and ii. The Result of Clash Problems beams, were chosen to detect the clash occurrences with the kingposts. Then, the clash beams, were chosen to detect the clash occurrences with the kingposts. Then, the clash The underground structures, which included piles, footings, columns, walls, and detection found between kingposts and underground structures was obtained in a 3D en- detection found between kingposts and underground structures was obtained in a 3D beams, were chosen to detect the clash occurrences with the kingposts. Then, the clash vironment. Figure 19 shows the finding of kingpost clash detection. environment. Figure 19 shows the ﬁnding of kingpost clash detection. detection found between kingposts and underground structures was obtained in a 3D en- vironment. Figure 19 shows the finding of kingpost clash detection. Figure 19. Clash detection of kingposts in a 3D environment. Figure 19. Clash detection of kingposts in a 3D environment. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 of 29 Figure 19. Clash detection of kingposts in a 3D environment. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 24 of 28 5.2.3. Step 3: Relocation of Kingpost i. Input Data Process of Kingpost Relocation In the ki 5.2.3.ngpost rel Step 3: Relocation ocation, of the cl Kingpost ash was solved by modifying the kingpost to another angle of intersection between strut and strut. In the input information, there were three i. Input Data Process of Kingpost Relocation main tasks for the user. First, the user clicked the select elements button and went to select In the kingpost relocation, the clash was solved by modifying the kingpost to another the kingpost and strut components in the 3D model. The information about the selected angle of intersection between strut and strut. In the input information, there were three kingpost and strut could primarily explain the original location of the kingpost. Then, the main tasks for the user. First, the user clicked the select elements button and went to user should select one of the options to tell the kingpost position. Last, the user could select the kingpost and strut components in the 3D model. The information about the choose one option to move from the original location of the kingpost to one of three relo- selected kingpost and strut could primarily explain the original location of the kingpost. cation loThen, cations. T the user able should 9 shows the select ione nput requ of the ir options ement and to tell int the erfkingpost ace of a k position. ingpost reloc Last,athe - user could choose one option to move from the original location of the kingpost to one tion. of three relocation locations. Table 9 shows the input requirement and interface of a kingpost relocation. Table 9. The input and interface of kingpost relocation. Input Interface Table 9. The input and interface of kingpost relocation. Input Interface Select a 3D ki Select ngp a 3D ost kingpost modelmodel ii. The Result of Kingpost Relocation When the input was provided in the kingpost relocation module, the Autodesk ii. The Result of Kingpost Relocation Dynamo Software processed the data for relocating the kingpost to another angle of When the input was provided in the kingpost relocation module, the Autodesk Dy- intersection between strut and strut. After relocating the kingpost, the clash detection namo Software processed the data for relocating the kingpost to another angle of intersec- process ran to check the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures tion between strut and strut. After relocating the kingpost, the clash detection process ran at the same time. If the relocation results still detected clash problems, the user had to to check the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures at the run this relocation process again. Thus, the kingpost relocation could overcome the clash same time. If problem the rel of kingposts. ocation resul Table ts stil 10 shows l detethe cted cla results sh of probl the kingpost ems, the user ha relocation. d to run this relocation process again. Thus, the kingpost relocation could overcome the clash problem of kingposts. Table 10 shows the results of the kingpost relocation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 25 of 28 Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (Before) Kingpost Relocation (After) 013 014 013 014 013 014 014 013 013 014 013 014 013 014 015 016 015 016 015 016 015 016 015 015 016 016 015 016 015 016 017 017 018 018 017 018 6. Discussion of System 019 Development To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another interview 6. Discussion of System Developmen t 6. Discussion of System Development with the same experts. The ﬁnding results of the developed system 020 were signiﬁcantly To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another interview with determined and explained in the following section. To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another i nterview with the same experts. The finding results of the developed system were significantly deter- First, this study has improved the visualization environment of the kingpost arrange- the same experts. The finding results of the developed system wer 020 e significantly deter- 6. 6. Disc Disc ussion ussion of S of S ystem Developmen ystem Developmen t t mined and explained 019 0 in the 19 following section. ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional practice. mined and explained in the following section. To comprehensi First, this study ha vely s i understa mproved the visuali nd the system, i zation t was brought to environment of the another i kingpost nterview arrange- with However To comprehensi , it is limited v ely to display understa the nclashes d the syst between em, it was brought to kingposts and under another i ground nterv structur iew wi es.th First, this study has improved the visualization environment of the kingpost arrange- 6. ment Discussion . Two-d of S imension ystem Developmen al drawings were t usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- the same 6. the same Disc Then, ussion exp the exp e development rts. The e of S rts. The ystem Developmen find find of ing the ing results of th system results of th aimed t e deve e deve to visualize lope lope d sy d the sy stem wer clashes stem wer in e signific the e signific 3D envir antly deter antly deter onment. - - ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection module was devel- mined tice. However, i and explainted is li in the mited to di followin spla g sec y th tion. e clashes between kingposts and underground mined and explained in the following section. To comprehensi To comprehensi vely vely understa understa nd the syst nd the syst em, i em, i t was brought to t was brought to ana other i nother i nterv nterv iew iew wi wi th th tice. However, it is limited to display the clashes between kingposts and underground oped to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the BIM technology structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D First, thi First, thi s study ha s study ha s im s iproved the visuali mproved the visuali zation zation enviro enviro nment of the nment of the kingpost kingpost arrange- arrange- 6. Discussion of System Development the same experts. The finding results of the developed system were significantly deter- 6. the same Discussion expe of S rts. The ystem Developmen finding results of th t e developed system were significantly deter- structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Finally, the 3D clash ment environment. Based . Two-dimension on the al drawing arrangement s were usu inform ally used ation o by t f k h ie ngpost, th engineer e clash in tradit detection mod- ional prac- ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- mined mined and ex and ex plain plain ed ed in the in the followin followin g sec g sec tion. tion. To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another interview with environment. Based To comprehensi on the vely arr understa angement nd the syst informem, i ation o t was brought to f kingpost, the clash another i detection mod- nterview with results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the module of clash detection ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the tice. However, i tice. However, i t is li t is li mimi ted to di ted to di spla spla y th y e clash the clash es b es b etween kingp etween kingp osts and osts and und und ergroun ergroun d d First, thi First, thi s study ha s study ha s im s iproved the visuali mproved the visuali zation zation enviro enviro nment of the nment of the kingpost kingpost arrange- arrange- the same experts. The finding results of the developed system were significantly deter- ule w the same as deve exp loped to identify the clash erts. The finding results of th proble e deve ms. Then, thi loped sy sstem wer module ie n signific tegrated antly deter with the - provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. structure BIM technolo s. Then, the gy for deve visula opment of the system lizing all clash problems aimed to on each kin visualize the gpost at clashe the same s in the time. 3D Fi- structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D ment ment . Two-d . Two-d imension imension al dr al dr awing awing s were s were usu usu ally ally used used by t by t he hengine e engine er er in t in t radit radit ional ional pr pr ac- ac- mined and explained in the following section. BIM mined technolo and ex gy for plainv ed isu in the alizing followin all clasg sec h problems tion. on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- Second, each module of the system could help the user with the kingpost arrange- environment. Based nally, the 3D clash on the result s were arrangement succesinform sfully visualized on each ation of kingpost, th ki e clash ngpost. Thus detection mod- , the mod- environment. Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection mod- tice. However, i tice. However, i t is li t is li mimi ted to di ted to di spla spla y th y e clash the clash es b es b etween kingp etween kingp osts and osts and und und ergroun ergroun d d First, this study has improved the visualization environment of the kingpost arrange- nally, the 3 First, thi D cls as study ha h results were s improved the visuali successfully visualized on each zation environment of the kingpost. Thus kingpost , the mod- arrange- ment. The user just created the basement and structural strut in the 3D model. Then, ule w ule of c as deve lash d loped to identify the clash etection provided the advantage problems. Then, thi of visualization s modul in th ee 3D integra environ ted wi m th the ent. ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- the user can apply this system for generating the structural kingpost, detecting the clash ule ment of c. Two-d lash detection provided the imensional drawings advantage were usua olly f visualization used by the in engine the 3D er environ in traditm ioent. nal prac- BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- environment. Based environment. Based on the on the arr arr angement angement inform inform ation o ation o f kfi k ngpost, th ingpost, th e clash e clash detection mod- detection mod- tice. However, it is limited to display the clashes between kingposts and underground problems between kingposts and underground structural elements, and arranging the tice. However, it is limited to display the clashes between kingposts and underground nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the structure suitable s. Th location en, theof deve the l kingpost. opment of the system Moreover, this aimed to system requir visualize the ed little input clashe information s in the 3D to structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. BIM BIM technolo technolo gy for gy for vis vu is au lia zling izing al al l cl la cs lh problems ash problems onon each kin each kin gpos gpos t at t at th e same the same time. time. Fi-Fi- automatically run its function. At last, a better structure of kingpost was ﬁnally generated environment. Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection mod- environment. Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection mod- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- nawithout lly, the 3the D cl clashes ash resu between lts were kingposts successfu and lly under visualized on each ground structur kin es. gpost. Thus Therefore,, the mod- the user ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the did not need to have a high knowledge or skill related to the kingpost arrangement. The ule ule of c of c lash d lash d etection provided the etection provided the advantage advantage of visualization of visualization in in the 3D the 3D environ environ ment. ment. BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 26 of 28 preliminary design can help contractors to estimate the cost of the temporary item for deep excavation work. Although the automated system for supporting the kingpost arrangement work is developed successfully, it still has a limitation that encourages many scholars who are interested in this problem to study more in the future. First, the only ﬁxing number of kingpost sizes used in this research included HR400 mm, HR350 mm, and HR300 mm. Although different ground layers could have different lateral forces in the deep excavation, different numbers of kingpost sizes could be selected for supporting the strutting system. Thus, the development of the structural kingpost generation module did not consider the design work. Moreover, the engineers could separately use each module of the kingpost arrangement. They could skip the generation module of structural kingpost and directly use the modules of clash detection and kingpost relocation. Second, since this system has developed with the practical knowledge of kingpost arrangement and BIM technology, it was expected that some junior engineers would be allowed to properly arrange the structural kingpost. To prove this idea, this study also aims to bring the developed system for testing with some junior engineers. This testing will allow these engineers to use the system and interview them to learn about the beneﬁts and limitations of the system. By knowing about the perception of some junior engineers, we will be able to improve the developed system too. However, due to the time limitation in this study, this study does not have enough time to prove the testing result for junior engineers. 7. Conclusions Due to traditional practice and some available construction programs, the kingpost arrangement was still unable to visualize concurrent clashes between each kingpost and underground structures at the same time. To solve this problem, this research study used visual programming interaction with Building Information Modelling. The developed system uses the concept of integrating expertise and BIM technologies to detect and resolve clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. In the methodology, the information supporting the kingpost arrangement was initially collected from experts’ interviews of subcontractor companies in Thailand. This information has characteristics of (1) structural kingpost generation, (2) clash detection of kingpost, and (3) kingpost relocation. Then, the provided information was used to develop the modules of the system. Last, the system was developed by BIM technology. In this developed system, there were three main functions: (1) structural kingpost generation, (2) clash detection of kingpost, and (3) the relocation of kingpost location. In short, the development of this system could support the kingpost arrangement and improve the visualization of clash problems in the 3D model. This study has only focused on the arrangement of the structural kingpost. Future research studies are encouraged to focus on other components of the strutting system, such as the platform. The platform structure should be analyzed for effectively supporting the road access with heavy equipment, such as excavators and trucks, in the deep excavation process. Therefore, to avoid other constructible problems, further studies should focus on adapting the advanced construction technology with the platform structure. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; methodology, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; software, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; validation, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; formal analysis, V.P. and P.N.; investigation, V.P. and P.N.; resources, V.P. and T.T.; data curation, P.N.; writing—original draft preparation, V.P. and P.N.; writing—review and editing, V.P. and P.N.; visualization, P.N.; supervision, V.P. and T.T.; project administration, V.P. and T.T.; funding acquisition, V.P. and P.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the 90th Anniversary Fund of Chulalongkorn University (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund) and the ASEAN scholarship program. Data Availability Statement: The data are available on request from the corresponding author. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 27 of 28 Acknowledgments: Authors would like to thank all engineers who provide in-depth information and the valuable comments about the strut system preliminary design, especially Nirundorn Nata, Technical Manager from Altemtech Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. References 1. Fantaziu, C.; Chirila, R. Study Achievement of Deep Excavations from the Point of View of Their Effects on Surrounding Existing Buildings. J. Sustain. Arch. Civ. Eng. 2014, 7, 74–80. [CrossRef] 2. Chao, S.H.; Karki, N.B.; Sahoo, D.R. Seismic Behavior of Steel Buildings with Hybrid Braced Frames. J. Stru. Eng. 2013, 139, 1019–1032. [CrossRef] 3. Kaveh, A.; Abadi, A.S.M. Harmony Search Based Algorithms for the Optimum Cost Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls. Inter. J. Civ. Eng. 2011, 9, 1–8. 4. Askew, I. 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Abstract

buildings Article Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts Vachara Peansupap * , Pisal Nov and Tanit Tongthong Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; pisal.no@student.chula.ac.th (P.N.); tanit.t@chula.ac.th (T.T.) * Correspondence: pvachara@chula.ac.th Abstract: The kingpost was a vertical element that was used to support the structural strut in the deep excavation. The structural kingpost was commonly arranged by experienced engineers who used two-dimensional construction drawings. Thus, it was still time-consuming and error-prone. Currently, an available construction program has been developed to arrange the structural kingpost by identifying the clash problems in the 3D environment. However, they have a limitation for detecting the clash that was unable to visualize the concurrent clashes between kingpost and many underground structures. Then, the engineer cannot see all the clash incidents with each kingpost and move the kingpost to avoid the clashes successfully. Since the kingpost arrangement was still an inefﬁcient practice that was limited in the visualization aspect, this research used engineering knowledge and advanced construction technology to detect and solve the clashes between kingposts and underground structures. The methodology used engineering knowledge of kingpost arrange- ment to develop the system modules by using a rule-based approach. Then, these modules were developed into the system by using visual programming of Building Information Modelling (BIM). To test the system, an underground structure from building construction was selected as a case study to apply the developed system. Finally, the ﬁnding of this study could overcome human judgment Citation: Peansupap, V.; Nov, P.; by providing less interaction in the kingpost arrangement and visualization improvement of clash Tongthong, T. Utilization of Building occurrences in the 3D model. Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts. Buildings Keywords: structural kingpost; building information modeling (BIM); clash detection 2021, 11, 323. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/buildings11080323 Academic Editor: Junbok Lee 1. Introduction Received: 6 June 2021 Due to the increasing number of high-rise building constructions, deep excavation is a Accepted: 22 July 2021 popular method used to obtain underground space. This space can serve different purposes Published: 27 July 2021 of the ﬁnished product such as car parking lots, cellars, shops, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing services [1]. In the deep excavation work, the retaining wall and strutting system Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral are designed and constructed to prevent the collapse of the excavated soil around the with regard to jurisdictional claims in construction zone [2,3]. Moreover, deep excavation has become an important method in published maps and institutional afﬁl- the construction of underground structures because it roughly costs around 20% of the total iations. construction cost. When the scale and depth of the excavation work are increased with the building construction projects, many issues related to geological conditions, underground structures, and construction sites are carefully considered in the deep excavation process. In the deep excavation process, the retaining wall, which is made of concrete or steel, is Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. ﬁrst placed around the excavation area. Then, the excavation work uses heavy equipment Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. such as excavators and dump trucks to remove the ﬁrst layer of the soil and install the This article is an open access article strutting system. After the soil removal has reached the bottom level, the foundation distributed under the terms and structure is constructed and followed up with the underground structures such as pile, conditions of the Creative Commons footing, girder, slab, column, and beam. In this process, the strutting system is one of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the important structures use to brace the lateral force of the land in the deep excavation creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ work [4,5]. Figure 1 shows components of the strutting system. With this system, the 4.0/). Buildings 2021, 11, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080323 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 2 of 28 important structures use to brace the lateral force of the land in the deep excavation work [4,5]. Figure 1 shows components of the strutting system. With this system, the kingpost is the only vertical element that usually uses to support the structural strut [6]. Moreover, kingpost is the only vertical element that usually uses to support the structural strut [6]. this kingpost has to properly install to avoid the constructible problems that could cause Moreover, this kingpost has to properly install to avoid the constructible problems that damage, or collapse of the retaining structure and adjacent residents [7]. could cause damage, or collapse of the retaining structure and adjacent residents [7]. Figure 1. Components of the strutting system. Figure 1. Components of the strutting system. Although Although th the e k kingpost ingpost i is s a an n i important mportant e element lement used used to to s support upport th the e vertical vertical d dir irection ection of of th the e s str trutti utting ng ssystem, ystem, ppr reevious vious stud studies ies fofound und kin kingpost gpost pro pr boblems lems at th atethe conconstr structiuction on site site for tfor he l the ast dec last a decade. de. FirstFirst, , an in an adeq inadequate uate conn connection ection of kiof ngkingposts, posts, whicwhich h was o was ne o one f foof ur four main problems in the deep excavation of Taiwan, contributed to the failure of lateral main problems in the deep excavation of Taiwan, contributed to the failure of lateral brac- bracings [8]. Next, inadequate installation problems of kingposts, which support the struts ings [8]. Next, inadequate installation problems of kingposts, which support the struts through the brackets, were incorrectly used to support the trestle [3]. Then, any movement through the brackets, were incorrectly used to support the trestle [3]. Then, any movement or vibration of the kingpost, which was produced by the heavy equipment, clearly affected or vibration of the kingpost, which was produced by the heavy equipment, clearly af- the stability of the struts. Another research study found that space and physical conﬂicts of fected the stability of the struts. Another research study found that space and physical kingposts at the site were the main construction problems in Bangkok’s deep excavations [9]. conflicts of kingposts at the site were the main construction problems in Bangkok’s deep Besides these mentioned problems, clash problems of the kingpost still occurred and led to excavations [9]. Besides these mentioned problems, clash problems of the kingpost still interruptions of the construction work at the site [10]. After the structural strut was installed occurred and led to interruptions of the construction work at the site [10]. After the struc- and excavation work done completely, the underground structure needed to be constructed tural strut was installed and excavation work done completely, the underground struc- consequently. During this stage, the engineers encountered the problem that the kingpost ture needed to be constructed consequently. During this stage, the engineers encountered was clashed by the underground structures, such as (1) kingpost and pile, (2) kingpost and the problem that the kingpost was clashed by the underground structures, such as (1) footing, and (3) kingpost and column [8]. Then, they had to cut the kingpost to install the kingpost and pile, (2) kingpost and footing, and (3) kingpost and column [8]. Then, they underground structure. The remaining kingpost was kept in the underground structures, had to cut the kingpost to install the underground structure. The remaining kingpost was such as footing. Due to the constructible problems, especially clashes between kingposts kept in the underground structures, such as footing. Due to the constructible problems, and underground structures, these problems should be identiﬁed and solved at an early especially clashes between kingposts and underground structures, these problems should stage of the project. be identified and solved at an early stage of the project. 2. Traditional Practice of Structural Kingpost Arrangement 2. Traditional Practice of Structural Kingpost Arrangement The arrangement of the structural kingpost is conducted by detecting and solving the The arrangement of the structural kingpost is conducted by detecting and solving the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. These clash problems clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. These clash problems should be under the technical problem. However, the engineer still lacks a tool for detecting should be under the technical problem. However, the engineer still lacks a tool for detect- and solving the clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures [11]. ing and solving the clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures To arrange the structural kingpost, the common practice still takes a long time and is [11]. error-prone. First, the engineers generally use two-dimensional construction drawings as a To arrange the structural kingpost, the common practice still takes a long time and is tool to arrange the structural kingpost [12]. Then, they also have to check each kingpost in error-prone. First, the engineers generally use two-dimensional construction drawings as the drawing to see whether it has a clash between the kingpost and underground structures a tool to arrange the structural kingpost [12]. Then, they also have to check each kingpost or not. If they found the clash, they will move the kingpost to another location around the in the drawing to see whether it has a clash between the kingpost and underground struc- strut intersection to avoid the clash. Figures 2 and 3 show the kingpost plan and examples tures or not. If they found the clash, they will move the kingpost to another location of clash avoidance between kingposts and underground structures. Thus, this practice around the strut intersection to avoid the clash. Figures 2 and 3 show the kingpost plan consumes much time, and it is sometimes hard to identify all possible clash problems and examples of clash avoidance between kingposts and underground structures. Thus, between the kingpost and underground structures, such as pile, footing, column, girder, and wall. Due to this limitation for recognizing all clash problems with the structural kingpost, some engineers just wait to see these problems at the construction stage and Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 this practice consumes much time, and it is sometimes hard to identify all possible cl3aof sh28 this practice consumes much time, and it is sometimes hard to identify all possible clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures, such as pile, footing, col- problems between the kingpost and underground structures, such as pile, footing, col- umn, girder, and wall. Due to this limitation for recognizing all clash problems with the umn, girder, and wall. Due to this limitation for recognizing all clash problems with the structural kingpost, some engineers just wait to see these problems at the construction structural kingpost, some engineers just wait to see these problems at the construction cut the kingpost to embed within the underground structure. Without a clearly deﬁned stage and cut the kingpost to embed within the underground structure. Without a clearly stage and cut the kingpost to embed within the underground structure. Without a clearly suitable location, the waste of kingpost embedding within the underground structure defined suitable location, the waste of kingpost embedding within the underground struc- defined suitable location, the waste of kingpost embedding within the underground struc- causes a larger budget during the construction phase. In short, the traditional practice of ture causes a larger budget during the construction phase. In short, the traditional practice ture causes a larger budget during the construction phase. In short, the traditional practice kingpost arrangement is still time-consuming and error-prone for detecting and solving the of kingpost arrangement is still time-consuming and error-prone for detecting and solving of kingpost arrangement is still time-consuming and error-prone for detecting and solving clash problems at an early stage of the project. Therefore, current construction technology the clash problems at an early stage of the project. Therefore, current construction tech- the clash problems at an early stage of the project. Therefore, current construction tech- should develop some software tools for detecting and solving this problem. nology should develop some software tools for detecting and solving this problem. nology should develop some software tools for detecting and solving this problem. Figure 2. Kingpost plan. Figure 2. Kingpost plan. Figure 2. Kingpost plan. Figure 3. Examples of clash avoidance between kingpost and underground structure. Figure 3. Examples of clash avoidance between kingpost and underground structure. Figure 3. Examples of clash avoidance between kingpost and underground structure. In current technology, an available construction program could be used for detecting IIn n ccurr urren ent t tec technology hnology, ,an an aavailable vailable co constr nstruc uction tion prpr og ogram ram cocould uld bebe use used d for det for detecting ecting the clash problems between the kingpost and underground structures, but there is still a tthe he cclash lash p pr rooblems blems bbetween etween th the e kikingpost ngpost an and d un under dergrgr ouound nd strstr ucuctur tures, es, bubut t there i therse sis tilstill l a a limitation in the visualization aspect [13]. This problem usually occurs when there is more lim limitation itation in in tthe he vvisualization isualization as aspect pect [13] [13 . T ]. h This is prpr ob oblem lem ususually ually occu occurs rs whe when n thether re is e m isomor re e than one clash with the same kingpost. tthan han o one ne cclash lash w with ith the the sa same me kkingpost. ingpost. Based on Table 1, it shows a comparison between the available construction program B Based ased oon n TT aable ble 11 , i , tit sh shows ows a c a o comparison mparison bet between ween the the avavailable ailable con constr structuction ion pro pr gr ogram am and the proposed idea of detecting concurrent clash detection, such as (1) clash between and the proposed idea of detecting concurrent clash detection, such as (1) clash between and the proposed idea of detecting concurrent clash detection, such as (1) clash between kingpost and piling and (2) clash between kingpost and footing. First, the detection of kingpost and piling and (2) clash between kingpost and footing. First, the detection of kingpost and piling and (2) clash between kingpost and footing. First, the detection of clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut intersection. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut intersection, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31 clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31 one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31 kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut inter- section. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut inter- section, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will relocate clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model clash problems by the available construction program normally could display a 3D model to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will stop its one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the one by one [14]. Then, when the engineer tries to relocate to avoid the clash between the running when the engineers find no clash after they move the kingpost to one of the four kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut inter- kingpost and underground structure, they will move to each angle around the strut inter- angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction program, section. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut inter- Buildings 2021, 11, 323 4 of 28 section. Moreover, after the engineer moves the kingpost to another angle of strut inter- the engineer could not see the other clashes between the same kingpost and other under- section, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will relocate section, they have to check the clash again. If it still has a clash, the engineers will relocate ground structures at the same time. Moreover, this process will take time for relocating to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will stop its to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will stop its the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. running wh running wh en the engineers fin en the engineers fin d no clash after d no clash after they move the kingpost to one of the four they move the kingpost to one of the four relocate to another angle and run the clash detection again and again. The process will angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction program, angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction program, Table 1. An example of a comparison between available construction program and proposed idea. stop its running the engin when eerthe could engineers not see the other c ﬁnd no clash lashes between after they the same move the kin kingpost gpost andto othe one r und of er- the engineer could not see the other clashes between the same kingpost and other under- ground structures at the same time. Moreover, this process will take time for relocating the four angles around the strut intersection. Thus, based on the available construction Available Const ground ructio str n Progra uctures m at the same time. Moreover, thi Propose s process wil d Idea l take time for relocating the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. program, the engineer could not see the other clashes between the same kingpost and st the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. Clash detection at 1 time: a clash between king- Concurrent clash detection: clashes between (1) kingpost and other underground structures at the same time. Moreover, this process will take time for post and pile pile and (2) kingpost and footing Table 1. An example of a comparison between available construction program and proposed idea. relocating the kingpost and checking the clash again and again. Table 1. An example of a comparison between available construction program and proposed idea. Available Construction Program Proposed Idea Available Construction Program Proposed Idea st Clash dete Tct able ion at 1. An 1 ti example me: a clash between ki of a comparison ng- between Concurrent clash available constr detection: clashes between (1) kin uction program and proposedgide post and a. st Clash detection at 1 time: a clash between king- Concurrent clash detection: clashes between (1) kingpost and post and pile pile and (2) kingpost and footing Available Construction Program Proposed Idea post and pile pile and (2) kingpost and footing Clash detection at 1st time: a clash Concurrent clash detection: clashes between (1) between kingpost and pile kingpost and pile and (2) kingpost and footing nd Clash detection at 2 time: a clash between king- post and footing Clash detection at 2nd time: a clash nd Clash detection at 2 time: a clash between king- between kingpost and footing post and footing nd Clash detection at 2 time: a clash between king- post and footing On the other hand, if the engineer would like to relocate the kingpost to solve the clashes with pile and footing, the proposed idea will allow the engineer to see all possible clashes between the kingpost and other underground structures at the same time after the ﬁrst time of clash detection. Then the engineer could move the kingpost to another angle around the strut intersection that does not have a clash. However, if there are all clashes around the strut intersection, the engineer is required to select the location that kingpost that has less impact from the clash because the kingpost can keep in the underground structure as an embedded kingpost. In conclusion, by seeing the concurrent clash occurrences between the kingpost and other underground structures, it could give the engineer a clear view of clashes with each kingpost and also allow the engineer to move the kingpost to avoid the clashes successfully. Figure 4 shows a comparison of kingpost relocation using the available construction program and the proposed idea in this study. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 a clear view of clashes with each kingpost and also allow the engineer to move the ki 5 of ng- 28 post to avoid the clashes successfully. Figure 4 shows a comparison of kingpost relocation using the available construction program and the proposed idea in this study. Figure Figur4. e 4A . A comparison comparison of of kingpost kingpost r r elocation elocationby byusing usingthe theavailable availableconstr constru uction ction p prro ogram gram and and the the pr proposed oposed i idea. dea. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 6 of 28 In conclusion, the available software tool still does not provide much support in terms of the visualization aspect. This research aims to propose a tool for visualizing the concurrent clash occurrences between each kingpost and other underground structures at the same time. Thus, this study attempts to change from the traditional practice of kingpost arrangement to a 3D model by integrating advanced construction technology called Building Information Modelling (BIM). 3. Building Information Modelling for Deep Excavation Building information modelling (BIM) is a process that uses a digital-physical repre- sentation of the object as a tool for improving communication and visualization among project participants. This digital representation provided information about the property of the object and allowed the user to make a decision in the process through the project lifecycle from the initial of the project to the operation and maintenance stage [15]. BIM has been used for improving visualization as a virtual building prototype and communicating the information among project participants as interoperability [16]. Moreover, it improves the working process to be more collaborative between project participants by a systematic data and information organization [15]. Due to the advantage of Building Information Modelling, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has changed the traditional practice to be more productive by providing better visualization, communication, coordination, and cooperation among project participants. Thus, BIM has been used to minimize an inefﬁcient working process [17]. In the construction ﬁeld, BIM also has been integrated into design and construction work for many years. Furthermore, this technology has improved the early detection of errors in the design process and allowed the work with less constructible problems. Based on previous studies, BIM technology has been studied in deep excavation work. First, BIM was integrated with modular coordination rules for developing the object- level design work [18]. These rules allowed the modeler to place and align the building components with a reference system. Moreover, the rules of modular coordination also include other functions such as (1) joint details, (2) alignment system, (3) preferred sizes, and (3) 5 mm rule/tolerance. Next, the Changsha Zhongqing Square project was chosen as a case study between BIM and deep foundation work [19]. A 3D model of the supporting system was created by Revit software. Moreover, this study also examined the deepening design of nodes, the collision of elements, and the simulation process of the construction. Another research study focused on developing the code compliance of BIM-based for checking with the construction work in the deep foundation [15]. At the design stage, code checking was applied to ensure the safety issue in the deep foundation. In addition, this code compliance checking also could reduce property loss and personal injury. Last, a web-based analysis was established as a framework to examine the options of building excavation works [20]. Moreover, this study could provide an early estimate and schedule of the excavation work by using the probabilistic method and 4D simulations. Other studies attempted to integrate BIM technology for improving the deep excava- tion. These studies were summarized in Table 2. In conclusion, depending on previous studies between BIM and deep excavation, they have attempted to solve two main issues, including (1) stability and safety during the deep excavation and visualization in the 3D environment. Finally, many kinds of research have been conducted between BIM technol- ogy and deep excavation. However, the study of kingpost and BIM has not been much considered in the past study. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 7 of 28 Table 2. Studies between the deep excavation and BIM. References Research Description Focused on developing a 3D building and excavation model in a real-world case study. As a result, the monitoring data of the system could measure the [14] settlement of soil. Moreover, it could analyze the impact of the environment on the ground surface. Integrated a BIM technology for identifying the risk in monitoring work of the deep excavation. Moreover, the system also could visualize the instrument’s [21] location in the 3D environment. Last, the developed system also provided the data required for assessing the ground settlement. Established settlement monitoring and impact management by using a BIM-based approach. This research could identify the risks by comparing [22] warning levels and monitoring data. Therefore, this system could control the impact of ground settlement. Used BIM to model a high building, “Mogilska Tower”, in Cracow. This study [23] checked the settlement and evaluated the neighboring building’s impact. Applied with BIM for checking the clash with the structural strut. However, it [24] focused on a different element of the strutting system, which served a different function for supporting the retaining wall. The issue of BIM and kingpost has not much focused on current studies. First, a deep excavation project in Jakarta, Indonesia, was chosen to study the BIM in design and construction phases [25]. This study developed a 3D model to understand the complex geometry of underground structures and kingposts. Moreover, it provided some more ad- vantages, including (1) an overall perspective of design, (2) important areas identiﬁcations, and (3) an optimized design. Next, a system of ontology-based analysis was developed to manage the construction risk in the 3D environment of BIM [10]. Furthermore, the system also gave the user more ability to follow up with the construction processes by monitoring the risks of the accident with the kingpost models. In short, many previous studies attempted to use BIM technology in deep excavation work. Although many studies attempted to use BIM in the deep excavation work, this technology has not adapted to solve the clash problems in the kingpost arrangement yet. Therefore, this research used engineering knowledge and advanced construction technology to detect and solve the concurrent clashes between kingposts and underground structures. 4. Research Methodology System development uses the concept of integrating expertise and BIM technologies to detect and relocate clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. The research methodology consists of ﬁve main steps. First, the knowledge of engineers was collected with some experts by the interview. Moreover, these experts were senior engineers of subcontractor companies in Thailand and had around 15 years of working experience in deep excavation. Next, after interviewing with experts, the information of the kingpost arrangement, which was analyzed by transcription analysis, was divided into three main parts, including (1) structural kingpost generation, (2) clash detection of kingpost, and (3) kingpost relocation. Brief information about each part was described in the next section. Then, this information was developed into the modules by using a rule-based approach. Last, a system was developed and tested using the rule-based approach and BIM technology. In the developed system, it was developed into three modules, including (1) module of structural kingpost generation, (2) module of kingpost clash detection, and (3) module of kingpost relocation. Then, BIM technology, which used some available computer software, including Autodesk Revit and Dynamo software, was applied with the three modules for generating, detecting, and relocating the structural kingpost. In the second stage, after the system was completely developed, a case study Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 8 of 28 available computer software, including Autodesk Revit and Dynamo software, was ap- plied with the three modules for generating, detecting, and relocating the structural king- post. In the second stage, after the system was completely developed, a case study of un- of underground structures from building construction was used in the system testing. derground structures from building construction was used in the system testing. Figure 5 Figure 5 shows an overall process of research methodology. shows an overall process of research methodology. Figure 5. The research process methodology. Figure 5. The research process methodology. 4.1. 4.1. Case Case S Study tudy In Inpractice, practice, the themain maincontractor contractor i issr r equir equir ed edto tocalculate calculatethe thecost cost e estimation stimationfor forbid bid submission. The depth excavation is required the specialist sub-contractor to involve submission. The depth excavation is required the specialist sub-contractor to involve dur- during the bidding process to support the cost estimates of the soil protection system. ing the bidding process to support the cost estimates of the soil protection system. At this At this stage, the specialist subcontractor tries to develop a construction drawing of the stage, the specialist subcontractor tries to develop a construction drawing of the bracing bracing system. The construction drawing should be more realistic because the cost of system. The construction drawing should be more realistic because the cost of temporary temporary work is high. If the bidding cost of the strutting system is underestimated, it work is high. If the bidding cost of the strutting system is underestimated, it may affect may affect cost overrun during the construction phase, while if the bidding cost of the cost overrun during the construction phase, while if the bidding cost of the strutting sys- strutting system is overestimated, it may affect the loss of bid competitiveness. tem is overestimated, it may affect the loss of bid competitiveness. Due to the uncertainty of building requirements and limitation of bid preparation Due to the uncertainty of building requirements and limitation of bid preparation time, the construction drawing is needed to develop from preliminary design rather than time, the construction drawing is needed to develop from preliminary design rather than detail design. Thus, the purpose of preliminary design is to develop an initial construction detail design. Thus, the purpose of preliminary design is to develop an initial construction drawing and estimate the approximated cost for supporting the bidding price of the main drawing and estimate the approximated cost for supporting the bidding price of the main contractor. The strutting system is proposed by previous research work. This research contractor. The strutting system is proposed by previous research work. This research ar- article focused on the issues related to kingposts, which have several conditions related to ticle focused on the issues related to kingposts, which have several conditions related to constructability and bidding cost variance. constructability and bidding cost variance. During the primary design stage, the structural kingpost was developed by two main During the primary design stage, the structural kingpost was developed by two main tasks, including the design and arrangement of the structural kingpost. However, this tasks, including the design and arrangement of the structural kingpost. However, this study did not relate to the detailed design of the structural kingpost, and it is focused on the study did not relate to the detailed design of the structural kingpost, and it is focused on preliminary design. The cost engineer is only focused on the arrangement of the structural the preliminary design. The cost engineer is only focused on the arrangement of the struc- kingpost, which may conﬂict with underground structures. If the kingpost can be arranged tural kingpost, which may conflict with underground structures. If the kingpost can be to avoid the underground structures, we can pull back and reuse the kingpost. However, arranged to avoid the underground structures, we can pull back and reuse the kingpost. the kingpost cannot be arranged to avoid other underground structures and may need to However, the kingpost cannot be arranged to avoid other underground structures and be embedded within the underground structures, which may cause the variance of bidding may need to be embedded within the underground structures, which may cause the var- price. Therefore, the arrangement of kingpost is necessary to take the consideration during iance of bidding price. Therefore, the arrangement of kingpost is necessary to take the preliminary cost estimation. consideration during preliminary cost estimation. 4.2. Information Support of the Kingpost Arrangement 4.2. Information Support of the Kingpost Arrangement 4.2.1. Information of Structural Kingpost Generation 4.2.1. Information of Structural Kingpost Generation In this state, the engineers of subcontractors usually did not have much time to con- In this state, the engineers of subcontractors usually did not have much time to con- sider many inﬂuencing factors for arranging the structural kingpost. It is essential to check the sider m clash an between y influen kingposts cing factoand rs for under arrangr giound ng the s str tru uctur ctura es, l k as inshown gpost. Iin t is Figur essen et3 ia . lThus, to chec itk could the clsupport ash betw the een cost kinest gpimation osts and u fornthe derg bidding round s work tructfaster ures, .aIn s sh the ow kingpost n in Figu arrangement, re 3. Thus, it it was generated after the structural strut was arranged already. The arrangement of the structural strut was studied in another paper [24]. Moreover, the space between kingpost Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 28 could support the cost estimation for the bidding work faster. In the kingpost arrange- Buildings 2021, 11, 323 9 of 28 ment, it was generated after the structural strut was arranged already. The arrangement of the structural strut was studied in another paper [24]. Moreover, the space between could support the cost estimation for the bidding work faster. In the kingpost arrange- kingpost and kingpost is not considered because the kingpost space followed the strut ment, it was generated after the structural strut was arranged already. The arrangement and kingpost is not considered because the kingpost space followed the strut space that space that has already been checked in the strut arrangement stage. The kingpost location of the structural strut was studied in another paper [24]. Moreover, the space between has already been checked in the strut arrangement stage. The kingpost location was placed was placed at any angle of the intersection between strut and strut. There are four possible at kiany ngpangle ost anof d ki the ngp intersection ost is not c between onsiderestr d b ut ecand ausestr th ut. e ki Ther ngpe ost ar sp e four ace f possible ollowedlocations the strut locations around the angle between strut and strut intersection. Figure 6 shows the four space that has already been checked in the strut arrangement stage. The kingpost location around the angle between strut and strut intersection. Figure 6 shows the four possible possible locations of the kingpost on the top view. locations was placof ed a the t akingpost ny angle o on f th the e in top ters view ectio .n between strut and strut. There are four possible locations around the angle between strut and strut intersection. Figure 6 shows the four possible locations of the kingpost on the top view. Figure 6. A picture of the kingpost location. Figure 6. A picture of the kingpost location. Figure 6. A picture of the kingpost location. 4.2.2. 4.2.2.Characteristics Characteristicsof ofClash Clash D Detection etection between betweenKingpost Kingpost and and Under Undergr ground ound S Str tructur uctures es 4.2.2. Characteristics of Clash Detection between Kingpost and Underground Structures The clash problem refers to the intersection between selected elements. In this study, The clash problem refers to the intersection between selected elements. In this study, The clash problem refers to the intersection between selected elements. In this study, the clash is checked between kingpost and underground structures. the structural kingpost the clash is checked between kingpost and underground structures. the structural king- detection the clash is is undertaken checked bkingpost etween kand ingp under ost agr nd u ound nderg structur roun es, d s including tructurespile, . the s footing, tructural king- post detection is undertaken kingpost and underground structures, including pile, foot- column, girder, and wall. In some cases, if the kingpost only clashes with the footing and is p ino gst , c o det lum ec nt, g ion ir i der, a s unn dert d wa alk l. I en n k so in m ge c po as stes a, i nfd u the k nderg ingpro osu t o nn d s ly c tr lu asch tes ur es wi,t h in tc hlu e fd oin otig n p g ile, foot- not able to relocate to another place. This kingpost is cut and kept inside the footing as the and is not able to relocate to another place. This kingpost is cut and kept inside the footing ing, column, girder, and wall. In some cases, if the kingpost only clashes with the footing embedded kingpost. Figure 7 shows the IF-THEN condition statement of clash detection as the embedded kingpost. Figure 7 shows the IF-THEN condition statement of clash de- and is not able to relocate to another place. This kingpost is cut and kept inside the footing between kingpost and underground structures. tection between kingpost and underground structures. as the embedded kingpost. Figure 7 shows the IF-THEN condition statement of clash de- tection between kingpost and underground structures. Figure Figure 7 7.. The The IF-TIF-THEN HEN condicondition tion statemstatement ent of clash d ofetclash ection b detection etween kin between gpost and kingpost undergroand und structures. underground structures. Figure 7. The IF-THEN condition statement of clash detection between kingpost and underground structures. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 10 of 28 4.2.3. Characteristics of Kingpost Relocation After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, walls, columns, piles, and footings. These problems were solved by relocating the kingpost to another angle of the intersection between strut and strut. There were four conditions of the kingpost location at the angle of strut and strut intersection that needed to consider Buildings Buildings 2021 2021 , 11 , 11 , x FO , x FO R P R P EER EER R R EVIEW EVIEW 11 of 11 of 31 31 for the relocation work. Table 3 shows the four conditions of the kingpost location at the angle of the strut and strut intersection. Each condition had three relocation options in the original place. Moreover, each option had the module for moving the kingpost to another Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 31 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 31 angle 4.4. 2. of 2. 3. C 3. C the hh ar str ar act ut act eand rist erist icstr ic s o s o ut f Kin f Kin intersection. gp gp ost ost Re Re loc loc In at a the it on ion r elocation process, there were two steps in this development process. First, the relocation began by selecting a detected kingpost After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated at the angle of the strut and the strut intersection in the 3D model. Next, the user should the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, 4.2.3. Characteristics of Kingpost Relocation understand and select one of the options in the conditions that he or she wanted to relocate 4.2.3. Characteristics of Kingpost Relocation After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated the kingpost. Moreover, after moving the kingpost location, the analysis is still re-checked Table 3. Table 3. Fo Fu or u c r c onditions onditions of k of k ing ing post locat post locat ion at the ion at the ang ang le of le of stru stru t intersect t intersect ion. ion. After identifying all clash problems from the detection process, the results generated the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, for identifying the clash problems. This analysis attempted to ensure the new location of the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, such as beams, Cond Cond itit ion ion Cond Cond itit ion ion the kingpost has no clash problems. After the information support was collected from the Ch Ch arac arac te tris eris titci Pic c Pic tur tur e of e of K K ingp ingp ost L ost L oca oca - - Ch Ch arac arac te tris eris titci Pic c Pic tur tur e of e of Number Number of of Table 3. Four conditions of kingpost locat Number Number ion at the of of angle of strut intersection. interview, it was used to develop into the module of kingpost relocation. tion at the Kingpost Location at the Table 3. tion at th Four c e onditions of kingpost location at the angle of Ki stru ngp t intersect ost Loca ion. tion at the KK ing ing pp ost ost Lo Lo ca ca - - Kin Kin gg pos pos t t Condition Angle Angle of S of S trtu ru t In t In tersec tersec tio tio nn Condition Angle Angle of S of S trtu ru t In t In tersec tersec tio tio nn Table 3. Four conditions of kingpost location at the angle of strut intersection. Cond tio tio nit n ion Characteristic Picture of Kingpost Loca- Loca Cond Loca tio tio itn ion n Characteristic Picture of Number of Number of Characteristic Picture of Kingpost Loca- Characteristic Picture of tion at the Kingpost Location at the Number of Number of Kingpost Loca- Characteristic tion at th Picture e of Kingpost KCharacteristic ingpost LocaPicture tion at of the Condition Number of Condition Number of Kingpost Loca- Angle of Strut Intersection Kingpost Angle of Strut Intersection Kingpost Location at the Kingpost Location at the tion Location Angle of Strut Intersection Angle of Strut Intersection Kingpost Location Kingpost Location tion Location Angle of Strut Intersection Angle of Strut Intersection Top Top View View ToTo p Vi p Vi ew ew Second Second OrO igrin iga in l al Secon Secon d d OrO igina rigina l l Locati Locati onon LoL cat ocat ion ion Location Loc Loc ation ation Location Top View Top View Top View Top View Condition Second Condition Original Original Second Condition 2 Locati Secon ond Location Condition 2 Original Location Loc Secon ation d Original 1 1 Location Location Location Location Condition Condition Condition 2 Condition Condition 2 1 Condition 2 Fourt Fourt h h 1 Thi Thi rdrd Location Location Location Fou Fou rthrth Thir Thir d d Location Loc Loc ation ation LoLo cac tia oti non Fourth Third Location Location Fourth Fourth Third Third 005 005 Location Location LocFou ation rth LocThir ation d 004 004 Location Location Top Top Vi V ew iew ToTo p V p iV ew iew Fourth Fourth ThTh irdird ThTh irdird Fou Fou rthrth LoL cation ocation Location LoL co ac tion ation Location LoLo caca tiotio n n Top View Top View Top View Top View Fourth Third Third Fourth Location Fourth Location Location Third Third Loca Fou tiorn th Location Location Location Location Condition Condition 3 4 Condition Condition Condition Condition 3 3 4 4 Original Second Second Original Original Second Second Original LoL cation ocation LoL catio ocatio n n LoLo cac tion ation Loca Loca tiotn ion Condition Condition Condition Condition 3 4 3 4 Original Second Second Original LoO cation riginal Locatio Second n Loc Seco ation nd Loca Ortig ioina n l Location Location Location Location 006 006 007 007 4.2.4. Types of Kingpost The structural kingpost was used to serve two main functions. First, the kingpost was used to reduce the strut span. Regarding the historical data of 25 building construction 006 007 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 28 4.2.4. Types of Kingpost Buildings 2021, 11, 323 11 of 28 The structural kingpost was used to serve two main functions. First, the kingpost was used to reduce the strut span. Regarding the historical data of 25 building construction projects, the allowable span of the strut was determined around 6.5 m. Figure 8 shows an allowable spacing number (L), and Table 4 shows allowable spacing numbers from 25 projects, the allowable span of the strut was determined around 6.5 m. Figure 8 shows building construction projects in the deep excavation. Then, the strut span should be an allowable spacing number (L), and Table 4 shows allowable spacing numbers from smaller than the allowable span of 6.5 m. If the strut span was bigger than the allowable 25 building construction projects in the deep excavation. Then, the strut span should be span number, the strut could fail from its bracing work. Thus, the kingpost was used when smaller than the allowable span of 6.5 m. If the strut span was bigger than the allowable the strut was longer than 6.5 m. Second, the kingpost was applied to support the structural span number, the strut could fail from its bracing work. Thus, the kingpost was used when strut and avoided the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. the strut was longer than 6.5 m. Second, the kingpost was applied to support the structural This study only focused on the identification and solution of the clash problems. Moreo- strut and avoided the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. ver, in the current market, three sizes of kingpost are commonly used, including HR400 This study only focused on the identiﬁcation and solution of the clash problems. Moreover, mm, HR350 mm, and HR300 mm. This developed system allowed the user to select any in the current market, three sizes of kingpost are commonly used, including HR400 mm, size among these three types of kingposts. Figure 9 shows the types of kingposts in Thai- HR350 mm, and HR300 mm. This developed system allowed the user to select any size land. among these three types of kingposts. Figure 9 shows the types of kingposts in Thailand. KINGPOST Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 28 Figure 8. An allowable spacing number (L). Figure 8. An allowable spacing number (L). Unit Sectional Moment of Elastic Plastic Dimension Wt. Area Inertia Modulus Modulus (mm) 2 4 3 3 (kg/m) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) Type G h b tw tf A ly lz Wel.y Wel.z Wpl.y Wpl.z 94 300 300 10 15 120 20.41 6.75 1.36 450 1.50 684 H 300 × 300 H 350 × 350 137 350 350 12 19 174 13.59 40.30 2.30 776 2.54 1.17 H 400 × 400 172 400 400 13 21 219 66.62 22.42 3.33 1.12 3.67 1.70 Figure 9. Types of kingposts in Thailand. Figure 9. Types of kingposts in Thailand. 4.3. System Development After collecting the information support of the kingpost arrangement, this infor- mation needed to develop into the module of the system. There were three main stages of developed system. First, the module was initially developed for generating the initial structural kingpost in the 3D model. Next, the clash detection module was developed to identify the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. Third, the relocation module of the kingpost location was developed to relocate the kingpost to a suitable place. After solving the clash problems, a better structural kingpost could finally be obtained and generated into the 3D model. Figure 10 shows three main stages of the developed system. Each stage had a module that are explained in the following section. Figure 10. Three main stages of the developed system. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 12 of 28 Table 4. Allowable spacing numbers (L) from 25 deep excavation projects. F Max. - Section Radius of Effective Allowable Actual DESIGN L L1 Strut Type Worst Case, F Area Gyration Length Stress, Fa Stress, fa fa < Fa STRUT (t/m) (m) (m) (cm ) (cm) (m) (ksc) (ksc) 300 300 14 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 875.6 Ok 400 400 31.1 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 1040.3 Ok 350 350 24.6 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1035.5 Ok Project 1 300 300 9.3 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 620.6 Ok 350 350 25.8 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1080.4 Ok 350 350 23.5 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 994.4 Ok 300 300 4.7 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 370.1 Ok Project 2 350 350 18 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 787.3 Ok 300 300 12.1 3 5.2 119.8 7.5 69.2 1119.7 420 Ok 300 300 14.6 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 847.7 Ok Project 3 350 350 25.1 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 981.7 Ok 350 350 29.7 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 1140 Ok 350 350 7.3 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 390 Ok Project 4 350 350 15.7 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 702.8 Ok 300 300 9.1 8.5 4.2 119.8 7.5 56.2 1200 763.6 Ok Project 5 300 300 11 7.6 4.8 119.8 7.5 63.9 1153.4 807.6 Ok 300 300 14.2 7.6 4.8 119.8 7.5 63.9 1153.4 1013.4 Ok 300 300 12.2 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 725.5 Ok Project 6 400 400 34.5 6 6 218.7 10.1 59.4 1181 1061.7 Ok 350 350 27.9 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 1079.3 Ok 300 300 10.5 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 640.4 Ok Project 7 350 350 20.3 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 814.7 Ok 350 350 19.2 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 831.8 Ok Project 8 350 350 29.5 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1218.3 Ok Project 9 300 300 11.4 2.5 6.6 119.8 7.5 87.9 991.1 353.1 Ok 300 300 3.9 6.7 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 335.5 Ok Project 10 300 300 12.1 6.7 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 794.1 Ok 300 300 12.6 3.4 12 119.8 7.5 157.1 437.6 351 Ok Project 11 350 350 17 3.4 12 173.9 8.8 133.5 606.3 326.9 Ok Project 12 300 300 12.6 6 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 747.6 Ok 300 300 12.6 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 799.6 Ok Project 13 300 300 15.3 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 946.1 Ok 350 350 15 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 677.8 Ok Project 14 400 400 30.5 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 1021.3 Ok 350 350 20.6 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 884.1 Ok 350 350 16.2 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 720 Ok 350 350 42.4 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 908 Ok Project 15 400 400 33.4 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 1108.5 Ok 350 350 18.9 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 823.6 Ok Buildings 2021, 11, 323 13 of 28 Table 4. Cont. F Max. - Section Radius of Effective Allowable Actual DESIGN L L1 Strut Type Worst Case, F Area Gyration Length Stress, Fa Stress, fa fa < Fa STRUT (t/m) (m) (m) (cm ) (cm) (m) (ksc) (ksc) 300 300 10.4 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1048.2 635.4 Ok 300 300 28.6 6 6 119.8 7.5 79.9 1225.3 1222.7 Ok Project 16 350 350 24.1 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 948.9 Ok 350 350 18.6 6 6 173.9 8.8 67.9 1128.5 758.8 Ok 300 300 11.6 6.5 6.5 119.8 7.5 86.6 1000.9 744.3 Ok Project 17 350 350 25.5 6.5 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 1069.9 Ok 350 350 22 6.5 7 173.9 8.8 79.2 1053.1 938.3 Ok 350 350 48 6.5 7 347.8 8.8 79.2 1053.1 1013.1 Ok Project 18 400 400 64 6.5 7 437.4 10.1 69.3 1119.3 1067.1 Ok 350 350 50 6.5 7 347.8 8.8 79.2 1053.1 1053.1 Ok 400 400 29 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 977.9 Ok Project 19 400 400 25.5 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 873.9 Ok 400 400 26.9 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 63.7 1154.6 914.3 Ok Project 20 400 400 57.4 6.5 6.5 437.4 10.1 63.7 1154.6 968.3 Ok 400 400 27.6 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 63.7 1154.6 937.2 Ok 400 400 35 6 6 218.7 10.1 59.4 1181 1076.2 Ok Project 21 400 400 61 6 6 437.4 10.1 59.4 1181 952.8 Ok 400 400 57 6 6 437.4 10.1 59.4 1181 897.9 Ok 350 350 18.7 5.5 5.5 173.9 8.8 62.2 1163.9 707.4 Ok Project 22 350 350 36.7 5.5 5.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 696.4 Ok 350 350 45 5.5 5.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 827.6 Ok 350 350 20.7 7 6.5 173.9 8.8 73.5 1091.5 949.2 Ok Project 23 400 400 23.4 8 6.5 218.7 10.1 64.4 1150.7 972 Ok 350 350 29 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 658 Ok 350 350 39 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 844.9 Ok Project 24 350 350 53 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 1068.4 Ok 350 350 55 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 1067.7 Ok 400 400 62 6.5 6.5 437.4 10.1 59.4 1181 1037.4 Ok 350 350 29 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 68.3 1125.6 977.6 Ok Project 25 400 400 40.8 6.5 6.5 347.8 8.8 62.2 1163.9 878 Ok 350 350 26.5 6.5 6.5 218.7 10.1 68.3 1125.6 903 Ok 4.3. System Development After collecting the information support of the kingpost arrangement, this information needed to develop into the module of the system. There were three main stages of devel- oped system. First, the module was initially developed for generating the initial structural kingpost in the 3D model. Next, the clash detection module was developed to identify the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. Third, the relocation module of the kingpost location was developed to relocate the kingpost to a suitable place. After solving the clash problems, a better structural kingpost could ﬁnally be obtained and generated into the 3D model. Figure 10 shows three main stages of the developed system. Each stage had a module that are explained in the following section. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 28 Sec- Unit Moment of Elastic Plastic tional Dimension Wt. Inertia Modulus Modulus Area (mm) 4 3 3 Type (kg/m) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) G h b tw tf A ly lz Wel.y Wel.z Wpl.y Wpl.z 94 300 300 10 15 120 20.41 6.75 1.36 450 1.50 684 H 300 × 300 H 350 × 350 137 350 350 12 19 174 13.59 40.30 2.30 776 2.54 1.17 H 400 × 400 172 400 400 13 21 219 66.62 22.42 3.33 1.12 3.67 1.70 Figure 9. Types of kingposts in Thailand. 4.3. System Development After collecting the information support of the kingpost arrangement, this infor- mation needed to develop into the module of the system. There were three main stages of developed system. First, the module was initially developed for generating the initial structural kingpost in the 3D model. Next, the clash detection module was developed to identify the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. Third, the relocation module of the kingpost location was developed to relocate the kingpost to Buildings 2021, 11, 323 14 of 28 a suitable place. After solving the clash problems, a better structural kingpost could finally be obtained and generated into the 3D model. Figure 10 shows three main stages of the developed system. Each stage had a module that are explained in the following section. Figure 10. Three main stages of the developed system. Figure 10. Three main stages of the developed system. 4.3.1. Module for Generating the Initial Structural Kingpost in the 3D Model In the ﬁrst stage, the initial structural kingpost was generated into the 3D model. The purpose of this module was to determine the kingpost position at any angle of intersection between strut and strut. There were many stages in the module of the structural kingpost generation. First, the user selected all 3D strut models and applied the rule-based approach with the intersection point between horizontal and transverse struts. Then each intersection point was added by (1) strut width with a value of Point X and (2) strut length with a value of Point Y. A new location of intersection point was obtained and generated into the 3D model by using one of the three kingpost family types. Figure 11 shows a module of the structural kingpost generation. 4.3.2. Module for Detecting the Clash Problems When the structural kingpost was obtained into the 3D model, this structure needed to check for detecting the clash problems between kingposts and other elements of un- derground structures. The development of the clash detection module was only focused on (1) kingposts and columns, (2) kingposts and walls, (3) kingposts and beams, and (4) kingposts and foundations that had piles and footings. In the clash detection module, the input of the rule-based approach was applied between the kingpost components and the other elements of underground structures such as beams, walls, columns, piles, and footings. After the detection process, the detected kingposts and elements of underground structures were found and shown in different colours. For example, the detected kingposts were shown in green colour, whereas the detected elements of underground structures were shown in orange colour. Figure 12 shows a module of clash detection between kingposts and underground structures. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 28 4.3.1. Module for Generating the Initial Structural Kingpost in the 3D Model In the first stage, the initial structural kingpost was generated into the 3D model. The purpose of this module was to determine the kingpost position at any angle of intersection between strut and strut. There were many stages in the module of the structural kingpost generation. First, the user selected all 3D strut models and applied the rule-based ap- proach with the intersection point between horizontal and transverse struts. Then each intersection point was added by (1) strut width with a value of Point X and (2) strut length Buildings 2021, 11, 323 15 of 28 with a value of Point Y. A new location of intersection point was obtained and generated into the 3D model by using one of the three kingpost family types. Figure 11 shows a module of the structural kingpost generation. Input Process Output Gridline in transverse direction GL1  (GL11, GL21) No clash points GL2  (GL12, GL22)  3D Strut in transverse False GLg  (GL1g, GL2g) If and horizontal a ⋂ b directions Gridline in horizontal direction True GL1  (GL11, GL21) Clash points GL2  (GL12, GL22)  GLh  (GL1g, GL2h) Value of Point New coordination New Value of Point Value of Point of clash point X1 (X1, Y1, Z) Value of Point New Value of Point Y Y1 Width Convert to w +w Strut dimension (Width = w, Select one type of Length = b) Length Convert to kingpost sizes like 300 x 300 mm, b ̶ b Generate all 3D 350 x 350 mm, kingposts 400 x 400 mm Figure 11. A module of structural kingpost generation. Figure 11. A module of structural kingpost generation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 28 4.3.2. Module for Detecting the Clash Problems When the structural kingpost was obtained into the 3D model, this structure needed to check for detecting the clash problems between kingposts and other elements of under- ground structures. The development of the clash detection module was only focused on (1) kingposts and columns, (2) kingposts and walls, (3) kingposts and beams, and (4) king- posts and foundations that had piles and footings. In the clash detection module, the input of the rule-based approach was applied between the kingpost components and the other elements of underground structures such as beams, walls, columns, piles, and footings. After the detection process, the detected kingposts and elements of underground struc- tures were found and shown in different colours. For example, the detected kingposts were shown in green colour, whereas the detected elements of underground structures Buildings 2021, 11, 323 were shown in orange colour. Figure 12 shows a module of clash detection between16 kiof ng 28 - posts and underground structures. Input Process Output No detected results Input of underground structure element (a) False Detected elements Color the detected If of a elements of a a ⋂ b Input of kingpost True elements (b) Detected results Color the detected elements of b Detected elements Unhide the detected Hide the element of b of b elements of b Figure 12. A module of clash detection between kingposts and underground structures. Figure 12. A module of clash detection between kingposts and underground structures. 4.3.3. Modules for Kingpost Relocation 4.3.3. Modules for Kingpost Relocation After the process of clash detection, the ﬁnding showed the detected kingposts and After the process of clash detection, the finding showed the detected kingposts and other elements of underground structures, including beams, walls, columns, piles, and o footings. ther elemen These ts ofclash underg prro oblems und str wer uctur e visualize es, includ din ing b the eam 3D s, w model. alls, co Tlu o m solve ns, pthe iles,clash and footings. These clash problems were visualized in the 3D model. To solve the clash prob- problems, the kingpost was required to relocate to another angle of intersection between lstr em ut s, t and he kstr ing ut. poTher st wa eswer requ e ifour red tconditions o relocate to of athe noth str erut anintersection. gle of intersec Each tion b condition etween st had rut a thr nd s eetr main ut. Th options ere were f that ou the r co kingpost, nditions o which f the swas trut applied intersectwith ion. E ta he ch c rule-based ondition ha appr d toach, hree ma could in omove ptionsto thanother at the kiangle ngposof t, w intersection hich was abetween pplied wstr ithut thand e rulstr e-b ut. ase For d ap example, proach, c when ould the original location of the kingpost was at the top left-hand side or ﬁrst location, the move to another angle of intersection between strut and strut. For example, when the kingpost was able to move to the other three locations of strut and strut intersection original location of the kingpost was at the top left-hand side or first location, the kingpost such as the second, third or fourth location. Each location had the module, as shown in was able to move to the other three locations of strut and strut intersection such as the Figure 13. Moreover, after relocating the kingpost, it was also re-checked with the clash second, third or fourth location. Each location had the module, as shown in Figure 13. problems. Figures 14–16 show the modules of kingpost relocation to the second, third or Moreover, after relocating the kingpost, it was also re-checked with the clash problems. fourth location. Figures 14–16 show the modules of kingpost relocation to the second, third or fourth lo- cation. 4.4. Software for Developing System To develop a system of kingpost arrangement, it is required to combine the module 4.4. Software for Developing System development with the current available BIM software. In this study, the modules of the To develop a system of kingpost arrangement, it is required to combine the module kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, development with the current available BIM software. In this study, the modules of the which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this system was developed in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the developed system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 28 kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this system was developed in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the devel- oped system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. Table 5. A brief description of each software. Software Icon Description Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction works by following a 3D coordination model. Function: The software consists of all functional disciplines in- cluding structure, architecture, and MEP. Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 Objective: This software is open-source visual programming that allows the user to create the design alternatives, and process the data automation. Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate Buildings 2021, 11, 323 17 of 28 and interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Infor- mation Models, and simulation engines. New value of Point X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 29 New value of Point X1 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 29 kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, = (X + (Ty × 2)) which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo New value of Point Y1 Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this New value of Point Y1 kingpost arrangement were explained in the above section. Moreover, the BIM software, system was = – (Y d e + (T veloped x × 2)) in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) which used to serve in this developed system, consisted of Autodesk Revit and Dynamo detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the devel- Software. Table 5 shows a brief description of each software in this study. As a result, this oped system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. system was developed in three modules, including structural kingpost generation, clash detection of kingpost, and relocation of kingpost. The detailed information on the devel- Table 5. A brief description of each software. oped system with the BIM software was explained in another paper elsewhere. Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Software Icon Description Table 5. A brief description of each software. Table 5. A brief description of each software. Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 Software Icon Description Software Icon Description Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 Name: Autodesk Revit Software Version: 2018 works by following a 3D coordination model. Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction works Objective: Revit software could empower design and construction Function: The software consists of all functional disciplines in- by following a 3D coordination model. works by following a 3D coordination model. clud Function: ing struc The softwar ture, arch e consists itecture, of all and functional MEP. disciplines including Function: The software consists of all functional disciplines in- structure, architecture, and MEP. cluding structure, architecture, and MEP. Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 Name: Autodesk Dynamo Software 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 Objective: This software is open-source visual programming that allows Version: 1. DynamoRevit2.1.0.5697_20180730 Object the userive: to crTh eate is soft the design ware is open-sou alternatives, and rce visu process al the progr dataamming that 2. DynamoInstall2.0.2 automation. allows the user to create the design alternatives, and process the Objective: This software is open-source visual programming that Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate and data automation. allows the user to create the design alternatives, and process the interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Information Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate Models, and simulation engines. data automation. and interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Infor- Function: When uses with other applications, it can manipulate mation Models, and simulation engines. and interconnect complex systems such as CAD, Building Infor- mation Models, and simulation engines. New value of Point X1 New value of Point X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) = (X + (Ty × 2)) New value of Point X1 New value of Point X1 = (X + = (X + (Ty × 2)) (Ty × 2)) New value of Point Y1 New value of Point Y1 New value of Point Y1 New value of Point Y1 = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) = – (Y + (Tx × 2)) Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Figure 13. Three options of kingpost relocation. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 18 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 28 Input Process Output No detected results Flase Input of Color the detected If Detected elements of a underground elements of a a ⋂ K2 structure element True (a) Color the detected Detected results elements of K2 Detected elements of K2 Unhide the detected elements of K2 Select 3D New 3D kingpost kingpost elements location K2 Value of Point Z New value of Point New coordination Point of kingpost Value of Po int Y Y1 = (Y + (Tx × 2)) (X, Y1, Z) Value of Point X Compare vec tor by Distance value two points X//Xc result Tx Value of Point Xc Value of Point Yc Value of Point Zc Clash Point c Detected results Strut in Transverse False transverse strut, Lt If Select 3D Strut Lt ⋂ Lh elements True Strut in Horizontal horizontal strut, Lh No detected results Figure 14. A module of kingpost relocation to the second location. Figure 14. A module of kingpost relocation to the second location. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 19 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 28 Input Process Output No detected results Input of False underground Color the detected If Detected elements of a structure element elements of a a ⋂ K3 True (a) Color the detected Detected results elements of K3 Detected elements of K3 Unhide the detected elements of K3 Select 3D New 3D kingpost kingpost elements location K3 Value of Point Z New value of Point New coordination Point of Value of Point X X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) (X1, Y, Z) kingpost Value of Point Y Compare vector by two Distance value points Y//Yc result Ty Value of Point Yc Value of Point Xc Value of Point Zc Clash Point c Detected results Strut in Transverse False transverse strut, Lt If Select 3D Strut Lt ⋂ Lh elements Strut in Horizontal True horizontal Strut, Lh No detected results Figure 15. A module of kingpost relocation to the third location. Figure 15. A module of kingpost relocation to the third location. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 20 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 28 Input Process Output No detected results False Input of If Color the detected Detected elements of a underground a ⋂ K4 elements of a True structure element (a) Detected results Color the detected elements of K4 Detected elements of K4 Unhide the detected elements of K4 Select 3D New 3D kingpost kingpost location K4 Value of Point Z New value of Point New coordination Value of Point Y Point of kingpost Y1 = (Y + (Tx x 2)) (X1, Y1, Z) Value of Point X New value of Point X1 = (X + (Ty × 2)) Compare vector by Distance value two points X//Xc result Tx Value of Point Xc Distance Compare vector by value Value of Point Yc two points Y//Yc result Ty Value of Point Zc Clash Point c Strut in Transverse Detected results False transverse strut, Lt If Select 3D Strut Lt ⋂ Lh elements Strut in Horizontal True horizontal strut, Lh No detected results Figure 16. A module of kingpost relocation to the fourth location. Figure 16. A module of kingpost relocation to the fourth location. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 21 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 28 5. A System Testing with a Case Study 5. A System Testing with a Case Study 55.1. .1. D Description escription oof f tthe he PPr rooject ject A A p prroject oject of ofbasement basement constr consuction tructioin n iBangkok, n BangkoThailand, k, Thailand was , w selected as selec as tea d a case s astudy case s for tudv yalidating for valida the ting system. the syst In em this . In t pr hoject, is protwo ject, t of w ﬁ oce ofbuildings fice buildin had gs h seven ad sev ﬂoors, en floo and rs, athe nd height was 22.9 m. Furthermore, the total area of the three-ﬂoor basement was 4911.2 m . the height was 22.9 m. Furthermore, the total area of the three-floor basement was 4911.2 This basement was used to serve as a car parking lot. The width of the deep excavation m . This basement was used to serve as a car parking lot. The width of the deep excavation was 31.5 m, the length was 77.7 m, and the depth was 14.6 m. Last, a 3D model of the was 31.5 m, the length was 77.7 m, and the depth was 14.6 m. Last, a 3D model of the underground structure was developed by using Autodesk Revit Software. Figure 17 shows underground structure was developed by using Autodesk Revit Software. Figure 17 the 3D model of the basement. shows the 3D model of the basement. F Figure igure 1 17. 7. T Thr hree ee-ﬂoor -floor b basement asement o of f o of ffﬁce ice b building uilding c constr onstru uction ction iin n t the he 3 3D D m model. odel. 5.2. Results of a System Testing 5.2. Results of a System Testing After each module of the system was completely developed and tested with a case After each module of the system was completely developed and tested with a case study, the results could dramatically change the process of kingpost arrangement. First, the study, the results could dramatically change the process of kingpost arrangement. First, module of kingpost generation required a few steps for generating the structural kingpost the module of kingpost generation required a few steps for generating the structural king- in a 3D model. Moreover, it spent less time and required less user interaction in the kingpost post in a 3D model. Moreover, it spent less time and required less user interaction in the generation process. Next, the module for detecting the clash of kingpost can present a kingpost generation process. Next, the module for detecting the clash of kingpost can pre- clear picture of all underground structure elements that clashed with the kingpost in a 3D sent a clear picture of all underground structure elements that clashed with the kingpost model at the same time. This also required the user to process the clash detection in a few in a 3D model at the same time. This also required the user to process the clash detection steps. Last, the kingpost relocation module allowed the user to change the location of the in a few steps. Last, the kingpost relocation module allowed the user to change the loca- kingpost easier and did not require much experience or skill for some engineers to ﬁnd a tion of the kingpost easier and did not require much experience or skill for some engineers suitable place to solve the clash between kingposts and underground structures. In short, to find a suitable place to solve the clash between kingposts and underground structures. these three modules of the kingpost arrangement provided the user less interaction with In short, these three modules of the kingpost arrangement provided the user less interac- the system and less time to know the result of each module. Each module test was shown tion with the system and less time to know the result of each module. Each module test in the next section. was shown in the next section. 5.2.1. Step 1: Initial Structural Kingpost Generation in the 3D Model 5.2.1. Step 1: Initial Structural Kingpost Generation in the 3D Model i. Input Data Process of Structural Kingpost Generation i. Input Data Process of Structural Kingpost Generation The structural kingpost generation aimed to determine the quantity and position of The structural kingpost generation aimed to determine the quantity and position of kingpost at any angle of intersection between strut and strut and generate in the 3D model. kingpost at any angle of intersection between strut and strut and generate in the 3D model. The input information was begun by choosing the structural strut in the 3D model. Then, The input information was begun by choosing the structural strut in the 3D model. Then, the user should select one of three kingpost types. Table 6 shows input information and the user should select one of three kingpost types. Table 6 shows input information and the interface of the kingpost generation. the interface of the kingpost generation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 22 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 28 Table 6. The input and interface of the structural kingpost generation. Table 6. The input and interface of the structural kingpost generation. Input Interface Input Interface Table 6. The input and interface of the structural kingpost generation. Input Interface Select all struts in the 3D model Select all struts in the 3D model Select all struts in the 3D model ii. The Result of Structural Kingpost Generation ii. The Result of Structural Kingpost Generation After the input information was obtained from the structural strut selection in the After the input information was obtained from the structural strut selection in the 3D 3D model, the dynamo ran the calculation process for determining the kingpost numbers model, the dynamo ran the calculation process for determining the kingpost numbers and ii. The Result of Structural Kingpost Generation and generated the structural kingpost in the 3D model. As a result, 48 kingposts were generated the structural kingpost in the 3D model. As a result, 48 kingposts were deter- determined After the inp from utthe inform intersection ation wa between s obtainstr edut from t and str heut str and uctur shown al strin ut s Table elect7 ion . Mor in t eover he 3D , mined from the intersection between strut and strut and shown in Table 7. Moreover, these kingposts were generated in the 3D model and shown in Figure 18. model, the dynamo ran the calculation process for determining the kingpost numbers and these kingposts were generated in the 3D model and shown in Figure 18. generated the structural kingpost in the 3D model. As a result, 48 kingposts were deter- Table 7. The result of structural kingpost generation. mined from the intersection between strut and strut and shown in Table 7. Moreover, Table 7. The result of structural kingpost generation. these kingposts were generated in the 3D model and shown in Figure 18. Generation of Structural Kingpost Finding Results Generation of Structural Kingpost Finding Results Kingpost Numbers 4 12 = 48 Kingpost Numbers 4 × 12 = 48 Table 7. The result of structural kingpost generation. Generation of Structural Kingpost Finding Results Kingpost Numbers 4 × 12 = 48 Figure 18. An initial structural kingpost generation in plan and 3D views. Figure 18. An initial structural kingpost generation in plan and 3D views. Figure 18. An initial structural kingpost generation in plan and 3D views. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 23 of 28 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 28 5.2.2. Step 2: Clash Detection of Structural Kingpost 5.2.2. Step 2: Clash Detection of Structural Kingpost i. Input Data Process of Clash Detection i. Input Data Process of Clash Detection After obtaining the initial structural kingpost, it was applied for detecting the clash 5.2.2. Step 2: Clash Detection of Structural Kingpost problems between kingposts and other underground structures. In the input requirement, After obtaining the initial structural kingpost, it was applied for detecting the clash i. Input Data Process of Clash Detection the user is required to select between kingposts and underground structures. There were problems between kingposts and other underground structures. In the input require- After obtaining the initial structural kingpost, it was applied for detecting the clash five ment, cases the of c user lash isdetectio requiredn. The to select se case between s were kingposts included and (1) kin under ggr po ound sts and str w uctur alls, es. (2) Ther king- e problems between kingposts and other underground structures. In the input requirement, posts and were ﬁve be cases ams, (3) of clash kingposts and detection. foo These tings, cases (4) kin were gposts included and (1) pile kingposts s, and (5) kingposts and walls, the user is required to select between kingposts and underground structures. There were (2) kingposts and beams, (3) kingposts and footings, (4) kingposts and piles, and (5) king- and columns. All clash occurrences were checked at the same time. Table 8 shows the five cases of clash detection. These cases were included (1) kingposts and walls, (2) king- posts and columns. All clash occurrences were checked at the same time. Table 8 shows input information and interface. posts and beams, (3) kingposts and footings, (4) kingposts and piles, and (5) kingposts the input information and interface. and columns. All clash occurrences were checked at the same time. Table 8 shows the Table 8. The input and interface of clash detection. input information and interface. Table 8. The input and interface of clash detection. Input Interface Input Interface Table 8. The input and interface of clash detection. Input Interface Select model elements -> Select 3D king- Select model elements -> Select 3D kingposts Select model elements -> Select 3D king- model posts model posts model Select model elements -> Select other 3D Select model elements -> Select other 3D Sunder elect m ground odel e str lem uctur ent es s - including > Select o columns, ther 3D underground structures including col- walls, beams, piles, and footings underground structures including col- umns, walls, beams, piles, and footings umns, walls, beams, piles, and footings ii. The Result of Clash Problems ii. The Result of Clash Problems The underground structures, which included piles, footings, columns, walls, and The underground structures, which included piles, footings, columns, walls, and ii. The Result of Clash Problems beams, were chosen to detect the clash occurrences with the kingposts. Then, the clash beams, were chosen to detect the clash occurrences with the kingposts. Then, the clash The underground structures, which included piles, footings, columns, walls, and detection found between kingposts and underground structures was obtained in a 3D en- detection found between kingposts and underground structures was obtained in a 3D beams, were chosen to detect the clash occurrences with the kingposts. Then, the clash vironment. Figure 19 shows the finding of kingpost clash detection. environment. Figure 19 shows the ﬁnding of kingpost clash detection. detection found between kingposts and underground structures was obtained in a 3D en- vironment. Figure 19 shows the finding of kingpost clash detection. Figure 19. Clash detection of kingposts in a 3D environment. Figure 19. Clash detection of kingposts in a 3D environment. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 of 29 Figure 19. Clash detection of kingposts in a 3D environment. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 24 of 28 5.2.3. Step 3: Relocation of Kingpost i. Input Data Process of Kingpost Relocation In the ki 5.2.3.ngpost rel Step 3: Relocation ocation, of the cl Kingpost ash was solved by modifying the kingpost to another angle of intersection between strut and strut. In the input information, there were three i. Input Data Process of Kingpost Relocation main tasks for the user. First, the user clicked the select elements button and went to select In the kingpost relocation, the clash was solved by modifying the kingpost to another the kingpost and strut components in the 3D model. The information about the selected angle of intersection between strut and strut. In the input information, there were three kingpost and strut could primarily explain the original location of the kingpost. Then, the main tasks for the user. First, the user clicked the select elements button and went to user should select one of the options to tell the kingpost position. Last, the user could select the kingpost and strut components in the 3D model. The information about the choose one option to move from the original location of the kingpost to one of three relo- selected kingpost and strut could primarily explain the original location of the kingpost. cation loThen, cations. T the user able should 9 shows the select ione nput requ of the ir options ement and to tell int the erfkingpost ace of a k position. ingpost reloc Last,athe - user could choose one option to move from the original location of the kingpost to one tion. of three relocation locations. Table 9 shows the input requirement and interface of a kingpost relocation. Table 9. The input and interface of kingpost relocation. Input Interface Table 9. The input and interface of kingpost relocation. Input Interface Select a 3D ki Select ngp a 3D ost kingpost modelmodel ii. The Result of Kingpost Relocation When the input was provided in the kingpost relocation module, the Autodesk ii. The Result of Kingpost Relocation Dynamo Software processed the data for relocating the kingpost to another angle of When the input was provided in the kingpost relocation module, the Autodesk Dy- intersection between strut and strut. After relocating the kingpost, the clash detection namo Software processed the data for relocating the kingpost to another angle of intersec- process ran to check the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures tion between strut and strut. After relocating the kingpost, the clash detection process ran at the same time. If the relocation results still detected clash problems, the user had to to check the clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures at the run this relocation process again. Thus, the kingpost relocation could overcome the clash same time. If problem the rel of kingposts. ocation resul Table ts stil 10 shows l detethe cted cla results sh of probl the kingpost ems, the user ha relocation. d to run this relocation process again. Thus, the kingpost relocation could overcome the clash problem of kingposts. Table 10 shows the results of the kingpost relocation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 29 Buildings 2021, 11, 323 25 of 28 Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Table 10. Results of the kingpost relocation. Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (before) Kingpost Relocation (after) Clash Detection (Before) Kingpost Relocation (After) 013 014 013 014 013 014 014 013 013 014 013 014 013 014 015 016 015 016 015 016 015 016 015 015 016 016 015 016 015 016 017 017 018 018 017 018 6. Discussion of System 019 Development To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another interview 6. Discussion of System Developmen t 6. Discussion of System Development with the same experts. The ﬁnding results of the developed system 020 were signiﬁcantly To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another interview with determined and explained in the following section. To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another i nterview with the same experts. The finding results of the developed system were significantly deter- First, this study has improved the visualization environment of the kingpost arrange- the same experts. The finding results of the developed system wer 020 e significantly deter- 6. 6. Disc Disc ussion ussion of S of S ystem Developmen ystem Developmen t t mined and explained 019 0 in the 19 following section. ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional practice. mined and explained in the following section. To comprehensi First, this study ha vely s i understa mproved the visuali nd the system, i zation t was brought to environment of the another i kingpost nterview arrange- with However To comprehensi , it is limited v ely to display understa the nclashes d the syst between em, it was brought to kingposts and under another i ground nterv structur iew wi es.th First, this study has improved the visualization environment of the kingpost arrange- 6. ment Discussion . Two-d of S imension ystem Developmen al drawings were t usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- the same 6. the same Disc Then, ussion exp the exp e development rts. The e of S rts. The ystem Developmen find find of ing the ing results of th system results of th aimed t e deve e deve to visualize lope lope d sy d the sy stem wer clashes stem wer in e signific the e signific 3D envir antly deter antly deter onment. - - ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection module was devel- mined tice. However, i and explainted is li in the mited to di followin spla g sec y th tion. e clashes between kingposts and underground mined and explained in the following section. To comprehensi To comprehensi vely vely understa understa nd the syst nd the syst em, i em, i t was brought to t was brought to ana other i nother i nterv nterv iew iew wi wi th th tice. However, it is limited to display the clashes between kingposts and underground oped to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the BIM technology structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D First, thi First, thi s study ha s study ha s im s iproved the visuali mproved the visuali zation zation enviro enviro nment of the nment of the kingpost kingpost arrange- arrange- 6. Discussion of System Development the same experts. The finding results of the developed system were significantly deter- 6. the same Discussion expe of S rts. The ystem Developmen finding results of th t e developed system were significantly deter- structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Finally, the 3D clash ment environment. Based . Two-dimension on the al drawing arrangement s were usu inform ally used ation o by t f k h ie ngpost, th engineer e clash in tradit detection mod- ional prac- ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- mined mined and ex and ex plain plain ed ed in the in the followin followin g sec g sec tion. tion. To comprehensively understand the system, it was brought to another interview with environment. Based To comprehensi on the vely arr understa angement nd the syst informem, i ation o t was brought to f kingpost, the clash another i detection mod- nterview with results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the module of clash detection ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the tice. However, i tice. However, i t is li t is li mimi ted to di ted to di spla spla y th y e clash the clash es b es b etween kingp etween kingp osts and osts and und und ergroun ergroun d d First, thi First, thi s study ha s study ha s im s iproved the visuali mproved the visuali zation zation enviro enviro nment of the nment of the kingpost kingpost arrange- arrange- the same experts. The finding results of the developed system were significantly deter- ule w the same as deve exp loped to identify the clash erts. The finding results of th proble e deve ms. Then, thi loped sy sstem wer module ie n signific tegrated antly deter with the - provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. structure BIM technolo s. Then, the gy for deve visula opment of the system lizing all clash problems aimed to on each kin visualize the gpost at clashe the same s in the time. 3D Fi- structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D ment ment . Two-d . Two-d imension imension al dr al dr awing awing s were s were usu usu ally ally used used by t by t he hengine e engine er er in t in t radit radit ional ional pr pr ac- ac- mined and explained in the following section. BIM mined technolo and ex gy for plainv ed isu in the alizing followin all clasg sec h problems tion. on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- Second, each module of the system could help the user with the kingpost arrange- environment. Based nally, the 3D clash on the result s were arrangement succesinform sfully visualized on each ation of kingpost, th ki e clash ngpost. Thus detection mod- , the mod- environment. Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection mod- tice. However, i tice. However, i t is li t is li mimi ted to di ted to di spla spla y th y e clash the clash es b es b etween kingp etween kingp osts and osts and und und ergroun ergroun d d First, this study has improved the visualization environment of the kingpost arrange- nally, the 3 First, thi D cls as study ha h results were s improved the visuali successfully visualized on each zation environment of the kingpost. Thus kingpost , the mod- arrange- ment. The user just created the basement and structural strut in the 3D model. Then, ule w ule of c as deve lash d loped to identify the clash etection provided the advantage problems. Then, thi of visualization s modul in th ee 3D integra environ ted wi m th the ent. ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D ment. Two-dimensional drawings were usually used by the engineer in traditional prac- the user can apply this system for generating the structural kingpost, detecting the clash ule ment of c. Two-d lash detection provided the imensional drawings advantage were usua olly f visualization used by the in engine the 3D er environ in traditm ioent. nal prac- BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- environment. Based environment. Based on the on the arr arr angement angement inform inform ation o ation o f kfi k ngpost, th ingpost, th e clash e clash detection mod- detection mod- tice. However, it is limited to display the clashes between kingposts and underground problems between kingposts and underground structural elements, and arranging the tice. However, it is limited to display the clashes between kingposts and underground nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the structure suitable s. Th location en, theof deve the l kingpost. opment of the system Moreover, this aimed to system requir visualize the ed little input clashe information s in the 3D to structures. Then, the development of the system aimed to visualize the clashes in the 3D ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. BIM BIM technolo technolo gy for gy for vis vu is au lia zling izing al al l cl la cs lh problems ash problems onon each kin each kin gpos gpos t at t at th e same the same time. time. Fi-Fi- automatically run its function. At last, a better structure of kingpost was ﬁnally generated environment. Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection mod- environment. Based on the arrangement information of kingpost, the clash detection mod- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- nawithout lly, the 3the D cl clashes ash resu between lts were kingposts successfu and lly under visualized on each ground structur kin es. gpost. Thus Therefore,, the mod- the user ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the ule was developed to identify the clash problems. Then, this module integrated with the did not need to have a high knowledge or skill related to the kingpost arrangement. The ule ule of c of c lash d lash d etection provided the etection provided the advantage advantage of visualization of visualization in in the 3D the 3D environ environ ment. ment. BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- BIM technology for visualizing all clash problems on each kingpost at the same time. Fi- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- nally, the 3D clash results were successfully visualized on each kingpost. Thus, the mod- ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. ule of clash detection provided the advantage of visualization in the 3D environment. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 26 of 28 preliminary design can help contractors to estimate the cost of the temporary item for deep excavation work. Although the automated system for supporting the kingpost arrangement work is developed successfully, it still has a limitation that encourages many scholars who are interested in this problem to study more in the future. First, the only ﬁxing number of kingpost sizes used in this research included HR400 mm, HR350 mm, and HR300 mm. Although different ground layers could have different lateral forces in the deep excavation, different numbers of kingpost sizes could be selected for supporting the strutting system. Thus, the development of the structural kingpost generation module did not consider the design work. Moreover, the engineers could separately use each module of the kingpost arrangement. They could skip the generation module of structural kingpost and directly use the modules of clash detection and kingpost relocation. Second, since this system has developed with the practical knowledge of kingpost arrangement and BIM technology, it was expected that some junior engineers would be allowed to properly arrange the structural kingpost. To prove this idea, this study also aims to bring the developed system for testing with some junior engineers. This testing will allow these engineers to use the system and interview them to learn about the beneﬁts and limitations of the system. By knowing about the perception of some junior engineers, we will be able to improve the developed system too. However, due to the time limitation in this study, this study does not have enough time to prove the testing result for junior engineers. 7. Conclusions Due to traditional practice and some available construction programs, the kingpost arrangement was still unable to visualize concurrent clashes between each kingpost and underground structures at the same time. To solve this problem, this research study used visual programming interaction with Building Information Modelling. The developed system uses the concept of integrating expertise and BIM technologies to detect and resolve clash problems between the kingposts and underground structures. In the methodology, the information supporting the kingpost arrangement was initially collected from experts’ interviews of subcontractor companies in Thailand. This information has characteristics of (1) structural kingpost generation, (2) clash detection of kingpost, and (3) kingpost relocation. Then, the provided information was used to develop the modules of the system. Last, the system was developed by BIM technology. In this developed system, there were three main functions: (1) structural kingpost generation, (2) clash detection of kingpost, and (3) the relocation of kingpost location. In short, the development of this system could support the kingpost arrangement and improve the visualization of clash problems in the 3D model. This study has only focused on the arrangement of the structural kingpost. Future research studies are encouraged to focus on other components of the strutting system, such as the platform. The platform structure should be analyzed for effectively supporting the road access with heavy equipment, such as excavators and trucks, in the deep excavation process. Therefore, to avoid other constructible problems, further studies should focus on adapting the advanced construction technology with the platform structure. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; methodology, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; software, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; validation, V.P., P.N. and T.T.; formal analysis, V.P. and P.N.; investigation, V.P. and P.N.; resources, V.P. and T.T.; data curation, P.N.; writing—original draft preparation, V.P. and P.N.; writing—review and editing, V.P. and P.N.; visualization, P.N.; supervision, V.P. and T.T.; project administration, V.P. and T.T.; funding acquisition, V.P. and P.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the 90th Anniversary Fund of Chulalongkorn University (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund) and the ASEAN scholarship program. Data Availability Statement: The data are available on request from the corresponding author. Buildings 2021, 11, 323 27 of 28 Acknowledgments: Authors would like to thank all engineers who provide in-depth information and the valuable comments about the strut system preliminary design, especially Nirundorn Nata, Technical Manager from Altemtech Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. References 1. Fantaziu, C.; Chirila, R. Study Achievement of Deep Excavations from the Point of View of Their Effects on Surrounding Existing Buildings. J. Sustain. Arch. Civ. Eng. 2014, 7, 74–80. [CrossRef] 2. Chao, S.H.; Karki, N.B.; Sahoo, D.R. Seismic Behavior of Steel Buildings with Hybrid Braced Frames. J. Stru. Eng. 2013, 139, 1019–1032. [CrossRef] 3. Kaveh, A.; Abadi, A.S.M. Harmony Search Based Algorithms for the Optimum Cost Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls. Inter. J. Civ. Eng. 2011, 9, 1–8. 4. Askew, I. 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Buildings – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Published: Jul 27, 2021

Keywords: structural kingpost; building information modeling (BIM); clash detection

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Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

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Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

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