Abstract

Tourism activities essentially represent the interaction between crowds and attractions. Thus, crowd dynamics are critical to the quality of the tourism experience in personalized tour recommendations. In order to generate dynamic, personalized tour routes, this paper develops a tourist trip design problem with crowd dynamics (TTDP-CD), which is quantified with the crowd dynamics indicators derived from mobile tracking data in terms of crowd flow, crowd interaction, and crowd structure. TTDP-CD attempts to minimize the perceived crowding and maximize the assessed value of destinations while minimizing the total distance and proposes a two-stage route strategy of “global optimization first, local update later” to deal with the sudden increase in crowding in realistic scenarios. An evolutionary algorithm is extended with container-index coding, mixed mutation operators, and a global archive to create a personalized day tour route at the urban scale. To corroborate the performance of this approach, a case study was carried out in Dalian, China. The results demonstrate that the suggested method outperforms previous approaches, such as NSGA-II, MOPSO, MOACO, and WSM, in terms of performance and solution quality and decreases real-time crowding by an average of 7%.