Evaluating BIPV Fa&ccedil;ades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

Esam M. H. Ismaeil; Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih

doi:10.3390/buildings13051110

Evaluating BIPV Façades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

Ismaeil, Esam M. H.;Sobaih, Abu Elnasr E.

2023-04-22 00:00:00

buildings Article Evaluating BIPV Façades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , Esam M. H. Ismaeil * and Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih * Civil and Environment Department, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia Architecture and Urban Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt Management Department, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia Hotel Management Department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Helwan University, Cairo 12612, Egypt * Correspondence: emohamed@kfu.edu.sa (E.M.H.I.); asobaih@kfu.edu.sa (A.E.E.S.) Abstract: Enhancing contractual construction project documents with sustainability and green build- ing requirements reﬂects growing concerns for the majority of organizations in hot zone districts. The aim is to provide a healthy, best functional performance, safe environment with occupant comfort, and an efﬁcient building performance as an environmental-friendly building. This research study develops a holistic evaluation system for the façade composite of contractual documents. The aim of the current study was to enhance building energy performance under the sustainability rating system focusing on adapting active envelope energy applications. The research used technical evaluation with energy simulation based PVsyst V7.1.0 software and contractual status evaluation for an ongoing unique case study project in Saudi Arabia. Feasibility analysis was carried out for a sustainable active envelope using the adopted speciﬁcations of the Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) façade item instead of the contractual passive item in the Giftedness and Creativity Center project. The project was registered in the sustainability rating system called Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The results showed that using BIPV facades as an active renewable energy source Citation: Ismaeil, E.M.H.; Sobaih, enhances building energy performance over the project life cycle. Additionally, it generates 68% A.E.E. Evaluating BIPV Façades in a of energy demand as a nearly-zero energy project. Several other advantages include lower cost Building Envelope in Hot Districts for than tender cost without any contractual conﬂicts, energy savings per year, project upgrade to the Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A platinum certiﬁcate, added value to the public investment, CO emission reduction, and barrels of Saudi Arabian Perspective. Buildings oil saved. 2023, 13, 1110. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/buildings13051110 Keywords: sustainable rating system; building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) facades; sustainable Academic Editors: Paulo Santos and building; nearly-zero energy; energy performance Mark Bomberg Received: 7 March 2023 Revised: 11 April 2023 Accepted: 17 April 2023 1. Introduction Published: 22 April 2023 Ensuring sustainable future is a key objective of the UN 2030 vision, which is highly acknowledged by the UN General Assembly under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aim at achieving a comfortable and safe life, planet protection, development plans to prevent hunger and poverty, and reducing environmental degradation [1]. The Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. SDGs include 17 goals, 169 targets, and 244 indicators [2,3]. The goal number 7 in SDGs Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. aims to enclose the affordable and adoption of clean energy, which has become the priority This article is an open access article of many countries worldwide. distributed under the terms and Saudi Arabia is the top country among the Gulf cooperation countries GCC in electric- conditions of the Creative Commons ity consumption. Figure 1 illustrates the growth consumption of electricity for the six GCC Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// countries from 1990 to 2018 [4,5]. The carbon emissions from energy consumption have creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ a long-term effect on the economic development in GCC [6–8]. Saudi Arabia is the top 4.0/). Buildings 2023, 13, 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051110 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 Saudi Arabia is the top country among the Gulf cooperation countries GCC in elec- Saudi Arabia is the top country among the Gulf cooperation countries GCC in elec- tricity consumption. Figure 1 illustrates the growth consumption of electricity for the six tricity consumption. Figure 1 illustrates the growth consumption of electricity for the six GCC countries from 1990 to 2018 [4,5]. The carbon emissions from energy consumption Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 2 of 22 GCC countri have a long es from 19-term effect 90 to 2018 [4 on ,5 the econom ]. The carbon emissions fro ic development in G m energy con CC [6–8]. sumption Saudi Ar abia is the have a longtop -term effect among th on e G the econom CC countries ic deve in CO lopme 2 emissions where nt in GCC [6 it prod –8]. Saud uces i Ar 471.82 M abia is th tonn e es of CO2 top among th (18 tonn e GCCes of coun CO tries 2/person). in CO2 em Fig issions where ure 2 shows the fo it prod recast of CO uces 471.82 M 2 emissi tonn ons f es of r CO om 20 2 11 to 2050 among the GCC countries in CO emissions where it produces 471.82 M tonnes of CO 2 2 (18 tonnes of in G COCC coun 2/person). trie Fig s [ u9 re 2 ,10]. T sho hw erefore s the fo , th recast of CO e GCC countri 2 emissi es, vi ons f a new p rom 20 o11 lic to 20 ies, mea 50 sures, and (18 tonnes of CO /person). Figure 2 shows the forecast of CO emissions from 2011 to 2050 2 2 in GCC coun legi trie sla s [ tive 9,10] ins . T trumen herefore ts, ar , th ee promoting GCC countri susets, vi ainab a new p le urban develop olicies, mea msent an ures, an d cle d an energy in GCC countries [9,10]. Therefore, the GCC countries, via new policies, measures, and legislative instruments, are promoting sustainable urban development and clean energy efficiency aspects, e.g., PV systems technology [10–14]. legislative instruments, are promoting sustainable urban development and clean energy efficiency aspects, e.g., PV systems technology [10–14]. efﬁciency aspects, e.g., PV systems technology [10–14]. Figure 1. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries electric power consumption 1990–2018. Figure 1. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries electric power consumption 1990–2018. Figure 1. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries electric power consumption 1990–2018. Figure 2. Forecast of CO emissions from 2011 to 2050 in GCC countries. Figure 2. Forecast of CO2 emissions from 2011 to 2050 in GCC countries. Figure 2. Forecast of CO2 emissions from 2011 to 2050 in GCC countries. The Saudi Arabia Kingdom (KSA) with 2030 Vision, is aiming to regulate the newly The Saudi Arabia Kingdom (KSA) with 2030 Vision, is aiming to regulate the newly constructed buildings after the country was labeled with the highest ecological footprint in The Saudi Arabia Kingdom (KSA) with 2030 Vision, is aiming to regulate the newly constructed buildings after the country was labeled with the highest ecological footprint 2007 [15]. The major goals of KSA 2030 Vision include a good life for society, a ﬂourishing constructed buildings after the country was labeled with the highest ecological footprint in 2007 [15]. The major goals of KSA 2030 Vision include a good life for society, a flourish- economic status, and an aspirant Saudi nation [16]. The three main goals comprise nine in 2007 [15]. The ma ing sub-goals economi jor goals of c with statbr us, a KSA 203 oadnline d an aspi pr 0 V ojects isira on i nt and nSaudi nati climplementation ude a good on [ l1 if6 e] measur . The t for society, es, hree especially ama flourish- in goa inlener s compri gy se aspects, 13 implementation programs to achieve the 96 strategic objectives [17–19]. The ing economi nine c stat sub us, a -gon al d s w an aspi ith bro raa nt d Saudi nati line projecon ts and [16] impleme . The three ntama tion in me goa as ls compri ures, especi se ally in en- report of the renewable energy projects development ofﬁce at the Ministry of Energy, will nine sub-goergy als w aspe ith bro cts, a13 imp d line projec lementation pro ts and impleme grams to ntation achi me eve t ash ures e 96 st , especi rategi alc objecti ly in en-ves [17–19]. reduce the domestic energy consumption which is expected to exceed 120 gigawatts by the ergy aspects, The repor 13 impltementation pro of the renewable ener grams to gy proj achieve t ects de he 96 st velopm rat ent o egic objecti ffice at the ves [1 Mi7–1 nistr 9]y . of Energy, year 2032 [20]. The report o wi f the ll reduce renewthe domest able energy proj ic energy consumpt ects development o ion which i ffice at the s expect Mini ed strty o exceed 120 gi of Energy, gawatts will reduce the domestic energy consumption which is expected to exceed 120 gigawatts by the year 2032 [20]. by the year 2032 [20]. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 3 of 22 The national renewable energy program under the prosperous economy goal aims to establish the largest solar energy project plant in the world (located between 35 north and 35 south of the Kingdom) to generate 200 gigawatts at the cost of USD 200 billion in 2030 via solar plants. The ﬁrst stage costs USD 5 billion with a capacity of 7.2 gigawatts [21,22]. The second stage is in Sakaka city—Al-Jouf region with 300 megawatts of clean energy for 45,000 housing units. The third stage offers 12 projects in phases with a total value of about USD 4 billion and produces 6.77 MW [21,22]. The solar system in construction projects in Saudi Arabia is still limited, where the use of renewable energy production in building roofs is about 1.6% of the existing renewable energy in Saudi Arabia. The KSA Vision plans to make the Kingdom a global logistics hub, promoting mining and energy industries, and solar systems in construction projects in line with the gulf standards for green building construction projects, which became mandatory procedures for all local municipalities in the major gulf countries [23,24]. 1.1. Sustainable Rating Systems Green and sustainable buildings contribute to a better environment, sustainability processes, and beneﬁts to building owners and users throughout the project lifecycle [25]. The regulations, which were addressed in green buildings, include a coalition of more than 80 countries around the world become mandatory in most of these countries in the building code for all public and private sector construction projects [26]. Qatar has incorporated QSAS and GSAS certiﬁcation in green building, comprising 140 sustainability assessment mechanisms, divided into eight sections [27,28]. Abu Dhabi green building regulations is running under the name of the pearl rating system in UAE and is the sustainability rating system for UAE to support sustainability from design to implementation to operation, including communities, buildings, and villas [29]. Lebanon has a Lebanese Green Building Association LGBC as a cedar system for green building evaluation and assessment [30]. Saudi Arabia established a sustainable building program and launched a building sustain- ability assessment “Mostadam” aims to raise the quality of life in residential buildings besides reducing water and electricity consumption, which will positively affect family health, the building internal environment, and reduce the operational cost [22,31]. LEED is an American sustainability rate system that supports buildings to consider a triple bottom-line approach to achieve returns for people, planet, and proﬁt. LEED 2009 consists of rating systems for new design and construction, building operation, houses, and residential neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the specialties available under the LEED program called LEED rating systems, consisting of credit and prerequisites for the green building certiﬁcation program [32,33]. The LEED 2009 system established points of potential environmental impacts and human beneﬁts for each credit. LEED v4.1 version includes efﬁciency selections of energy, water, site, material, daylight, and waste management. The LEED rating system consists of perquisites, credits, and points that could be managed in a points system or a scorecard in eight categories with a total of 110 points. The four certiﬁcation levels start from certiﬁed (40–49 points), then silver (50–59 points), gold (60–79 points), and platinum (80+ points) [32–34]. BREEAM is the British Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, which is the sustainability assessment for buildings, master planning, infrastructure, and asset conservation [35,36]. The Australian Green Star rating system uses a robust assessment process. [37]. The common international sustainable building certiﬁcation and rating systems are LEED, BREEAM, and DGNB—“German Association for Sustainable Building”. A comparison between these international well-known rating systems is illustrated in Table 1. The BREEAM and LEED have several advantages, a strong system and large market use with a score of more than 75 points [38,39]. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 4 of 22 Table 1. Review comparison of well-known sustainable rating systems. BREEAM LEED CASBEE Green Star HK-BEAM Popularity and inﬂuence 10 10 6 5 5 Availability 7 7 7 8 8 Methodology 11 10 13 9 11 Applicability 13 13 11.5 10 9 Data collecting process 7 7 6 9 8 Accuracy and veriﬁcation 8 7 9 5 5 User-friendliness 8 10 6 8 8 Development 8 8 7 8 8 Results presentation 3 3 4 3 4 Final Score 75 75 69.5 65 66 1.2. Solar BIPV Modules in Building Envelopes Different types of Solar PV panels serve different needs and purposes, while the classiﬁcation by generation focuses on the materials and efﬁciency of different types of solar PV panels. The PV panels in the ﬁrst-group solar are the traditional types of solar PV panels made of monocrystalline silicon or polysilicon, which are most commonly used with efﬁciency 21–23%. The PV panels cells in the second-group solar are thin-ﬁlm solar PV cells (TFSC) such as silicon, cadmium, amorphous silicon solar PV cell, or copper onto a substrate, primarily used for to integrate buildings with photovoltaic power stations or smaller solar PV systems with efﬁciency 15–41%. The PV panels in the third generation solar include a variety of thin-ﬁlm technologies; most of them are still in the research or development phase using organic materials. and some using inorganic substances, e.g., CdTe, concentrated PV cell curved mirror surfaces, CVP, and HCVP [40,41] with efﬁciency 15–18%. These different renewable resources and energy storage systems can reduce CO emissions and costs by 50% [27,42] and affect ﬁnancial returns [35,38]. The application of photovoltaic PV as a construction element in architectural structures and buildings is an abbreviation of the building-integrated photovoltaic BIPV. The key market driver for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) was the European Directive 2010/31/EU [43]. The BIPV facades consider the energy road map for several countries in the construction industry [44]. The advantages of using BIPV façades are the production of renewable electric clean energy, contributing to increase the degree of buildings sustainabil- ity towards net-zero energy construction [45], producing more renewable energy on-site or close to the building, and support for CO and heat island reduction [46]. Planning buildings with multifunctional BIPV systems is an essential for architectural design and environmental concern [47]. BIPV module surfaces are manufactured as ﬂat or ﬂexible type to be integrated in the building envelope. BIPV efﬁciency and productivity, which can be installed on roofs and façades, are affected by orientation, shading, and surrounding surfaces reﬂections [48,49]. Figure 3 shows the component of BIPV panels and Figure 4 shows different international examples of BIPV facade design with the production rate [50]. The idea of integrating PV panels with the building elements increases the prospects of renewable energy systems, and the assessment of BIPV potential is considered as a pre- liminary fundamental step towards supporting public decision-makers to achieve energy transition goals [51]. The global BIPV market experienced fast growth, and the annual worldwide BIPV market was predicted to be more than 11,500 MWp in 2019 with high investment in the solar energy market. Table 2 shows the global installation forecast of the BIPV growth from 2014 to 2020 [51,52]. Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 22 Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 5 of 22 Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 22 Figure 3. component of BIPV panels. Figure 3. Component of BIPV panels. Figure 3. component of BIPV panels. Figure 4. Different international examples of BIPV facade design. Figure 4. Different international examples of BIPV facade design. Table 2. The global installation forecast of the BIPV growth from 2014 to 2020 (MW). The idea of integrating PV panels with the building elements increases the prospects Figure 4. Different international examples of BIPV facade design. of renewable energy systems, and the assessment of BIPV potential is considered as a pre- Region/Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 CAGR % liminary fundamental step towards supporting public decision-makers to achieve energy The idea of integrating PV panels with the building elements increases the prospects Asia/Paciﬁc 300 492 722 1159 1672 2329 3.134 47.8 transition goals [51]. The global BIPV market experienced fast growth, and the annual of renewable energy systems, and the assessment of BIPV potential is considered as a pre- Europe 650 967 1441 2103 2929 3807 4838 39.7 worldwide BIPV market was predicted to be more than 11,500 MWp in 2019 with high USA 319 476 675 917 1200 1491 1766 33.0 liminary fundamental step towards supporting public decision-makers to achieve energy investment in the solar energy market. Table 2 shows the global installation forecast of the Canada 42 61 86 119 157 190 228 32.6 transition goals [51]. The global BIPV market experienced fast growth, and the annual BIPV growth from 2014 to 2020 [51,52]. Japan 143 201 268 349 434 520 612 27.5 worldwide BIPV market was predicted to be more than 11,500 MWp in 2019 with high Rest of world 81 125 184 263 355 451 561 37.9 Total (GW) 1.5 2.3 3.4 4.9 6.7 8.8 11.1 investment in the solar energy market. Table 2 shows the global installation forecast of the BIPV growth from 2014 to 2020 [51,52]. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 6 of 22 This research discusses a holistic approach, which presents a comprehensive guideline of measuring and calculating the speciﬁcations of sustainable clean energy in the construc- tion industry. The research adopted this approach in a pioneer case study to achieve the triple bottom sustainability beneﬁts in energy consumption for an ongoing construction project inside an existing public campus in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, signiﬁcant goals could be accomplished. First, at the project level, complete analysis and simulation were con- ducted to improve the speciﬁcations of the external envelope. It contributed to shifting the building towards a nearly zero energy building by covering more than 68% of the needed energy from renewable energy resources. It also contributed to the sustainability ranking of the case study in the sustainable rating system without any contractual conﬂicts. Second, at the campus level, a complete actual sustainable guideline approach was presented to the decision maker to apply the results to the remaining 76 campuses construction project. This contributed to reduction of the energy consumption, CO emission, and heat island loads, and enhancing the skyline looking at the whole campus. Third, at the Saudi Arabian level, these guideline speciﬁcations submitted an actual updating of applying renewable energy regulations and speciﬁcations. The signiﬁcant contribution of the building facades and rooftops is to contribute to the required clean energy resource as a part of the Saudi vision 2030. The study analysis for the case study built its approach based on two phases. The ﬁrst phase is a numerical feasibility comparison in energy performance between the tender façade composite design and the new façade composite design. The second phase is the calculation of the clean energy production value and potential quantity of the sustainability points in energy performance. It can be applied in the case study to upgrade the existing sustainability ranking. The case study which was selected is registered in the LEED NC v3 sustainable rating system and awarded 37 points in the design phase and possibly pending 31 points in the construction phase. The holistic approach focuses on upgrading the design system of the building envelope from a passive energy envelope to an active energy envelope based on technical feasibility assessment and numerical comparison analysis, giving due consideration to project execution status, project cost, contractual situation, environmental impacts, and excellency needs. The study opens the gate for various studies for improving contractual construction project documents with sustainability for enhancing building energy performance, under the sustainability rating system focusing on adapting active and passive envelope energy applications. Therefore, the next main questions arose. What is the practical approach to modifying contractual construction project documents to improve the building energy performance? Is it worth making a cost analysis to convert the passive envelope to an active envelope? What are the contractual risks encountered in the project in this case ? To answer these questions, the paper highlights the main research problem and explores the methods used. Then, it presents the results of the evaluation and assessment for the numerical calculations of the design of a new solar module cladding to the case study shell. The paper then concludes the research and discusses its limitation and future search venues. 2. Methodology The energy efﬁciency enhancing process using the composite active facade based renewable energy technologies system to adapt contractual construction documents to the sustainability requirements in public building is an increasing concern. It aims to maximize the environmental beneﬁts. The case study project was registered in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED organization (LEED NC v3) to obtain golden certiﬁcation with 68 points (37 point in design document—31 points expected after project handover) according to ﬁrst design document review. The study used PVsyst V7.1.0 software for data analysis, the design process, and the sizing system for solar systems, performing a simulation run system, and a comparison analysis. PVsyst V7.1.0 software speciﬁes parameter details, and analyzes ﬁne effects such as thermal behavior, wiring, module quality, mismatch and incidence angle losses, horizon (far shading), or partial shadings Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 7 of 22 of near objects on the array. Results include several dozen simulation variables displayed in monthly, daily, or hourly values [53]. The outcomes are the speciﬁc PV production (kWh/kWp year), annual PV production (MW), and the performance factor. The research used HAP software for energy analysis to make energy consumption comparisons, to operate design costs, and support green building design alternatives in buildings [54]. The holistic evaluation used technical feasibility assessment and numerical comparison analysis. It aims to explore the quantity of the upgrading process for the sustainable points earned in energy and atmosphere EA criteria of the sustainable rating system in LEED NCv3 in a unique project in Saudi Arabia as a case study between 2019–2022. Therefore, the holistic evaluation was conducted based on two stages. The ﬁrst stage was designed based on PVsyst V7.1.0 software for energy simulation, focusing on the main shell skeleton envelope structure. The study conducted the numerical feasibility comparison between the tender façade design document, consisting of composite aluminum with tempered glass. It also redesigned the facade with BIPV modules to calculate energy improvement quantity, considering the unbalance in bidding value status. The second stage involves adjusting the results according to energy improvement quantity in the ﬁrst stage. Therefore, the study explores points obtained in an energy sustainable rating system score based on using the available points in two credits from energy and atmosphere EA criteria. The ﬁrst credit is EAc2: on-site renewable energy credit, while the second credit is EAc1: optimized energy performance credit. The study used the data from three essential sustainable ranking tables from LEED NC v3 to explore and illustrate the study results. Table 3 illustrates the sustainable 7 criteria with a total of 110 points in LEED NC v3. Table 4 illustrates sustainability credit and points in US LEED NC v3. Energy and Atmosphere (EA) criteria. It consists of 3 perquisites and 6 credits with a total of 36 points. Table 5 illustrates sustainable credit and points details in Energy and Atmosphere criteria including sustainable points in credit EAc1: optimized energy performance and credit EAc2: on-site renewable energy. It is used as an achievement parameter in energy generation [31–33]. The other parameters to evaluate the feasibility of the results include a contractual impact study of this comparison and ﬁnancial issue in variation order. The building shell skeleton was executed by the main contractor and the Chinese subcontractor. To make the ﬁnal envelope from solar BIPV modules, high technical coordination of all technical teams was required [32,40]. Table 3. Sustainability credit and points in US LEED NC v3. Section to Cover Total No. of Criteria No. of Prerequisites No. of Credits No. of Points Sustainable sites 15 1 14 26 Water efﬁciency 4 1 3 10 Energy & atmosphere 12 3 9 35 Material & Resources 8 1 9 14 Indoor environmental quality 17 2 15 15 Innovation & design 2 0 2 6 Regional priority 4 0 4 4 Total 65 8 73 110 2.1. Case Study The case study project is one of the important projects at the King Faisal university campus. The design of the project was started in 2015 in accordance with the strategic plan of the university under the name of the project of the center for talent and the center for research and consultation. It aimed to support the university’s strategic objectives in developing talent and research and experimental studies for students and faculty members. It also aimed to become one of the centers for research and development as well as to achieve the Kingdom’s vision in developing human energy [54]. The building was designed with Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 8 of 22 a unique design on a building area of about 15,000 square meters, with a basement and four recurring ﬂoors. Figure 5 illustrates the project tender ground ﬂoor and perspective. Figure 6 illustrates the tender shell steel structure with length 117 m width, 71 m, maximum height 35 m, and gate height 12 m in the conceptual design of the envelope from composite aluminum and structure glazing, which in its philosophy represents the human mind as a center of talent, sense, and development [54,55]. Both buildings under the shell form the left and right lobes of the mind. The building consists of 66 classes and training halls, seminar exhibition and discussion halls, halls for visiting researchers, and a modernized hall that can accommodate about 280 students. It also contains a large hall for students that can accommodate about 280 students. The building’s exterior envelope dimension is 117 m in length, 71 m in width, and 35 m in maximum height, with a total area of about 9520 m [54,55]. The envelope is a steel structure with 1200 tonnes, and the cover for the steel structure is designed from composite aluminum with 6200 m and double structure glazing with 3300 m . Figure 7 illustrates the calculated electrical and mechanical energy load consumption in the tender design after execution which include the total demand loads for the building reaching about 1275 kW, including 355 kW for mechanical loads (air handling units, elevators, fan coil units, fountains, water pumps), 852 kW for power loads, and 426 kW for lighting loads [55]. The project in the design stage accomplished an energy cost saving of 23.23% which helps the project to obtain 6 points and raise the sustainability rating system points [54,55]. Table 4. Energy and atmosphere criteria in LEED NC V3 (35 points). Credit Credit Title Criteria Points EA Prereq 1 Fundamental commissioning of the building energy systems EA Prereq 2 Minimum energy performance EA Prereq 3 Fundamental refrigerant management EA Credit 1 Optimize energy performance 19 EA Credit2 On-site renewable energy 7 EA Credit 3 Enhanced commissioning 2 EA Credit 4 Enhanced refrigerant management 2 EA Credit 5 Measurement & veriﬁcation 3 EA Credit 6 Green power 2 Total 35 2.2. Case study: Energy Simulation Document The study used PVsyst V7.1.0 software for energy simulation, focusing on the main shell skeleton envelope structure which structurally is separate from the building structure. The study divided the envelope into ﬁve main areas based on project longitude and latitude, solar zone radiation, and sun movement. Figure 8 shows the ﬁve division for the shell on the satellite image of the actual constructed case study project location with primary simulation for each area. The study conducted energy simulation for 4750 BIPV module design cover for the shell skeleton envelope. The results from using the PVsyst V7.1.0 software include simulation parameters, grid-connected system, near shading deﬁnition, main results, special graphs, loss diagram, cost of the system, ﬁnancial analysis, CO balance. Figure 9 illustrates the simulation results for the ﬁnal study, the solar BIPV module project using PVsyst V7.1.0 software. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 9 of 22 Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 22 Table 5. Sustainability points in Credit EAc2: on site renewable energy, and Credit EAc1: optimize energy. Credit EAc1: Optimize Energy Performance Credit EAc2: on Site Renewable basement and four recurring floors. Figure 5 illustrates the project tender ground floor New Building Existing Building Renovation LEED Points Percentage of Renewable Energy LEED Points and perspective. Figure 6 illustrates the tender shell steel structure with length 117 m 12% 8% 1 1% 1 width, 71 m, maximum height 35 m, and gate height 12 m in the conceptual design of the 14% 10% 2 3% 2 envelope from composite aluminum and structure glazing, which in its philosophy rep- 16% 12% 3 5% 3 resents the human mind as a center of talent, sense, and development [54,55]. Both build- 18% 14% 4 7% 4 20% ing 16% s under the shell form the 5 left and right lobes of the 9% mind. The building cons 5ists of 66 22% 18% 6 11% 6 classes and training halls, seminar exhibition and discussion halls, halls for visiting re- 24% 20% 7 13% 7 searchers, and a modernized hall that can accommodate about 280 students. It also con- 26% 22% 8 tains a large hall for students that can accommodate about 280 students. The building's 28% 24% 9 exterior envelope dimension is 117 m in length, 71 m in width, and 35 m in maximum 30% 26% 10 height, with a total area of about 9520 m [54,55]. The envelope is a steel structure with 32% 28% 11 34% 120 30% 0 tonnes, and the cover 12 for the steel structure is designed from composite aluminum 2 2 36% 32% 13 with 6200 m and double structure glazing with 3300 m . Figure 7 illustrates the calculated 38% 34% 14 electrical and mechanical energy load consumption in the tender design after execution 40% 365 15 which include the total demand loads for the building reaching about 1275 kW, including 42% 38% 16 355 kW for mechanical loads (air handling units, elevators, fan coil units, fountains, water 44% 40% 17 pumps), 852 kW for power loads, and 426 kW for lighting loads [55]. The project in the 46% 42% 18 48% design stage 44% accomplished19 an energy cost saving of 23.23% which helps the project to obtain 6 points and raise the sustainability rating system points [54,55]. Figure 5. The project tender ground floor and perspective. Figure 5. The project tender ground ﬂoor and perspective. 2.3. Case Study: Sustainable Rating System Document The challenge for the building professionals and building designers in the sustainable design process is how a building meets all sustainable requirements. The project was regis- tered in the LEED organization under LEED NC v3 rating system for golden certiﬁcation. According to the design document review, the project obtained in total 68 points, including 37 points awarded in the design phase and potential expected 31 points that could be achieved in the construction processes phase. Tables 6 and 7 illustrate awarded points distribution in the design phase of the LEED NC v3 sustainability rating system checklist for the case study project. It includes the Talent & Research Project which awarded points distribution in all criteria of the LEED NC v3 sustainability rating system checklist, the points distribution in the case study project design phase and that expected in the con- Figure 6. Tender shell steel structure with length 117 m, width 71 m, and maximum height 35 m. Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 22 basement and four recurring floors. Figure 5 illustrates the project tender ground floor and perspective. Figure 6 illustrates the tender shell steel structure with length 117 m width, 71 m, maximum height 35 m, and gate height 12 m in the conceptual design of the envelope from composite aluminum and structure glazing, which in its philosophy rep- resents the human mind as a center of talent, sense, and development [54,55]. Both build- ings under the shell form the left and right lobes of the mind. The building consists of 66 classes and training halls, seminar exhibition and discussion halls, halls for visiting re- searchers, and a modernized hall that can accommodate about 280 students. It also con- tains a large hall for students that can accommodate about 280 students. The building's exterior envelope dimension is 117 m in length, 71 m in width, and 35 m in maximum height, with a total area of about 9520 m [54,55]. The envelope is a steel structure with 1200 tonnes, and the cover for the steel structure is designed from composite aluminum 2 2 with 6200 m and double structure glazing with 3300 m . Figure 7 illustrates the calculated electrical and mechanical energy load consumption in the tender design after execution which include the total demand loads for the building reaching about 1275 kW, including 355 kW for mechanical loads (air handling units, elevators, fan coil units, fountains, water pumps), 852 kW for power loads, and 426 kW for lighting loads [55]. The project in the design stage accomplished an energy cost saving of 23.23% which helps the project to obtain 6 points and raise the sustainability rating system points [54,55]. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 10 of 22 struction phase in all criteria of the LEED NC v3 sustainability rating system checklist—the sustainability score reached 37 points for the design document and expected 31 in the construction execution processes phase—and the points distribution expected in the con- struction phase after applying the case study results in energy and atmosphere EA criteria (EA credit1+EA credit2) in the LEED NC v3 sustainability rating system. The authors and sustainability team started to make full details of all points gained in the design phase. They focused on the attempted points to classify the potential to achieve more points in ongoing construction based on Energy and Atmosphere (EA) criteria [33–35]. The total criteria goal points in Energy and Atmosphere EA in LEED NC are 35 points. The project’s total awarded points in Energy and Atmosphere EA criteria were 8 points (6 points awarded in the credit optimized energy performance, and 2 points awarded in the enhanced refrigerant management) in the design phase review [33,34]. Figure 5. The project tender ground floor and perspective. Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 22 Area lighting Equipment lighting Task lighting Pumps &Aux Electricity usage Yenthiator fans Refrigeration Heat rejection Space cooling Water heat pump M. pump sup. Space heating Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 22 Figure 6. Figure 7. Tender shell st The calculated ele eel st ctr ructure ical and mecha with length 117 m, width 71 m, and nical energy loads consumption in tender maximum height 35 m. design. Figure 6. Tender shell steel structure with length 117 m, width 71 m, and maximum height 35 m. 2.2. Case study: Energy Simulation Document Area lighting The study used PVsyst V7.1.0 software for energy simulation, focusing on the main Equipment lighting Task lighting shell skeleton envelope structure which structurally is separate from the building struc- Pumps &Aux ture. The study divided the envelope into five main areas based on project longitude and Electricity usage latitude, solar zone radiation, and sun movement. Figure 8 shows the five division for the Yenthiator fans shell on the satellite image of the actual constructed case study p Refr ro iger ject ation location with pri- Heat rejection mary simulation for each area. The study conducted energy simulation for 4750 BIPV Space cooling module design cover for the shell skeleton envelope. The results from using the PVsyst Water heat pump V7.1.0 software include simulation parameters, grid-connected system, near shading def- M. pump sup. Space heating inition, main results, special graphs, loss diagram, cost of the system, financial analysis, CO2 balance. Figure 9 illustrates the simulation results for the final study, the solar BIPV Figure 7. The calculated electrical and mechanical energy loads consumption in tender design. Figure modu 7. leThe project calculated using PV electrical syst V7 and .1.0 mechanical software. ener gy loads consumption in tender design. 2.2. Case study: Energy Simulation Document The study used PVsyst V7.1.0 software for energy simulation, focusing on the main shell skeleton envelope structure which structurally is separate from the building struc- ture. The study divided the envelope into five main areas based on project longitude and latitude, solar zone radiation, and sun movement. Figure 8 shows the five division for the shell on the satellite image of the actual constructed case study project location with pri- mary simulation for each area. The study conducted energy simulation for 4750 BIPV module design cover for the shell skeleton envelope. The results from using the PVsyst V7.1.0 software include simulation parameters, grid-connected system, near shading def- inition, main results, special graphs, loss diagram, cost of the system, financial analysis, CO2 balance. Figure 9 illustrates the simulation results for the final study, the solar BIPV module project using PVsyst V7.1.0 software. Figure 8. shows the five division for the shell in the case study actual satellite image with primary Figure 8. Shows the ﬁve division for the shell in the case study actual satellite image with primary simulation for each area. simulation for each area. Figure 8. shows the five division for the shell in the case study actual satellite image with primary simulation for each area. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 11 of 22 Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22 4750 9 Figure 9. Simulation results for final study Solar BIPV module project using PVsyst V7.1.0 software. Figure 9. Simulation results for ﬁnal study Solar BIPV module project using PVsyst V7.1.0 software. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 12 of 22 Table 6. Awarded Points distribution in design phase of LEED NC v3 rating system checklist for the case study project. Project Checklist Talented and Research Center Project ID 1000036424 Rating System & Version LEED-NC v2009 Project Registration Date 10/22/2013 Indoor Environmental Sustainable Sites Possible Points: 9 of 26 Possible Points: 6/15 Quality Prereq 1 Construction Activity Pollution Prevention N Prereq. 1 Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Y Credit 1 Site Selection 1/1 Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke ETS Control Y Credit 2 Development Density and Community Connectivity 0/5 Credit 1 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 1/1 Credit 3 Brownﬁeld Redevelopment 0/1 Credit 2 Increased Ventilation 0/1 Construction IAQ Management Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access 0/6 Credit 3.1 0/1 Plan—During Construction Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage and Construction IAQ Management Credit 4.2 0/1 Credit 3.2 0/1 Changing Rooms Plan—Before Occupancy Alternative Transportation—Low-Emitting and Credit 4.3 3/3 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants 0/1 Fuel-Efﬁcient Vehicles Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation—Parking Capacity 2/2 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings 0/1 Credit 5.1 Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat 0/1 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems 0/1 Low-Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agri Credit 5.2 Site Development—Maximize Open Space 1/1 Credit 4.4 0/1 ﬁber Products Credit 6.1 Stormwater Design—Quantity Control 1/1 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 1/1 Credit 6.2 Stormwater Design—Quality Control 0/1 Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems—Lighting 1/1 Credit 7.1 Heat Island Effect—Non-roof 1/1 Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems—Thermal Comfort 1/1 Credit 7.2 Heat Island Effect—Roof 1/1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort—Design 1/1 Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 0/1 Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort—Veriﬁcation 1/1 Credit 8.1 Daylight and Views—Daylight 0/1 Water Efﬁciency Possible Points: 8 of 10 Credit 8.2 Daylight and Views—Views 0/1 Innovation and Possible Points: 2/6 Design Process Prereq 1 Water Use Reduction—20% Reduction Y Credit 1 Water Efﬁcient Landscaping 2/4 Credit 1.1 Innovation in Design: Speciﬁc Title 0/1 Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 2/2 Credit 3 Water Use Reduction 4/4 Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design: Speciﬁc Title 0/1 Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 13 of 22 Table 6. Cont. Project Checklist Talented and Research Center Project ID 1000036424 Rating System & Version LEED-NC v2009 Project Registration Date 10/22/2013 Indoor Environmental Sustainable Sites Possible Points: 9 of 26 Possible Points: 6/15 Quality Credit 1.3 Innovation in Design: Speciﬁc Title 1/1 Energy and Atmosphere Possible Points: 8 of 35 Credit 1.4 Innovation in Design: Speciﬁc Title 1/1 Credit 1.5 Innovation in Design: Speciﬁc Title 0/1 Credit 2 LEED Accredited Professional 0/1 Prereq 1 Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems N Regional Priority Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance Y Possible Points: 4/4 Credits Prereq 3 Fundamental Refrigerant Management Y Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 6/19 Credit 2 On-Site Renewable Energy 0/7 Credit 1.1 Regional Priority: Speciﬁc Credit 1/1 Credit 3 Enhanced Commissioning 0/2 Credit 1.2 Regional Priority: Speciﬁc Credit 1/1 Credit 4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 2/2 Credit 1.3 Regional Priority: Speciﬁc Credit 1/1 Credit 5 Measurement and Veriﬁcation 0/3 Credit 1.4 Regional Priority: Speciﬁc Credit 1/1 Credit 6 Green Power 0/2 Total Possible Points: 37/110 Materials and Resources Possible Points: 0/14 Prereq 1 Storage and Collection of Recyclables Y Credit 1.1 Building Reuse—Maintain Existing Walls, Floors, and Roof 0/3 Building Reuse—Maintain 50% of Interior Credit 1.2 0/1 Non-Structural Elements Credit 2 Construction Waste Management 0/2 Credit 3 Materials Reuse 0/2 Credit 4 Recycled Content 0/2 Credit 5 Regional Materials 0/2 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 0/1 Credit 7 Certiﬁed Wood 0/1 Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 14 of 22 Table 7. The classiﬁcation of points in energy and atmosphere checklist in LEED NC v3 sustainability rating system checklist in the construction phase for the case study project. Points Status after Final Type of Credit Credit Credit Title Design Review Attempted Awarded Pending Denied 16 9 0 0 Sustainable Sites Prereq 1 Construction Activity Pollution Prevention construction Awarded 1 1 Credit 1 Site Selection design Awarded 5 Credit 2 Development Density &Community Connectivity design Awarded 3 3 Credit 4.3 Alternative transportation, Low Emittance & Fuel efﬁciency vehicles design Awarded 2 2 Credit 4.4 Alternative transportation & Parking capacity design Awarded 1 Credit 5.1 Site development, protect or restore habitat construction 1 1 Credit 5.2 Site development, maximize open space design Awarded 1 1 Credit 6.1 Stream water design, quantity control design Awarded 1 Credit 7.1 Heat island effect, non roof construction 1 1 Credit 7.2 Heat island effect, roof design Awarded 13 11 0 0 Water Efﬁciency Prereq Water Use Reduction design Awarded 5 3 Prereq Water efﬁcient landscaping design Awarded 2 3 Prereq Innovative wastewater technologies design Awarded 5 5 Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction design Awarded 19 9 0 0 Energy and Atmosphere 7 Prereq 1 Fundamental Commissioning of the building energy systems construction Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance design Awarded Prereq 3 Fundamental Refrigerant Management design Awarded 12 7 3 Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance design Awarded 3 Credit 3 Enhanced comissioning construction 2 2 Credit 4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management design Awarded 2 Credit 5 Measurement & verﬁcation construction 4 0 0 0 Materials and Resources Prereq 1 Storage and Collection of Recyclables design Awarded 1 Credit 2 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning construction Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 15 of 22 Table 7. Cont. Points Status after Final Type of Credit Credit Credit Title Design Review Attempted Awarded Pending Denied Credit 3 Material reuse construction 2 Credit 5 Regional material 1 Credit 4 recycled content construction 11 6 0 0 Indoor Environmental Quality Prereq 1 Minimum IAQ performance design Awarded Prereq. 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control design Awarded 1 1 Credit 1 Outdoor Air delivery monitoring design Awarded 1 Credit 3.1 Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan during construction construction 1 Credit 3.2 Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan before occupancy construction 1 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, adhesive & sealant construction 1 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, plants &coatings construction 1 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, ﬂooring system construction 1 1 Credit 5 Indoor chemical & pollution source control design Awarded 1 1 Credit 6.1 construability of systems, lighting design Awarded 1 1 Credit 6.2 construability of systems, thermal comfort design Awarded 1 1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort, design design Awarded 1 1 Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, veriﬁcation design Awarded 6 2 0 0 Innovation 1 1 Credit 1.1 Green Foundation program 1 Credit 1.2 Innovation in design 1 1 Credit 1.3 Innovation wastewater technologies 1 1 Credit 1.4 Green cleaning policy 1 Credit 1.5 Innovation in design 1 Credit 2 LEED accredited professional Total Points 68 37 31 4 Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 16 of 22 Therefore, the ofﬁcial sustainability team held more than 14 workshops to discuss upgrading the building tools, materials, and systems in a technical and ﬁnancial study [53]. One important alternative was to convert the shell envelope from composite aluminum 2 2 with 6000 m and tempered double glazing roof with 3500 m to solar BIPV modules as on-site renewable energy with an area of 9500 m to achieve ﬁve signiﬁcant goals; ﬁrst: enhance energy performance to build a pioneer project in the whole gulf countries in the public campus sector to achieve nearly net zero energy by retroﬁtting for the ongoing or existing project, second: avoiding the risk to the project of not be gold certiﬁcation and achieve the potential to upgrade the certiﬁcation to the platinum certiﬁcate, third: to achieve the modern architectural shape, fourth: maximize energy saving in total demand loads for the building, which reaches about 1.2 MWp, and ﬁfth: to maximize the sustainability impacts, and extend the life span of the building while providing a healthy and safe living environment in cities as well as promoting a culture of green buildings based on international sustainability standards with actual application in hot areas [53,54]. Solar BIPV (building integrated photovoltaic) modules as renewable energy can sig- niﬁcantly contribute to LEED certiﬁcation. The solar BIPV contributes in the Energy and Atmosphere category (EA), e.g., on-site renewable energy credit, which offers up to 7 LEED points, demonstrating over 17% of the points for certiﬁcation. Ventures chasing for certiﬁ- cation through LEED-NC V3009 use the beneﬁts of on-site renewable energy, which give up to 7 points for providing up to 13% of the building’s energy with on-site renewables as illustrated in Table 5. The performance of the venture was calculated according to the energy produced by the renewable systems as annual energy cost percentage of the building and the number of points achieved according to Table 5. Electricity and heat generated on-site were sold to the local grid connections at a premium stage. Nonetheless, this relatively humble delineation of what constitutes "renewable energy" has become more complex by integrating technologies. Hence, LEED-NC V3009 has attempted to deﬁne renewable energy more comprehensively [53–55]. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Sustainable Rating System Impact The study team members with external experts reviewed every detail related to the efforts made to draw the maximum beneﬁts of building a shell structure envelope. It was carried out to enhance the sustainability team’s effort to raise the ability to be an active shell as well as to obtain the golden certiﬁcate from the LEED organization. In contrast, the project could submit another 20 points for energy and atmosphere credit in the construction phase process to have 51 points instead of 31 points. It means that the total points in the design and construction phases will be 88 points. This, the project will be under a platinum certiﬁcate instead of a gold certiﬁcate. These 20 points are explained in the succeeding paragraphs. The credit EAc1: Optimize Energy Performance intends to increase energy perfor- mance levels behind the prerequisite standard to make the environmental and economic impact reduction associated with extensive energy use, by using option 1 mentioned in the credit for whole building energy simulation. The committee with experts demonstrated a percentage improvement in the proposed building performance rating as compared to the baseline building performance rating. The committee, with support from experts, also calculated the baseline building performance mentioned in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard [56] (see Appendix G). The sustainable team used solar BIPV energy PVsyst V7.1.0 software by applying 4750 bifacial monocrystalline solar BIPV modules with 310 W: 360 W power in different efﬁciency and transparent for the whole Solar BIPV shell envelope. 90.1-2007. The team used a software simulation for the case study building. According to the tender design and after electromechanical system selection by the site technical team using HAPP software, the total load connecting TLC was 1267 kWh (0.355 MW for mechanical equipment and 0.896 MW for power and lighting loads). It means that the total load demand TLD was Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 17 of 22 1367 kWh, resulting in 3700 MW/year with total cost (according to tariff cost 0.33 SAR/kW) of 1221.000 SAR/year. The project with an active shell can generate about 925 kWp with 1320 MW/year, with total cost (according to tariff cost 0.33 SAR/kW) of 436.000 SAR/year as a cost-saving. It presents about 36% of the total demand of energy in the project which can give 13 points in the rating system LEED NC v3. The credit EAc2: requirements use on-site renewable energy systems to offset building energy cost intents to increase on-site renewable energy self-supply to reduce negative environmental and economic consequences. According to it, the team calculated venture performance by checking the energy produced by the active shell as a renewable energy system as a percentage of annual energy cost and use in the building. The active shell produces 925 kW/p and 1320 MW/year. The total demand energy TDL in the project is 1367 kWh and 3600 MW/year. Therefore, according to production hours, the percentage of energy produced from the active shell as a renewable energy source as kW/p is 68% of the total energy needed for the case study building. It enables the project to obtain 7 points in the rating system. Table 7 illustrates classiﬁcation of points in the energy and atmosphere checklist in the LEED NC v3 sustainability rating system checklist in the construction phase for the case study project. Table 8 shows the classiﬁcation of points in energy and atmosphere in the case study checklist in credit EAc2: on site renewable energy, and Credit EAc1: optimize energy performance in the construction phase. Table 8. The classiﬁcation of points in energy and atmosphere in case study checklist in credit EAc2: on site renewable energy, and Credit EAc1: optimize energy performance in construction phase. Points Status after Criteria Type of Awarded Awarded in Credit Title Final Design Goal Credit in Design Construction Credit Review Phase Phase Fundamental Commissioning of EA Prereq 1 construction on going the building energy systems EA Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance design Awarded Fundamental Refrigerant EA Prereq 3 design Awarded Management 19 6 13 EA Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance design Awarded 7 7 EA Credit2 On-site renewable energy construction on going 2 EA Credit 3 Enhanced commissioning construction on going Enhanced Refrigerant 2 2 EA Credit 4 design Awarded Management 3 EA Credit 5 Measurement & veriﬁcation construction on going 2 EA Credit 6 Green Power construction on going 35 8 20 28 3.2. Contractual Document Conﬂict The new item cost is less than 17% of the main contractor tender item price and could be contractually approved. Therefore, the authors reviewed and compared all tender bidders’ documents related to the shell structure component with the solar BIPV energy system cost as a new contractual item. They rechecked if there was any contractual conﬂict between the costs for all bidders in this item, so that any kind of contractual objection did not occur from any related authorized reviewers. 3.3. Execution Process Impact The sustainable team coordinated with solar BIPV energy experts to submit design drawings between the existing shell structure and the active shell envelope from solar BIPV energy modules. The team also undertook the technical procedures to connect the solar BIPV system inverter. The main project electrical board was connected to the main building switchgear according to the distribution of the solar BIPV envelope and the remaining Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 18 of 22 Buildings Buildings 2022, 12 2022 , x FO , 12 R P , x FO EERR P REEER VIEW RE VIEW 18 of 22 18 of 22 Buildings Buildings Buildings 2022 2022 2022 ,, 12 12, x FO , x FO , 12, x FO R P R PEER EER R PEER R RE EVIEW VIEW REVIEW 18 of 18 of 18 of 22 22 22 Buildings Buildings Buildings Buildings 20222022 , 12 2022 2022 , x FO , 12 ,, 12 12 , x FO R P , x FO , x FO EER R P R P R P EER REER EER EVIEW R R R EVIEW E EVIEW VIEW 18 of 18 of 22 18 of 18 of 22 22 22 Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 22 solar BIPV system components such as cables, junctions, and combiners. In addition, the execution time matched the project’s approved baseline schedule time. Table 9 shows the envelope envelope that a th ffeat ct a s red ffect us c red tionu o cf t ion 7 tonn of 7 es o tonn f CO es o 2 f ann CO u 2a ann lly and ually sa and ving s of av o ing il bur of on iling bur con- ning con- envelope envelope envelope th that at th a aat f ff fe a ect ct ffs s e red red cts red u uc ct tion ion uct o ion of f 7 7 o tonn tonn f 7 tonn es o es o es o f f CO CO f CO 2 2 ann ann 2 ann u ua ally lly ua and and lly and s sa av v s iing ng av of i of ng o o of iill bur bur oil bur n ning ing n con- ing con- con- envelope envelope envelope envelope that th a th th at ffat at e a ct a a ffs f e f red f f ct e ect ct s red s u s red red ction uc u u tc c o ion t tion ion f 7 o tonn o o f 7 f f tonn 7 7 tonn tonn es o es o f CO es o es o f CO 2 f f CO CO ann 2 ann 2 2 u ann ann ally ua u u and lly a ally lly and s and and av s ing s a sv a ai of v v ng iing ng o of i of of l bur o o o il bur iin ll bur bur ing n con- ing n ning ing con- con- con- envelope that affects reduction of 7 tonnes of CO2 annually and saving of oil burning con- multi-beneﬁts of using BIPV in the shell envelop compared with the tender envelope that 2 2 2 2 2 sumption sumption sumption to about 7 Barrels/m to about 7 Barrels/m to about 7 Barrels/m 2 . The co 2. The co 2 . The co st st of of the proposed so st the proposed so of the proposed so lar BIPV lar BIPV lar BIPV modules modules modules is le is le ss th is le ss th an ss th an an sumption sumption to about 7 Barrels/m to about 7 Barrels/m 2 . The co . The co st of st the proposed so of the proposed so lar BIPV lar BIPV modules modules is le is le ss th ss th an an sumption sumption sumption sumption to about 7 Barrels/m toto to about 7 Barrels/m about 7 Barrels/m about 7 Barrels/m . The co . The co . The co . The co st of st st the proposed so st of of of the proposed so the proposed so the proposed so lar BIPV lala la r BIPV r BIPV r BIPV modules modules modules modules is le is le ss th is le is le ss th an ss th ss th an an an sumption affects reduction to about 7 Barrels/m of 7 tonnes of. 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A ddid tion d did tion a ition llya, la al ly lll , ybuild al , al l build l build ing ing roof ing roof s are roof s are des s are des igne des igne d as o igne d as o d as o ut- ut- ut- the cost o about 7 Barr f th els/m e correspond . The cost ing item. A of the proposed dditionsolar ally, BIPV all build modules ing roof is less s are than designe the cost d as o of u the t- door door door door are door are are as. a a are T are s. s.h T T a a us, s. h h s.us, T us, T ma h h ma ma us, us, int ma int ma int ain a a int ing int in ining ing a ain in the ing ing the the fi f nanc f the the iinanc nanc f fiia inanc nanc l b ia ial b l b aia lia a a al b nce o ll b la ance o nce o a alla af nce o nce o the ff the the projec ff the projec the projec projec projec t at t na a d incr n n t t d incr d incr a an nd incr d incr eaea ea sing sing sing ea ea the sing sing the the s the i s the s ze iize ze s siize ze door areas. Thus, maintaining the financial balance of the project and increasing the size door door door area are s. are T as. h a T us, s. T h ma us, hus, ma int ma aint in int ing ain ain ing the ing f the ithe nanc fi f nanc iia nanc l b ia aia l b lal b nce o ala alnce o ance o f the f the projec f the projec projec t ant d incr a t n ad incr nd incr easing eaea sing the sing the s the ize si s ze ize corresponding item. Additionally, all building roofs are designed as outdoor areas. Thus, door areas. Thus, maintaining the financial balance of the project and increasing the size of the of glas the s b gl lock wi ass block wi th the th use the of use solar of c so ell lar s in ce sol lls a in r p sol anel ar p s w anel iths d w ififth eren dif t d feren egree t ds of egree trans- s of trans- of of the the of the gl glas as gl s b s b as lls b ock wi ock wi lock wi th th the the th the use use use of of so so of lar lar so c c lar e ell ll c s s e in in lls sol sol in a a sol r p r p a a a r p nel nel as s nel w ws iith th w d d ith iif ff d feren eren ifferen t d t de e t d gree gree egree s of s ofs of tr trans- ans- trans- of of of the the the glgl gl as as as s b s b s b lock wi llock wi ock wi th th th the the the use use use of of of so so so lar lar lar c c e c ll e es ll llin s s in in sol sol sol ar p a ar p r p anel a anel nel s w s s w w ith iith th d d d iff iif eren ff feren eren t d t d t d egree e egree gree s of s of s of tr tr ans- trans- ans- of the glass block with the use of solar cells in solar panels with different degrees of trans- of maintaining the glass blthe ock wi ﬁnancial th the balance use of so of lar the cell pr s oject in soland ar pa incr neleasing s with d the ifferen sizet d ofethe gree glass s of tr block ans- parency pa incre rencya incre se the a p seo the siti p ve o v siits iv ue a v l inte isua rac l inte tion b ract eion b tweee n the twee ou n the tdo ou or and tdoo th r and e in th door an e indoor an d d p pa arency rency parency incre incre incre a ase se the a the se the p po osi p sitto iiv v si e et v v iviie s s v u ua a is ll u inte inte al inte rac racttrac ion b ion b tion b e etwe twe etwe e en the n the en the ou outdo ou tdotdo o or and r and or and th the in e in the in door an door an door an d d d parency pa p prency a arency rency incre incre incre incre ase the ase a ase se the p the the o p si p t p o iv si o oe si t si v iv ttiiie v v s v u e e v v a is li u is inte sa u ula a inte llrac inte inte trac ion b rac rac tion b ttion b ion b etwe etwe e e etwe n the twe en the e en the n the ou ou tdo ou ou tdo or and tdo tdo or and o or and r and the in th th th e in door an e in e in door an door an door an d d d d with the use of solar cells in solar panels with different degrees of transparency increase parency increase the positive visual interaction between the outdoor and the indoor and the ps the ps the ps ycholo ycholo ycholo gic gic al com agic l com afl com or for t of th t fof th ort e bu of th e bu ild e bu ild ing's occ in ild g's occ ing's occ upan upan tu s.t pan s . ts. the ps the ps ycholo ycholo gica gic l com al com fort for of th t of th e bu e bu ildin ild g's occ ing's occ upan upan ts. ts. the ps the ps the ps the ps ycholo ycholo ycholo ycholo gica gic l com gic gic al com a al com l com fort for of th f for or t of th t t e bu of th of th e bu ild e bu e bu in ild g's occ ild ild inin in g's occ g's occ g's occ upan upan u u ts pan pan . tst t .s s .. the positive visual interaction between the outdoor and the indoor and the psychological the psychological comfort of the building's occupants. comfort of the building’s occupants. Table 9. Table 9. Table 9. Table 9. The m The m The m u The m lti-benefits u ulti-benefits lti-benefits ulti-benefits of of of usu ing BIPV u of s sing BIPV ing BIPV using BIPV in in in shs e sh ll enve in he ell enve ll enve shell enve lop lop lop compared with te co co lop mpared with te mpared with te compared with te nder envelope nder envelope nder envelope nder envelope . . . . Table 9. Table 9. The m The m ulti-benefits ulti-benefits of of us u ing BIPV sing BIPV in in sh se h ll enve ell enve lop lop coco mpared with te mpared with te nder envelope nder envelope . . Table 9. Table 9. Table 9. The m The m The m ulti-benefits ulti-benefits ulti-benefits of u of s of ing BIPV usu ing BIPV sing BIPV in s in he in ll enve shseh ll enve ell enve lop lop co lop mpared with te coco mpared with te mpared with te nder envelope nder envelope nder envelope . . . Table 9. The multi-benefits of using BIPV in shell envelop compared with tender envelope. Table 9. The multi-beneﬁts of using BIPV in shell envelop compared with tender envelope. Tota Tota Tota l Tota l l l Total Tota Tota l Tota Tota l l l Total Project Project Project CO CO CO 2 CO 2 2 CO Barrels of 22 Barrels of Barrels of Barrels of Barrels of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Elec Elec Elec tric Elec Elec tric tric ity tric it it tric y y it it Tota y y Tota Tota l Tota Tota l l l l Project Project CO2 Barrels of No. of Electricity Total Project Project Project Project COCO 2 CO 2 Barrels of 2 Barrels of Barrels of No. of No. of No. of Elec Elec tric Elec tric ittric y ity it y Tota Tota l Tota l l Project CO2 Barrels of No. of Electricity Total Lightin Ligh g ting Total Cos Tota tl Cos Tota t l Are Tota al Are a Ligh Ligh Ligh tin ting g ting Tota Tota Tota l Cos l Cos l Cos t t tTota Tota Tota l Are l Are l Are a a a Project TotalLigh Lighting Ligh Ligh tin tin tin g g g CO Barrels of No. of Electricity Total Tota Tota Tota l Cos Total l Cos l Cos t t t Tota Tota Tota Total l Are l Are l Are a a a Lighting Total Cost Total Area Lighting 2 Total Cost Total Area EmissEmiss ion Oil Saved ion Oil Saved Modu Modu les Gles ene ra Gte ene d raSaving ted Saving Ta T T le a ant l le e T nt & R nt al & R & R ent es & R e ear es sear ear ch es ch ch ear ch Emiss Emiss Emiss i ion on ion Oil Saved Oil Saved Oil Saved Modu Modu Modu les les les G Ge e ne ne Ge ra ra ne te te ra d d ted Saving Saving Saving TT ala elnt ent & R & R es eear sear ch ch Emiss Emiss Emiss Emiss ion ion Oil Saved i ion on Oil Saved Oil Saved Oil Saved Modu Modu Modu Modu les les G les les e ne G G G e ra ne e ete ne ne ra d ra ra tete te d Saving d d Saving Saving Saving TalT ent a Tla e & R lnt ent & R e & R sear ese ch ear sear ch ch Emission Oil Saved Modules Generated Saving Talent & Research Talent & Research Points Emission Oil Saved Modules Generated Saving Cost Area Poin Poin Poin ts Poin ts ts ts Points Poin Poin Poin ts Poin tsts ts Points Thous. Thous Thous. Thous. Thous. Thous. 2 Thous. 2 Thous. Thous. Thous. Thous. Numbers. Ton 2 m 2 2 No MW/year Thous. m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers . Ton .. Ton Ton .. Ton Ton mmm No No No mm No No MW MWMW /yeMWMW //ye ye ar ar ar /ye /ye ar ar Thous SAR Thous SAR Thous SAR Thous SAR Thous SAR mm m m m Numbers. Ton 2 m No MW/year Thous SAR 2 m Numbers Numbers Numbers. Ton . Ton . Ton m No mm No No MWMW /yeMW ar /ye /ye arar SAR/year Thous SAR Thous SAR Thous SAR SAR m mm Numbers. Ton m No MW/year Thous SAR m SAR/y SA ear R/y ear SA SAR/y R/y SAR/y e ear ar ear SA SA SA R/y R/y R/y ear e ear ar SAR/year SAR/year 57,000 7 7 4750 1320 436 15,000 9500 57,000 7 57,000 7 7 7 4750 14750 1320 320 436 436 15,000 15,000 9500 9500 5577,000 7 ,000 7 57,000 7 77 7 44750 1 750 1 4750 1320 320 320 4436 36 436 1155,000 ,000 15,000 99500 500 9500 5755,000 7 77,000 7 ,000 7 7 77 4750 1 44750 1 750 1320 320 320 436 4436 36 1511,000 55,000 ,000 9500 99500 500 57,000 7 7 4750 1320 436 15,000 9500 57,000 7 7 4750 1320 436 15,000 9500 The StThe St udy udy The The St The St Study The St udy udy udy The St The St The St udy udy udy The Study The Study The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender The Tender N/A N/A N/A - N/A N/A 18,500 9500 N/N/A A N/A N/N/A A N/A N/N/A - N/ A - N/ N/A - N/A A A N/N/A A N/A 181,500 8,500 18,500 9500 9500 9500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A - N/ N/A - N/A A N/A N/A 18,500 18,500 9500 9500 N/A N/N/N/A A A N/A N/N/N/A A A N/A - N/ N/N/N/A - N/ A - N/ A - N/A A A A N/A N/N/N/A A A 18,500 1811,500 88,500 ,500 9500 9500 99500 500 N/A N/A N/A - N/A N/A 18,500 9500 Figure 10 il Figure 10 il lustratlu es the strateco s the mparison st comparison st udy of upg udy of upg rading res rading res ults inu a su lts instain a su astain bility ability Fig Figu Fig ure 10 il re 10 il ure 10 il lu lustr str lua astr tte es the s the ates the co comparison st mparison st comparison st u ud dy y ud of upg of upg y of upg rrad adr ing res ing res ading res u ults lts uin lts in a su a su in a su stain stain stain a ability bility ability Fig Fig Fig ure 10 il u ure 10 il re 10 il lulu lu str str str ata a etts the e es the s the coco co mparison st mparison st mparison st ud u uy d dy y of upg of upg of upg rad rrad ad ing res ing res ing res ults u ults lts inin in a su a su a su stain stain stain ability a ability bility Figure 10 illustrates the comparison study of upgrading results in a sustainability Figure 10 illustrates the comparison study of upgrading results in a sustainability Figure 10 illustrates the comparison study of upgrading results in a sustainability rating sys rating sys tem for tem the for cathe se st cud ase s y. t It add udy. It add s 20 su ss 20 su tainas btiain lity p abio li int ty p s to oint shsif to t the p shift the p roject to roje the ct to the rating sys rating sys rating sys ttem em t em for for for the the the c ca ase s se s case s ttud udt y. y. ud It add It add y. It add s s 20 su 20 su s 20 su s sttain ain sta a ain b biilla iity p b ty p ility p o oint int o s sint to to ss to sh hif ifs t the p t the p hift the p r roje oje rc c oje t to t to ct to the the the rating sys rating sys rating sys rating sys tem t em for ttem em for the for for the cthe a the se s ca c cse s a t aud se s se s ty. ud ttud ud It add y. y. y. It add It add It add s 20 su s 20 su s s 20 su 20 su stain sts a s ain tt b ain ain ila ity p b a aib b liiity p llo iity p ty p int osint o o to int int ss to s s h to to ifst the p h s sif h ht the p if ift the p t the p rojerc oje r t to roje oje ct to c c the t to t to the the the rating system for the case study. It adds 20 sustainability points to shift the project to the rating system for the case study. It adds 20 sustainability points to shift the project to the pla pla tintpla um cer inum cer tinum cer tifitifi caca te tifi a teca s a we s te we a lls l we as l as to l to l prove as prove to prove al l althe l the al al d a the van dvan atd ag tvan aes ges an ta an gd g esd g an oal o d g s men als men oals men tione tione d in tione d in th d in th is is this platpla inum cer tinum cer tifica tifi te ca ate s we as we ll as ll to as prove to prove all al the l a the d a van dvan tages tag an es an d gd g oals men oals men tione tione d in d in this this platpla in pla pla um cer tin ttin in um cer um cer um cer tifica tifi ttte ifi ifi ca a ca ca te s we te te a a a s we s lsl we we as ll to llas ll as prove as to to to prove prove prove all al the al al l a the l l the the d a van a a dvan d d ta van van ges tattg an a aes g ges es an d g an an d g oal d g d g s men oal o oal al s men s men s men tione tione ttd in ione ione d in th d in d in is th th th is is is platinum certificate as well as to prove all the advantages and goals mentioned in this platinum certiﬁcate as well as to prove all the advantages and goals mentioned in this holis holis holis tiholis c ttiist c c udy st st tiudy udy c .st Applyin udy .. Applyin Applyin . Applyin g th g g th th e s g e s e s t th ut d tu u e s y d d prop y y tu prop prop dyosa prop osa osa l ollf osa o o u ffs u u ling o s sing f ing u BIPV s ing BIPV BIPV modu BIPV modu modu modu les le le ins s s ins ins le tes a tte ins e da a of d d t of of e c ao d c c mposite of o omposite mposite composite holis holis tic tic stst udy udy . Applyin . Applyin g th g th e s e s tutd uy d prop y prop osa osa l o l o f u f u sing sing BIPV BIPV modu modu lele s s ins ins teta ed a of d of c c omposite omposite holis holis t holis ic st tic udy tist c st udy . udy Applyin . Applyin . Applyin g th ge s th g th te s ud e s ty u prop td uy d prop y prop osaosa l o osa fl u o ls o fing u f u s ing BIPV sing BIPV BIPV modu modu modu les le ins le s tins s ea ins d te of taed a c of d o of mposite co cmposite omposite holistic study. Applying the study proposal of using BIPV modules instead of composite holistic study. Applying the study proposal of using BIPV modules instead of composite alum al alum um in al alum um in in um um um wi in inum wi wi um th th wi th wi tem tem tem th th pered tem tem p pered ered p p gla ered ered gla gla ss in s s gla gla s s in in the ssssthe in the in co c c the the nstr o onstr nstr c c uct o onstr nstr uct uct ion p iiuct on p uct on p h iion p on p ase h hase ase p h h r p ase p ase oces r roces oces p p se rroces oces se s a ses a s a sse s se u s ss a s s a s res u ures s res s th ssu u th th res a res t the a a th th tt the the a p att the r p the p o- r ro- o- p prro- o- aluminum with tempered glass in the construction phase processes assures that the pro- alum alal um inum um inin um wi um th wi wi tem th th tem ptem ered pered p ered gla s gla s gla in sss in the s in c the o the nstr co cnstr o uct nstr iuct on p uct ion p ih on p ase h p ase hase roces p p roces rse oces s a ses se s a su s a s res ss u s th res ures a th t the th ata the p t the ro- p p ro- ro- aluminum with tempered glass in the construction phase processes assures that the pro- aluminum with tempered glass in the construction phase processes assures that the project ject earn ject ed earn 37 po ed ints 37 po in ints the de in th sign e de doc sign ument phase document phase and 31 poin and 31 poin ts expec ts expec ted int the ed in con the - con- ject ject ject earn earn earn ed ed 37 po ed 37 po 37 po ints ints ints in in th th in e de e de the de sign sign sign doc doc doc u ument phase ment phase ument phase and and and 31 poin 31 poin 31 poin ts expec ts expec ts expec tted ed in t in ed the the in the con con con -- - ject earned 37 points in the design document phase and 31 points expected in the con- ject ject earn ject earn ed earn ed 37 po ed 37 po 37 po ints ints in ints th in e de in thth e de sign e de sign doc sign doc u doc ment phase ument phase ument phase and and and 31 poin 31 poin 31 poin ts expec ts expec ts expec ted in ted ted the in in the con the con - con - - ject earned 37 points in the design document phase and 31 points expected in the con- earned 37 points in the design document phase and 31 points expected in the construc- structiso tru n phas ction ephas . Howe e. H ve or, we afve ter r,a a p fpl ter yi ang ppl th yi eng study p the study p roposal, the p roposal, the p roject earned roject earned 57 poin 57 poin ts ts s st tru ru scti cti tru o octi n n phas phas on phas e e.. H H eo o . H we we ove ve we r, r, ve a af f r, t te a er r fa t ae p p r pl pl ap y yi pl ing ng y t i t ng h he e t study p study p he study p r roposal, the p oposal, the p roposal, the p r roject earned oject earned roject earned 57 poin 57 poin 57 poin ts ts ts stru scti ts s ru t to ru ru cti n cti cti phas on o on n phas phas e phas . H eo .e e H we .. H H ove we o owe we r, ve a ve ve f r, te a r, r, r a a ft af e fp t t r e e pl a r r p y a apl i p p ng pl pl yi t y y ng h iing ng e t study p h t te h h e study p e study p study p roposal, the p roposal, the p r roposal, the p oposal, the p roject earned roject earned r roject earned oject earned 57 poin 57 poin 57 poin 57 poin ts ts ts ts struction phase. However, after applying the study proposal, the project earned 57 points tion phase. However, after applying the study proposal, the project earned 57 points in in const in const inr const ur cu tic on pha ti ron pha uction pha se proces se proces se proces ses s wit es wit se hs wit 2 h0 2 su 0h su st 2ai 0 st su na aina st biai li bi ty na li ty poi bi li poi n ty t n spoi extra. ts extra. nts extra. in const in const rucr ti u on pha ction pha se proces se proces ses wit ses wit h 20 h su 20st su aist na ai bi na libi tyli poi ty poi nts extra. nts extra. in const inii const n n const const rucr tiu on pha r rc u u ti c con pha ti tion pha on pha se proces se proces s se proces e proces ses wit ses ss wit e es wit h s wit 20 h su h h 2 0 2 2 st su 0 0ai su su st na st st ai bi ai ai na li na na ty bibi bi li poi ty li lity ty poi n t poi poi s extra. nt n n st t extra. s s extra. extra. in construction phase processes with 20 sustainability points extra. construction phase processes with 20 sustainability points extra. Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 19 of 22 Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 22 credit: EAc1 credit: EAc2 other in EA category total Contractual document conflict Execution process impact 66 6 000000 0000 0 EA points quantity EA points quantity EA points quantity EA points quantity total rating total rating in design phase in design phase in construction in construction system before system after study before the study after the study phase before phase after study study (gold (platinium study certificate) certificate) Figure 10. .Comparison study of results in the LEED sustainability rating system for the project. Figure 10. Comparison study of results in the LEED sustainability rating system for the project. 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions The Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 has three main axes. One of them is a prosperous econ- The Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 has three main axes. One of them is a prosperous omy, which aims to achieve production of about 50% of renewable energy from the total economy, which aims to achieve production of about 50% of renewable energy from the energy that Saudi Arabia needs based on solar plants. The construction projects are still total energy that Saudi Arabia needs based on solar plants. The construction projects not clearly considered in the policies and regulations. The construction projects contribute are still not clearly considered in the policies and regulations. The construction projects only 1.6% based on the official renewable energy 2020 statistic. Therefore, a holistic study contribute only 1.6% based on the ofﬁcial renewable energy 2020 statistic. Therefore, a as an assessment and evaluation approach for the selected case study inside a university holistic study as an assessment and evaluation approach for the selected case study inside campus as a public construction project in Saudi Arabia was conducted. The aim of this a university campus as a public construction project in Saudi Arabia was conducted. The study was to provide a pioneering example for achieving a retrofitting process and a near aim of this study was to provide a pioneering example for achieving a retroﬁtting process zero energy campus to support the Saudi Arabia 2030 Vision. The holistic study explored and a near zero energy campus to support the Saudi Arabia 2030 Vision. The holistic study the quantity of contributions in improving the energy performance and updating the bid- explored the quantity of contributions in improving the energy performance and updating ding documents to achieve advanced ranking in the construction sustainability standards. the bidding documents to achieve advanced ranking in the construction sustainability The selected case study from the campus projects was the shell envelope of the talent and standards. The selected case study from the campus projects was the shell envelope of the research center project. This project was under construction and was registered in the talent and research center project. This project was under construction and was registered in LEED to obtain the golden certificate in sustainability with a total of 68 points (37 points the LEED to obtain the golden certiﬁcate in sustainability with a total of 68 points (37 points in the design phase and potential 31 points in the construction phase). By applying the in the design phase and potential 31 points in the construction phase). By applying the holistic approach and analysis for the entire contract documents for the shell envelope, holistic approach and analysis for the entire contract documents for the shell envelope, significant goals were achieved. PVsyst V7.1.0 software was used for solar analysis to re- signiﬁcant goals were achieved. PVsyst V7.1.0 software was used for solar analysis to design and implement the steel dome covered with 30% double structured glass and 70% redesign and implement the steel dome covered with 30% double structured glass and 70% composi composite te alumi aluminum num on a surf on a surface ace of 950 of 9500 0 m m tto o give give 4750 4750 active BI active BIPV PV solar p solar panel anel pan panels els on the en on the entir tire e sur surface face of of the the case case s study tudy building. building. It i It involved nvolved two compara two comparative tive ana analysis lysis stages. The signiﬁcant goals included the upgrading of the building energy performance by stages. The significant goals included the upgrading of the building energy performance generating electricity with approx. 925 kWp and about 1,320,000 kWh/year, which covers by generating electricity with approx. 925 kWp and about 1,320,000 kWh/year, which co- vers 68% 68% of the of the energ energy building y buildin needs, g need achieving s, achiev an ing annual an annua saving l saof vin about g of ab 436 outhousand t 436 thous riyals and annually. The signiﬁcant goals also include the building’s upgrading in the sustainability riyals annually. The significant goals also include the building's upgrading in the sustain- rating system from gold certiﬁcate to platinum certiﬁcate based on energy performance ability rating system from gold certificate to platinum certificate based on energy perfor- by obtaining another 20 points in credit EAc1: optimize energy performance and credit mance by obtaining another 20 points in credit EAc1: optimize energy performance and EAc2: on-site renewable energy. Other signiﬁcant results include reducing 7 tonnes of credit EAc2: on-site renewable energy. Other significant results include reducing 7 tonnes CO annually and saving oil burning consumption to about 7 Barrels/m 2. In addition, of CO 2 2 annually and saving oil burning consumption to about 7 Barrels/m . In addition, the cost of the proposed solar BIPV modules is less than the cost of the design bidding the cost of the proposed solar BIPV modules is less than the cost of the design bidding item, and transparency increased. Since all building roofs were designed as outdoor areas, item, and transparency increased. Since all building roofs were designed as outdoor areas, LEED EA points Buildings 2023, 13, 1110 20 of 22 this enhances the positive visual interaction between the outdoor and the indoor and the psychological comfort of the building’s occupants. 5. Limitations and Future Research Opportunities This research focused on enhancing energy performance, upgrading the sustainability rating certiﬁcate, and adopting a nearly-zero energy project based on an active envelope to asset clean energy for a public campus project. Contractual assessment and technical evaluation with the latest PVsyst V7.1.0 software were applied in the construction project case study. The results could be limited for other public construction projects in the same context, but it has opened the door for future studies on public organization construction projects concerning the use of active envelope aspects such as commercial and healthcare projects. Additionally, design processes for economic and environmental impacts can be another area of future research opportunity. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S.; methodology, E.M.H.I.; software, E.M.H.I. validation, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S.; formal analysis, E.M.H.I.; investigation, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S.; resources, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S.; data curation, E.M.H.I.; writing—original draft preparation, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S.; writing—review and editing, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S.; visualization, E.M.H.I.; supervision E.M.H.I.; project administration, E.M.H.I.; funding acquisition, E.M.H.I. and A.E.E.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientiﬁc Research, Vice Presidency for Grad- uate Studies and Scientiﬁc Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [Project No. GRANT3283]. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data available upon request from the ﬁrst author. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. References 1. Grifﬁths, T.G. Education to transform the world: Limits and possibilities in and against the SDGs and ESD. Int. Stud. Sociol. Educ. 2021, 30, 73–92. [CrossRef] 2. Abbott, K.W.; Bernstein, S. High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. In Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance; Routledge: Oxford, UK; pp. 120–121. 3. Leal Filho, W. Accelerating the implementation of the SDGs. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2020, 21, 507–511. [CrossRef] 4. Yonehara, A.; Saito, O.; Hayashi, K.; Nagao, M.; Yanagisawa, R.; Matsuyama, K. 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Enhancements to ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Prototype Building Models; Paciﬁc Northwest National Lab. (PNNL): Richland, WA, USA, 2014. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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Evaluating BIPV Façades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

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ISSN: 2075-5309
DOI: 10.3390/buildings13051110
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Buildings – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Published: Apr 22, 2023

Keywords: sustainable rating system; building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) facades; sustainable building; nearly-zero energy; energy performance

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Evaluating BIPV Façades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

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Evaluating BIPV Fa&ccedil;ades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

Evaluating BIPV Fa&ccedil;ades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

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Evaluating BIPV Façades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

Evaluating BIPV Façades in a Building Envelope in Hot Districts for Enhancing Sustainable Ranking: A Saudi Arabian Perspective