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Energy and CO2 Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market

Energy and CO2 Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market International Journal of Turbomachinery Propulsion and Power Article Energy and CO Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market Claus Händel Technical Secretary, European Ventilation Industry Association (EVIA), Avenue des Arts 46, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; claus.haendel@evia.eu; Tel.: +49-1772766379 Abstract: Fans are components in many different products and have been regulated since 2011 by the Eco-Design Regulation. A fan is typically not a final product but is used as a component in different applications, systems, and products. This study shows that it is helpful to target and regulate a component (possibly additionally) such a fan and that the Eco-Design Regulation of fans is an important driver of energy efficiency and has a significant impact. Regulating fans as a component stimulates the availability of efficient fans at reasonable prices and drives efficiency, also in cases where fans are implemented in other products where a fan’s efficiency does not dominate its performance. Since it was first implemented in 2013, the following savings in electrical energy were achieved: 12 GW electrical power, 150 TWh electrical energy, and 12 MT CO . This is significant and a good example for regulation. Keywords: fan; efficiency; savings; market; Eco-Design Regulation; European market transformation; implemented fans 1. Introduction Fans are omnipresent in different products and applications. Since 2011, eco-design Citation: Händel, C. Energy and CO regulates the minimum energy performance of fans above 125 W [1]. A fan is typically not Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market. Int. a final product but used as a component in different products, systems, and applications. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, From the very beginning, questions have been raised as to whether it is helpful to regulate 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ a component and not a final product only (Figure 1). However, so-called “cascading” ijtpp7040031 is a well-established element in regulation that ensures the availability of cost-effective and efficient components for downstream products, which are also components used in a Academic Editor: Thomas Carolus next step (e.g., motor > fan > ventilation unit, heat pump or chiller > technical building Received: 5 September 2022 system > building). The important aspect of this principle is that the requirements for each Accepted: 14 November 2022 product in the chain are guiding in the right direction for all of the following chain links. Published: 16 November 2022 This study analysed the European market’s transformation for fans from the beginning of the regulation in 2012 until 2020 and estimated the energy savings achieved under the Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral influence of this regulation. Additionally, an estimation of the share of fans placed on with regard to jurisdictional claims in the European market in other eco-design-regulated products (i.e., ventilation units, air published maps and institutional affil- heating/cooling devices, chillers, room air conditioner and refrigeration) was made. iations. In 2018, we produced a questionnaire to determine the energy savings aspects of the Eco-Design Regulation EU 327/2011 in relation to the estimated market size, and this was published [2,3] and presented among the relevant stakeholders in the European Copyright: © 2022 by the author. Commission and industry partners. The documents were also used in several publications Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. issued by political institutions. In 2019, the EVIA’s Fans Working Group agreed to update This article is an open access article the questionnaire to reflect the most recent data and to provide estimates for 2020 and 2025. distributed under the terms and One of the reasons for this restart was that the revision of the fan regulation with important conditions of the Creative Commons clarifications and an update of the minimum requirements was presented in 2017, but Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license was not finalised until now, although the industry and the market expected this. Possibly (https://creativecommons.org/ significant energy savings and CO reductions were lost for many years. The basis for licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp7040031 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijtpp Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 2 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 8 the energy savings estimations considered the possibility of the upcoming revision of Regulation EU 327/2011. Figure 1. Multiple regulations—cascading. Figure 1. Multiple regulations—cascading. In 2018, we produced a questionnaire to determine the energy savings aspects of the 2. Methodology of the Data Collection and Analysis Eco-Design Regulation EU 327/2011 in relation to the estimated market size, and this was The current generally available data on the sales of fans do not consider the energy published [2–3] and presented among the relevant stakeholders in the European Commis- performance of fans or details on their sizing when they are placed on the market. Therefore, sion and industry partners. The documents were also used in several publications issued we developed a questionnaire as a basis for the following market impact estimations, by political institutions. In 2019, the EVIA’s Fans Working Group agreed to update the which was simple enough to allow manufacturers to answer the questions with acceptable questionnaire to reflect the most recent data and to provide estimates for 2020 and 2025. effort Onebut of talso he re allowing asons forus thito s rdetermine estart was t the hat answers the reviswe ion needed. of the fan This regu questionnair lation with ie mwas - developed portant cltogether arificationwith s andfan an u manufactur pdate of the ers minto imensur um ree qu airreeasonable ments was number presented of inanswers, 2017, but was not finalised until now, although the industry and the market expected this. Pos- considering the aspects of compliance and the availability of data by the companies. sibly significant energy savings and CO2 reductions were lost for many years. The basis The data are given for the EU-28 (including the UK) market when placing fans on the for the energy savings estimations considered the possibility of the upcoming revision of market, and we collected the data from fan manufacturers representing approx. 33% of Regulation EU 327/2011. the estimated market size in the EU-28 in pieces as determined in [4] for different fan sizes (i.e., fan power). The market size in pieces of fans was estimated for 11.8 million fans as 2. Methodology of the Data Collection and Analysis per [4], and we obtained answers from companies representing 3.9 million fans. The current generally available data on the sales of fans do not consider the energy The results were extrapolated to the estimated market size taken from EU LOT performance of fans or details on their sizing when they are placed on the market. There- 11 studies [4]. The typical power savings, defined for each fan size group for each year, led fore, we developed a questionnaire as a basis for the following market impact estimations, to energy savings by considering 4000 operating hours per year for each fan, which was which was simple enough to allow manufacturers to answer the questions with acceptable estimated as a good average for all fan applications, but clearly had significant uncertainty. effort but also allowing us to determine the answers we needed. This questionnaire was The CO factor for the electricity of 460 g CO /kWh was used for the CO savings 2 2 Electricity 2 developed together with fan manufacturers to ensure a reasonable number of answers, calculation. The saving estimations made were based on the best efficiency point (BEP) considering the aspects of compliance and the availability of data by the companies. (optimistic) but not including the variable speed drive (conservative). This study did not The data are given for the EU-28 (including the UK) market when placing fans on the include very large fans >> 22 kW (due to a lack of information and only few data being market, and we collected the data from fan manufacturers representing approx. 33% of available), jet fans (due to the lack of suitable performance data in the regulation), and fans the estimated market size in the EU-28 in pieces as determined in [4] for different fan sizes below 125 W (as they were outside the scope). This study also did not include special el (i.e., fan power). The market size in pieces of fans was estimated for 11.8 million fans as industrial fans, such as dust conveying fans, high-pressure low-flow fans (HPLV), and per [4], and we obtained answers from companies representing 3.9 million fans. other special applications. The results were extrapolated to the estimated market size taken from EU LOT 11 We had weak information regarding fans placed on the market integrated in other studies [4]. The typical power savings, defined for each fan size group for each year, led products that were manufactured completely outside of the EU. This uncertainty regarding to energy savings by considering 4000 operating hours per year for each fan, which was integrated fans could not be solved with our questionnaire, and it was not solved in the estimated as a good average for all fan applications, but clearly had significant uncer- data regarding the market we used as our basis [4,5]. tainty. The CO2 factor for the electricity of 460 g CO2/kWhElectricity was used for the CO2 The energy performance of the fans was divided for the questionnaire into 4 groups: savings calculation. The saving estimations made were based on the best efficiency point (BEP) (optimistic) but not including the variable speed drive (conservative). This study 1. Fans not complying with the 2013 limit of EU 327/2014 [5]. did not include very large fans >> 22 kW (due to a lack of information and only few data 2. Fans complying with the 2013 limit but not with the 2015 limit. being available), jet fans (due to the lack of suitable performance data in the regulation), 3. Fans complying with the 2015 limit or better (until 2017) and not complying with the and fans below 125 Wel (as they were outside the scope). This study also did not include expected limit of the revision (called 202x) of EU 327/2011 (from 2018 on). special industrial fans, such as dust conveying fans, high-pressure low-flow fans (HPLV), 4. Fans complying with the expected limit for the revision 202x (Table 1). and other special applications. Data were collected and divided into the following design groups and sizes: Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 3 of 8 Design (some manufacturers could only provide data as a mix of axial, radial, and other fans—a split was conducted according to an average share of all): # Axial fans; # Radial fans (including others). Sizes (some manufacturers could only deliver a mix of different sizes—a split was conducted according to an average share of all): # 125 W  x < 375 W Pel,av = 250 W; # 375 W  x < 750 W Pel,av = 560 W; # 0.75 kW x < 3 kW Pel,av = 1.88 kW; # 3 kW  x < 11 kW Pel,av = 7.0 kW; # x  11 kW Pel,av = 18 kW. Table 1. Expected minimum requirements for fans EU 327/2011 revised. Measurement Efficiency Grade Fan Type Pressure Category N A, C static 0.50 Axial B, D total 0.64 A, C static 0.52 Forward curved and radial < 5 kW B, D total 0.57 A, C static 0.64 Forward curved and radial  5 kW, B, D total 0.67 backward curved A, C static 0.57 + 0.07(a 45)/25 Mixed flow B, D total 0.67 Cross flow B, D total 0.21 Jet fans E 0.50 1 2 ISO 5801. Factor according EU 327/2011 revised. 3. Results of the Market Questionnaire 3.1. Fans Placed on the Market In 2012 approx. 8.8 million fans within the EU 327/2011 scope were placed on the market. We saw a steady growth of up to 12.5 million in 2019. In 2020, sales decreased slightly, possibly caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns (Figure 2). In 2012, nearly 50% of the fans did not comply with the 2015 limits, which changed until 2015, where only a few fans did not comply. Considering exports outside of the EU for downstream products and spare parts, there was always a stock of noncomplying fans. The revision of the fan regulation EU 327/2011 was expected to come into force around 2018, so we saw a drastic change to the 202 compliant products in 2018. The correct shape could not be determined, because until 2017, the data could not be split into the 2015 and 202x limit (dotted line). It is remarkable that we saw no further replacement of the 2015 limit fans from 2018 and on. This is different from the situation we saw from 2012 to 2015. We assumed there was a push back situation because the market expected the revised regulation and it was not published (and it is not until now). We even saw a slight decrease in the 202x compliant fans. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 8 push back situation because the market expected the revised regulation and it was not published (and it is not until now). We even saw a slight decrease in the 202x compliant Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 8 fans. push back situation because the market expected the revised regulation and it was not Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022,p 7,u 31 blished (and it is not until now). We even saw a slight decrease in the 20 42 ofx8 compliant fans. Figure 2. Estimated fans placed on the EU market 2012–2020 and their efficiency class. 3.2. Size and Design of the Fans Figure 2. Estimated fans placed on the EU market 2012–2020 and their efficiency class. Figure 2. Estimated fans placed on the EU market 2012–2020 and their efficiency class. More than 50% of the fans placed on the market were between 125 and 375 Wel, but this does not reflect the energy impact of this size (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the relative 3.2. Size and Design of the Fans 3.2. Size and Design of the Fans energy impact based on the pieces multiplied with the average power of each group. From More than 50% of the fans placed on the market were between 125 and 375 W , but el More than 50% of the fans placed on the market were between 125 and 375 Wel, but this does not reflect the energy impact of this size (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the relative an energy consumption perspective, the size from 3 to 11 kW was the domination group this does not reflect the energy impact of this size (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the relative energy impact based on the pieces multiplied with the average power of each group. From (approx. 15% in pieces but 60% in energy impact). Still reasonable is also the smaller prod- energy impact based on the pieces multiplied with the average power of each group. From an energy consumption perspective, the size from 3 to 11 kW was the domination group uct group caused by its high number of pieces. From a political perspective (regulating an energy consumption perspective, the size from 3 to 11 kW was the domination group (approx. 15% in pieces but 60% in energy impact). Still reasonable is also the smaller the energy dominating product group), the fan size from 0.75 to 11 kW was key. We did product group caused by its high number of pieces. From a political perspective (regulating (approx. 15% in pieces but 60% in energy impact). Still reasonable is also the smaller prod- the energy dominating product group), the fan size from 0.75 to 11 kW was key. We did not not question smaller sizes of fans below 125 W; therefore, we cannot provide any infor- uct group caused by its high number of pieces. From a political perspective (regulating question smaller sizes of fans below 125 W; therefore, we cannot provide any information mation on whether it would be reasonable to implement these fans in the regulation. the energy dominating product group), the fan size from 0.75 to 11 kW was key. We did on whether it would be reasonable to implement these fans in the regulation. not question smaller sizes of fans below 125 W; therefore, we cannot provide any infor- mation on whether it would be reasonable to implement these fans in the regulation. Figure Figure 3. 3 Market . Mark shar et s eh radial—axial are radial— and axsizes ial abased nd siz on es pieces. based on pieces. Figure 3. Market share radial—axial and sizes based on pieces. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 5 of 8 Figure 4. Market share radial—axial and sizes based on pieces multiplied by power. Figure 4. Market share radial—axial and sizes based on pieces multiplied by power. 3.3. Savings Per Fan 3.3. Savings Per Fan The electrical power savings per fan were determined as follows. From 2012 to 2017, The electrical power savings per fan were determined as follows. From 2012 to 2017, each participating company estimated example efficiency improvements in each size group for its product portfolio. The weighted average for all fans and companies was used for each participating company estimated example efficiency improvements in each size the energy savings calculation. From 2018 on, the savings per fan were calculated to the group for its product portfolio. The weighted average for all fans and companies was used reference of 2013. This means that the fan efficiency was calculated for axial and radial fans for the energy savings calculation. From 2018 on, the savings per fan were calculated to in each size group using the 2013 limits as the basis. The improvement for each group was the reference of 2013. This means that the fan efficiency was calculated for axial and radial the efficiency difference of the 2015 or 202x limits to the 2013 limits weighted by the overall fans and companies. For an example using the axial fans, see Table 2. fans in each size group using the 2013 limits as the basis. The improvement for each group was the efficiency difference of the 2015 or 202x limits to the 2013 limits weighted by the Table 2. Power savings per fan based on the Eco-Design Regulation limits (example axial fan Cat. A,C). overall fans and companies. For an example using the axial fans, see Table 2. Axial Fan 2013 2015 202x Power Savings (kW) Static Efficiency 2013!2015 2015!202x Table 2. Power savings per fan based on the Eco-Design Regulation limits (example axial fan Cat. AP,C). (kW) N = 36 N = 40 N = 48 el,av 0.25 0.259 0.299 0.312 0.03 0.01 Axial Fan 2013 2015 202x Power Savings (kW) 0.55 0.280 0.320 0.348 0.07 0004 1.875 0.314 0.354 0.404 0.21 0.23 Static Efficiency 2013→2015 2015→202x 7.0 0.350 0.390 0.464 0.72 1.11 Pel,av (kW) N = 36 N = 40 N = 48 18.0 0.364 0.404 0.491 1.78 3.20 0.25 0.259 0.299 0.312 0.03 0.01 Summarizing and weighting for all fans, sizes, and companies, Figure 5 shows the 0.55 0.280 0.320 0.348 0.07 0004 average savings for each fan placed on the market in each single year (orange line). This means that it shows the average savings for a fan placed in a year related to a refence fan 1.875 0.314 0.354 0.404 0.21 0.23 in 2012. The blue line beyond shows the average savings summarised from 2012 for all 7.0 0.350 0.390 0.464 0.72 1.11 fans placed on the market since 2012. This means it shows the average savings for all fans placed on the market up to each year related to a reference fan in 2012. Based on an outlook 18.0 0.364 0.404 0.491 1.78 3.20 up to 2025 given by some companies, the scenario was extended up to 2025, and significant savings will be still possible. Summarizing and weighting for all fans, sizes, and companies, Figure 5 shows the average savings for each fan placed on the market in each single year (orange line). This means that it shows the average savings for a fan placed in a year related to a refence fan in 2012. The blue line beyond shows the average savings summarised from 2012 for all fans placed on the market since 2012. This means it shows the average savings for all fans placed on the market up to each year related to a reference fan in 2012. Based on an out- look up to 2025 given by some companies, the scenario was extended up to 2025, and significant savings will be still possible. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 6 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 8 Figure 5. Average savings per fan placed on the market. Figure 5. Average savings per fan placed on the market. Figure 5. Average savings per fan placed on the market. 3.4. Energetic Success of the Eco-Design Regulation since Coming into Force in 2013 3.4. Energetic Success of the Eco-Design Regulation since Coming into Force in 2013 Since the beginning of the Eco-Design Regulation, the need to regulate a “compo- 3.4. Energetic Success of the Eco-Design Regulation since Coming into Force in 2013 nent” Since suchthe as beginning a fan was of chthe allen Eco-Design ged, becau Regulation, se, mainly, the it w need as no to t a regulate final pr ao“component” duct placed on Since the beginning of the Eco-Design Regulation, the need to regulate a “compo- tsuch he mas ark aefan t to was be uchallenged, sed as such.because, Most of f mainly ans ar,e it inwas tegra not teda sfinal omeh pr ow oduct in otplaced her pro on duthe cts or nent” such as a fan was challenged, because, mainly, it was not a final product placed on market to be used as such. Most of fans are integrated somehow in other products or systems, which are partly covered by other regulations. Moreover, the average power the market to be used as such. Most of fans are integrated somehow in other products or systems, which are partly covered by other regulations. Moreover, the average power saved per fan (over all sizes in the scope of the regulation) does not seem to be very high. systems, which are partly covered by other regulations. Moreover, the average power saved per fan (over all sizes in the scope of the regulation) does not seem to be very high. However, we have to consider the huge number of fans (12.5 million in 2019) and their saved per fan (over all sizes in the scope of the regulation) does not seem to be very high. However, we have to consider the huge number of fans (12.5 million in 2019) and their typically long operation time. A simple example for 2019: 12.5 million fans placed on the However, we have to consider the huge number of fans (12.5 million in 2019) and their typically long operation time. A simple example for 2019: 12.5 million fans placed on market, with a 200 W average savings, is 2500 MW electrical power savings in this year in typically long operation time. A simple example for 2019: 12.5 million fans placed on the the market, with a 200 W average savings, is 2500 MW electrical power savings in this the EU-28. Cumulating the achieved savings from 2012 (first tier of Eco-Design 3027/2011), market, with a 200 W average savings, is 2500 MW electrical power savings in this year in year in the EU-28. Cumulating the achieved savings from 2012 (first tier of Eco-Design it is 12 GW or 12 big power stations or 150 TWh of electricity saved (Figure 6). The reduc- the EU-28. Cumulating the achieved savings from 2012 (first tier of Eco-Design 3027/2011), 3027/2011), it is 12 GW or 12 big power stations or 150 TWh of electricity saved (Figure 6). tion in CO2 emissions achieved since 2012 until 2020 is approx. 74 MT (Figure 7). it is 12 GW or 12 big power stations or 150 TWh of electricity saved (Figure 6). The reduc- The reduction in CO emissions achieved since 2012 until 2020 is approx. 74 MT (Figure 7). tion in CO2 emissions achieved since 2012 until 2020 is approx. 74 MT (Figure 7). Figure 6. Electrical power savings of fans cumulated from 2012. Figure 6. Electrical power savings of fans cumulated from 2012. Figure 6. Electrical power savings of fans cumulated from 2012. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 7 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 8 Figure 7. Fan sales per year and the cumulated CO2 savings since 2012. 4. Fans Implemented in Other Products We asked manufacturers in 2017 and 2020, in a qualitative way, how much of their fan sales were estimated to be used or implemented in other eco-design-regulated prod- ucts and how much are placed on the market to be implemented or used in non-regulated Figure 7. Fan sales per year and the cumulated CO2 savings since 2012. Figure 7. Fan sales per year and the cumulated CO savings since 2012. applications and products. This questionnaire had high uncertainty because some fans might be used in regulated or non-regulated products downstream. Thus, this was only a 4. Fans Implemented in Other Products 4. Fans Implemented in Other Products qualitative impression of the manufacturers’ that was weighted by their estimated market W W ee a asked sked m manufactur anufacturer ers s in in 20 2017 17 an and d 20 2020, 20, inin a a qu qualitative alitative wa way y, h , o how w mmuch uch of of ththeir eir fan share. Figure 8 shows the results of the questionnaire with an average of 28% of the fans fan sales were estimated to be used or implemented in other eco-design-regulated prod- sales were estimated to be used or implemented in other eco-design-regulated products integrated in other products. It was different for each fan manufacturer depending on ucts and how much are placed on the market to be implemented or used in non-regulated and how much are placed on the market to be implemented or used in non-regulated their product range and customers, from 5 to 35%. A top-down approach was conducted applications and products. This questionnaire had high uncertainty because some fans applications and products. This questionnaire had high uncertainty because some fans by analysing the sales of their ErP products, with a significant number of fans imple- might be used in regulated or non-regulated products downstream. Thus, this was only a might be used in regulated or non-regulated products downstream. Thus, this was only a mented (i.e., ventilation units, air heating and chillers, heat pumps, room air conditioner, qualitative impression of the manufacturers’ that was weighted by their estimated market qualitative impression of the manufacturers’ that was weighted by their estimated market share. Figure 8 shows the results of the questionnaire with an average of 28% of the fans and professional refrigeration), resulting in 32% of the fans being implemented in ErP- share. Figure 8 shows the results of the questionnaire with an average of 28% of the fans integrated in other products. It was different for each fan manufacturer depending on regulated products. From the questionnaire there was 28% and from the top-down anal- integrated in other products. It was different for each fan manufacturer depending on their their product range and customers, from 5 to 35%. A top-down approach was conducted ysis there was 32 in the same range, so this seems reasonable. product range and customers, from 5 to 35%. A top-down approach was conducted by by analysing the sales of their ErP products, with a significant number of fans imple- analysing Thethe 202 sales 0 que of sti their onnaErP ire, pr asoducts, shown with in Fig ausignificant re 9, provid number ed similof ar fans resuimplemented lts as in 2017, and mented (i.e., ventilation units, air heating and chillers, heat pumps, room air conditioner, (i.e., ventilation units, air heating and chillers, heat pumps, room air conditioner, and there was a shift to ~50% of fans being integrated in other ErP-regulated products. One of and professional refrigeration), resulting in 32% of the fans being implemented in ErP- professional refrigeration), resulting in 32% of the fans being implemented in ErP-regulated the reasons for this shift is that other regulations such as EU 2281/2016 on air heating and regulated products. From the questionnaire there was 28% and from the top-down anal- products. From the questionnaire there was 28% and from the top-down analysis there was cooling devices, EU 1188/2015 on warm air heaters, and EU 1253/2014 on ventilation units ysis there was 32 in the same range, so this seems reasonable. 32 in the same range, so this seems reasonable. came into force. Still, 50% of fans were integrated into nonregulated products. The 2020 questionnaire, as shown in Figure 9, provided similar results as in 2017, and there was a shift to ~50% of fans being integrated in other ErP-regulated products. One of the reasons for this shift is that other regulations such as EU 2281/2016 on air heating and Percentage Fans in other ErP products 2017 cooling devices, EU 1188/2015 on warm air heaters, and EU 1253/2014 on ventilation units 40% came into force. Still, 50% of fans were integrated into nonregulated products. 35% 32% 28% 30% 25% Percentage Fans in other ErP products 2017 40% 20% 35% 32% 15% 28% 30% 10% 25% 5% 20% 0% 15% Average Max Min Top-Down 10% 5% Figure 8. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 ques- 0% Figure 8. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 question- tionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. Average Max Min Top-Down naire and the top-down statistical analysis. Figure 8. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 ques- The 2020 questionnaire, as shown in Figure 9, provided similar results as in 2017, and tionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. there was a shift to ~50% of fans being integrated in other ErP-regulated products. One of the reasons for this shift is that other regulations such as EU 2281/2016 on air heating and cooling devices, EU 1188/2015 on warm air heaters, and EU 1253/2014 on ventilation units came into force. Still, 50% of fans were integrated into nonregulated products. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 8 of 8 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2017 2020 Percentage integrated in other ErP products Percentage of fans not in other ErP products Figure 9. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 and Figure 9. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 and 2020 questionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. 2020 questionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions This study shows that the Eco-Design Regulation on fans is an important driver of This study shows that the Eco-Design Regulation on fans is an important driver of higher efficiency products and components. The transformation of the market to more higher efficiency products and components. The transformation of the market to more efficient products was quite quick, but it clearly followed the upgrading of the regulation. efficient products was quite quick, but it clearly followed the upgrading of the regulation. We saw that a stop or interruption in the progress of the revision immediately stopped We saw that a stop or interruption in the progress of the revision immediately stopped the transformation of the progress to more efficient fans. This occurred in 2018 when the the transformation of the progress to more efficient fans. This occurred in 2018 when the planned revision of EU 327/2011 was interrupted for nearly 4 years until now. planned revision of EU 327/2011 was interrupted for nearly 4 years until now. It is important to regulate components such as fans even though they might be im- It is important to regulate components such as fans even though they might be im- plemented in other energy-related products. The reasons for this include the availability of plemented in other energy-related products. The reasons for this include the availability efficient products at reasonable prices, fewer options to bypass the regulation by implementing of efficient products at reasonable prices, fewer options to bypass the regulation by im- fans outside the EU market into other products, and significant savings would be lost. plementing fans outside the EU market into other products, and significant savings would be lost. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Funding: This research received no external funding. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Basic data are not public available due to compliance reasons. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement: Basic data are not public available due to compliance reasons. References Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. EVIA. The Impact of Regulation 327/2011 Eco-Design Requirements for Fans; Position Paper; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, 2019. 2. A Presentation of Market Size, Savings and Products with Integrated Fans to the EU-Commission EVIA Presentation Motor References Summit 18 Nov 2020. Available online: https://motorsummit.ch/ms2020/ (accessed on 4 September 2022). 1. EVIA. The Impact of Regulation 327/2011 Eco-Design Requirements for Fans; Position Paper; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, 2019 3. Impact and Savings Working-Document-EVIA-Fans Eco-Design Fan Review. 2018. Available online: https://www.evia.eu/wp- 2. A presentation of market size, savings and products with integrated fans to the EU-Commission EVIA presentation Motor content/uploads/Fan_Energy_Data_LOT11_180831.pdf (accessed on 31 August 2018). Summit 18 Nov 2020. https://motorsummit.ch/ms2020/ (accessed date 4 September 2022) 4. Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. Review Study of Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011; Final Report; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, 2015. 3. Impact and Savings Working-Document-EVIA-Fans Eco-design Fan Review. 2018. Available online: https://www.evia.eu/wp- 5. Commission Regulation (EU). Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011 of 30 March 2011. Implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the content/uploads/Fan_Energy_Data_LOT11_180831.pdf (31 Aug. 2018). European Parliament and of the Council with Regard to Eco-Design Requirements for Fans Driven by Motors with an Electric Input Power 4. Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. Review Study of Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011; Final Report; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, between 125 W and 500 kW; Commission Regulation (EU): Brussels, Belgium, 2011. 5. Commission Regulation (EU). Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011 of 30 March 2011. Implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with Regard to Eco-Design Requirements for Fans Driven by Motors with an Electric Input Power between 125 W and 500 kW; Commission Regulation (EU): Brussels, Belgium, 2011. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png "International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power" Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Energy and CO2 Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market

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International Journal of Turbomachinery Propulsion and Power Article Energy and CO Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market Claus Händel Technical Secretary, European Ventilation Industry Association (EVIA), Avenue des Arts 46, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; claus.haendel@evia.eu; Tel.: +49-1772766379 Abstract: Fans are components in many different products and have been regulated since 2011 by the Eco-Design Regulation. A fan is typically not a final product but is used as a component in different applications, systems, and products. This study shows that it is helpful to target and regulate a component (possibly additionally) such a fan and that the Eco-Design Regulation of fans is an important driver of energy efficiency and has a significant impact. Regulating fans as a component stimulates the availability of efficient fans at reasonable prices and drives efficiency, also in cases where fans are implemented in other products where a fan’s efficiency does not dominate its performance. Since it was first implemented in 2013, the following savings in electrical energy were achieved: 12 GW electrical power, 150 TWh electrical energy, and 12 MT CO . This is significant and a good example for regulation. Keywords: fan; efficiency; savings; market; Eco-Design Regulation; European market transformation; implemented fans 1. Introduction Fans are omnipresent in different products and applications. Since 2011, eco-design Citation: Händel, C. Energy and CO regulates the minimum energy performance of fans above 125 W [1]. A fan is typically not Impact of the Eco-Design Regulation for Fans on the European Market. Int. a final product but used as a component in different products, systems, and applications. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, From the very beginning, questions have been raised as to whether it is helpful to regulate 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ a component and not a final product only (Figure 1). However, so-called “cascading” ijtpp7040031 is a well-established element in regulation that ensures the availability of cost-effective and efficient components for downstream products, which are also components used in a Academic Editor: Thomas Carolus next step (e.g., motor > fan > ventilation unit, heat pump or chiller > technical building Received: 5 September 2022 system > building). The important aspect of this principle is that the requirements for each Accepted: 14 November 2022 product in the chain are guiding in the right direction for all of the following chain links. Published: 16 November 2022 This study analysed the European market’s transformation for fans from the beginning of the regulation in 2012 until 2020 and estimated the energy savings achieved under the Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral influence of this regulation. Additionally, an estimation of the share of fans placed on with regard to jurisdictional claims in the European market in other eco-design-regulated products (i.e., ventilation units, air published maps and institutional affil- heating/cooling devices, chillers, room air conditioner and refrigeration) was made. iations. In 2018, we produced a questionnaire to determine the energy savings aspects of the Eco-Design Regulation EU 327/2011 in relation to the estimated market size, and this was published [2,3] and presented among the relevant stakeholders in the European Copyright: © 2022 by the author. Commission and industry partners. The documents were also used in several publications Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. issued by political institutions. In 2019, the EVIA’s Fans Working Group agreed to update This article is an open access article the questionnaire to reflect the most recent data and to provide estimates for 2020 and 2025. distributed under the terms and One of the reasons for this restart was that the revision of the fan regulation with important conditions of the Creative Commons clarifications and an update of the minimum requirements was presented in 2017, but Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license was not finalised until now, although the industry and the market expected this. Possibly (https://creativecommons.org/ significant energy savings and CO reductions were lost for many years. The basis for licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp7040031 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijtpp Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 2 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 8 the energy savings estimations considered the possibility of the upcoming revision of Regulation EU 327/2011. Figure 1. Multiple regulations—cascading. Figure 1. Multiple regulations—cascading. In 2018, we produced a questionnaire to determine the energy savings aspects of the 2. Methodology of the Data Collection and Analysis Eco-Design Regulation EU 327/2011 in relation to the estimated market size, and this was The current generally available data on the sales of fans do not consider the energy published [2–3] and presented among the relevant stakeholders in the European Commis- performance of fans or details on their sizing when they are placed on the market. Therefore, sion and industry partners. The documents were also used in several publications issued we developed a questionnaire as a basis for the following market impact estimations, by political institutions. In 2019, the EVIA’s Fans Working Group agreed to update the which was simple enough to allow manufacturers to answer the questions with acceptable questionnaire to reflect the most recent data and to provide estimates for 2020 and 2025. effort Onebut of talso he re allowing asons forus thito s rdetermine estart was t the hat answers the reviswe ion needed. of the fan This regu questionnair lation with ie mwas - developed portant cltogether arificationwith s andfan an u manufactur pdate of the ers minto imensur um ree qu airreeasonable ments was number presented of inanswers, 2017, but was not finalised until now, although the industry and the market expected this. Pos- considering the aspects of compliance and the availability of data by the companies. sibly significant energy savings and CO2 reductions were lost for many years. The basis The data are given for the EU-28 (including the UK) market when placing fans on the for the energy savings estimations considered the possibility of the upcoming revision of market, and we collected the data from fan manufacturers representing approx. 33% of Regulation EU 327/2011. the estimated market size in the EU-28 in pieces as determined in [4] for different fan sizes (i.e., fan power). The market size in pieces of fans was estimated for 11.8 million fans as 2. Methodology of the Data Collection and Analysis per [4], and we obtained answers from companies representing 3.9 million fans. The current generally available data on the sales of fans do not consider the energy The results were extrapolated to the estimated market size taken from EU LOT performance of fans or details on their sizing when they are placed on the market. There- 11 studies [4]. The typical power savings, defined for each fan size group for each year, led fore, we developed a questionnaire as a basis for the following market impact estimations, to energy savings by considering 4000 operating hours per year for each fan, which was which was simple enough to allow manufacturers to answer the questions with acceptable estimated as a good average for all fan applications, but clearly had significant uncertainty. effort but also allowing us to determine the answers we needed. This questionnaire was The CO factor for the electricity of 460 g CO /kWh was used for the CO savings 2 2 Electricity 2 developed together with fan manufacturers to ensure a reasonable number of answers, calculation. The saving estimations made were based on the best efficiency point (BEP) considering the aspects of compliance and the availability of data by the companies. (optimistic) but not including the variable speed drive (conservative). This study did not The data are given for the EU-28 (including the UK) market when placing fans on the include very large fans >> 22 kW (due to a lack of information and only few data being market, and we collected the data from fan manufacturers representing approx. 33% of available), jet fans (due to the lack of suitable performance data in the regulation), and fans the estimated market size in the EU-28 in pieces as determined in [4] for different fan sizes below 125 W (as they were outside the scope). This study also did not include special el (i.e., fan power). The market size in pieces of fans was estimated for 11.8 million fans as industrial fans, such as dust conveying fans, high-pressure low-flow fans (HPLV), and per [4], and we obtained answers from companies representing 3.9 million fans. other special applications. The results were extrapolated to the estimated market size taken from EU LOT 11 We had weak information regarding fans placed on the market integrated in other studies [4]. The typical power savings, defined for each fan size group for each year, led products that were manufactured completely outside of the EU. This uncertainty regarding to energy savings by considering 4000 operating hours per year for each fan, which was integrated fans could not be solved with our questionnaire, and it was not solved in the estimated as a good average for all fan applications, but clearly had significant uncer- data regarding the market we used as our basis [4,5]. tainty. The CO2 factor for the electricity of 460 g CO2/kWhElectricity was used for the CO2 The energy performance of the fans was divided for the questionnaire into 4 groups: savings calculation. The saving estimations made were based on the best efficiency point (BEP) (optimistic) but not including the variable speed drive (conservative). This study 1. Fans not complying with the 2013 limit of EU 327/2014 [5]. did not include very large fans >> 22 kW (due to a lack of information and only few data 2. Fans complying with the 2013 limit but not with the 2015 limit. being available), jet fans (due to the lack of suitable performance data in the regulation), 3. Fans complying with the 2015 limit or better (until 2017) and not complying with the and fans below 125 Wel (as they were outside the scope). This study also did not include expected limit of the revision (called 202x) of EU 327/2011 (from 2018 on). special industrial fans, such as dust conveying fans, high-pressure low-flow fans (HPLV), 4. Fans complying with the expected limit for the revision 202x (Table 1). and other special applications. Data were collected and divided into the following design groups and sizes: Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 3 of 8 Design (some manufacturers could only provide data as a mix of axial, radial, and other fans—a split was conducted according to an average share of all): # Axial fans; # Radial fans (including others). Sizes (some manufacturers could only deliver a mix of different sizes—a split was conducted according to an average share of all): # 125 W  x < 375 W Pel,av = 250 W; # 375 W  x < 750 W Pel,av = 560 W; # 0.75 kW x < 3 kW Pel,av = 1.88 kW; # 3 kW  x < 11 kW Pel,av = 7.0 kW; # x  11 kW Pel,av = 18 kW. Table 1. Expected minimum requirements for fans EU 327/2011 revised. Measurement Efficiency Grade Fan Type Pressure Category N A, C static 0.50 Axial B, D total 0.64 A, C static 0.52 Forward curved and radial < 5 kW B, D total 0.57 A, C static 0.64 Forward curved and radial  5 kW, B, D total 0.67 backward curved A, C static 0.57 + 0.07(a 45)/25 Mixed flow B, D total 0.67 Cross flow B, D total 0.21 Jet fans E 0.50 1 2 ISO 5801. Factor according EU 327/2011 revised. 3. Results of the Market Questionnaire 3.1. Fans Placed on the Market In 2012 approx. 8.8 million fans within the EU 327/2011 scope were placed on the market. We saw a steady growth of up to 12.5 million in 2019. In 2020, sales decreased slightly, possibly caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns (Figure 2). In 2012, nearly 50% of the fans did not comply with the 2015 limits, which changed until 2015, where only a few fans did not comply. Considering exports outside of the EU for downstream products and spare parts, there was always a stock of noncomplying fans. The revision of the fan regulation EU 327/2011 was expected to come into force around 2018, so we saw a drastic change to the 202 compliant products in 2018. The correct shape could not be determined, because until 2017, the data could not be split into the 2015 and 202x limit (dotted line). It is remarkable that we saw no further replacement of the 2015 limit fans from 2018 and on. This is different from the situation we saw from 2012 to 2015. We assumed there was a push back situation because the market expected the revised regulation and it was not published (and it is not until now). We even saw a slight decrease in the 202x compliant fans. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 8 push back situation because the market expected the revised regulation and it was not published (and it is not until now). We even saw a slight decrease in the 202x compliant Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 8 fans. push back situation because the market expected the revised regulation and it was not Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022,p 7,u 31 blished (and it is not until now). We even saw a slight decrease in the 20 42 ofx8 compliant fans. Figure 2. Estimated fans placed on the EU market 2012–2020 and their efficiency class. 3.2. Size and Design of the Fans Figure 2. Estimated fans placed on the EU market 2012–2020 and their efficiency class. Figure 2. Estimated fans placed on the EU market 2012–2020 and their efficiency class. More than 50% of the fans placed on the market were between 125 and 375 Wel, but this does not reflect the energy impact of this size (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the relative 3.2. Size and Design of the Fans 3.2. Size and Design of the Fans energy impact based on the pieces multiplied with the average power of each group. From More than 50% of the fans placed on the market were between 125 and 375 W , but el More than 50% of the fans placed on the market were between 125 and 375 Wel, but this does not reflect the energy impact of this size (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the relative an energy consumption perspective, the size from 3 to 11 kW was the domination group this does not reflect the energy impact of this size (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the relative energy impact based on the pieces multiplied with the average power of each group. From (approx. 15% in pieces but 60% in energy impact). Still reasonable is also the smaller prod- energy impact based on the pieces multiplied with the average power of each group. From an energy consumption perspective, the size from 3 to 11 kW was the domination group uct group caused by its high number of pieces. From a political perspective (regulating an energy consumption perspective, the size from 3 to 11 kW was the domination group (approx. 15% in pieces but 60% in energy impact). Still reasonable is also the smaller the energy dominating product group), the fan size from 0.75 to 11 kW was key. We did product group caused by its high number of pieces. From a political perspective (regulating (approx. 15% in pieces but 60% in energy impact). Still reasonable is also the smaller prod- the energy dominating product group), the fan size from 0.75 to 11 kW was key. We did not not question smaller sizes of fans below 125 W; therefore, we cannot provide any infor- uct group caused by its high number of pieces. From a political perspective (regulating question smaller sizes of fans below 125 W; therefore, we cannot provide any information mation on whether it would be reasonable to implement these fans in the regulation. the energy dominating product group), the fan size from 0.75 to 11 kW was key. We did on whether it would be reasonable to implement these fans in the regulation. not question smaller sizes of fans below 125 W; therefore, we cannot provide any infor- mation on whether it would be reasonable to implement these fans in the regulation. Figure Figure 3. 3 Market . Mark shar et s eh radial—axial are radial— and axsizes ial abased nd siz on es pieces. based on pieces. Figure 3. Market share radial—axial and sizes based on pieces. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 5 of 8 Figure 4. Market share radial—axial and sizes based on pieces multiplied by power. Figure 4. Market share radial—axial and sizes based on pieces multiplied by power. 3.3. Savings Per Fan 3.3. Savings Per Fan The electrical power savings per fan were determined as follows. From 2012 to 2017, The electrical power savings per fan were determined as follows. From 2012 to 2017, each participating company estimated example efficiency improvements in each size group for its product portfolio. The weighted average for all fans and companies was used for each participating company estimated example efficiency improvements in each size the energy savings calculation. From 2018 on, the savings per fan were calculated to the group for its product portfolio. The weighted average for all fans and companies was used reference of 2013. This means that the fan efficiency was calculated for axial and radial fans for the energy savings calculation. From 2018 on, the savings per fan were calculated to in each size group using the 2013 limits as the basis. The improvement for each group was the reference of 2013. This means that the fan efficiency was calculated for axial and radial the efficiency difference of the 2015 or 202x limits to the 2013 limits weighted by the overall fans and companies. For an example using the axial fans, see Table 2. fans in each size group using the 2013 limits as the basis. The improvement for each group was the efficiency difference of the 2015 or 202x limits to the 2013 limits weighted by the Table 2. Power savings per fan based on the Eco-Design Regulation limits (example axial fan Cat. A,C). overall fans and companies. For an example using the axial fans, see Table 2. Axial Fan 2013 2015 202x Power Savings (kW) Static Efficiency 2013!2015 2015!202x Table 2. Power savings per fan based on the Eco-Design Regulation limits (example axial fan Cat. AP,C). (kW) N = 36 N = 40 N = 48 el,av 0.25 0.259 0.299 0.312 0.03 0.01 Axial Fan 2013 2015 202x Power Savings (kW) 0.55 0.280 0.320 0.348 0.07 0004 1.875 0.314 0.354 0.404 0.21 0.23 Static Efficiency 2013→2015 2015→202x 7.0 0.350 0.390 0.464 0.72 1.11 Pel,av (kW) N = 36 N = 40 N = 48 18.0 0.364 0.404 0.491 1.78 3.20 0.25 0.259 0.299 0.312 0.03 0.01 Summarizing and weighting for all fans, sizes, and companies, Figure 5 shows the 0.55 0.280 0.320 0.348 0.07 0004 average savings for each fan placed on the market in each single year (orange line). This means that it shows the average savings for a fan placed in a year related to a refence fan 1.875 0.314 0.354 0.404 0.21 0.23 in 2012. The blue line beyond shows the average savings summarised from 2012 for all 7.0 0.350 0.390 0.464 0.72 1.11 fans placed on the market since 2012. This means it shows the average savings for all fans placed on the market up to each year related to a reference fan in 2012. Based on an outlook 18.0 0.364 0.404 0.491 1.78 3.20 up to 2025 given by some companies, the scenario was extended up to 2025, and significant savings will be still possible. Summarizing and weighting for all fans, sizes, and companies, Figure 5 shows the average savings for each fan placed on the market in each single year (orange line). This means that it shows the average savings for a fan placed in a year related to a refence fan in 2012. The blue line beyond shows the average savings summarised from 2012 for all fans placed on the market since 2012. This means it shows the average savings for all fans placed on the market up to each year related to a reference fan in 2012. Based on an out- look up to 2025 given by some companies, the scenario was extended up to 2025, and significant savings will be still possible. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 6 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 8 Figure 5. Average savings per fan placed on the market. Figure 5. Average savings per fan placed on the market. Figure 5. Average savings per fan placed on the market. 3.4. Energetic Success of the Eco-Design Regulation since Coming into Force in 2013 3.4. Energetic Success of the Eco-Design Regulation since Coming into Force in 2013 Since the beginning of the Eco-Design Regulation, the need to regulate a “compo- 3.4. Energetic Success of the Eco-Design Regulation since Coming into Force in 2013 nent” Since suchthe as beginning a fan was of chthe allen Eco-Design ged, becau Regulation, se, mainly, the it w need as no to t a regulate final pr ao“component” duct placed on Since the beginning of the Eco-Design Regulation, the need to regulate a “compo- tsuch he mas ark aefan t to was be uchallenged, sed as such.because, Most of f mainly ans ar,e it inwas tegra not teda sfinal omeh pr ow oduct in otplaced her pro on duthe cts or nent” such as a fan was challenged, because, mainly, it was not a final product placed on market to be used as such. Most of fans are integrated somehow in other products or systems, which are partly covered by other regulations. Moreover, the average power the market to be used as such. Most of fans are integrated somehow in other products or systems, which are partly covered by other regulations. Moreover, the average power saved per fan (over all sizes in the scope of the regulation) does not seem to be very high. systems, which are partly covered by other regulations. Moreover, the average power saved per fan (over all sizes in the scope of the regulation) does not seem to be very high. However, we have to consider the huge number of fans (12.5 million in 2019) and their saved per fan (over all sizes in the scope of the regulation) does not seem to be very high. However, we have to consider the huge number of fans (12.5 million in 2019) and their typically long operation time. A simple example for 2019: 12.5 million fans placed on the However, we have to consider the huge number of fans (12.5 million in 2019) and their typically long operation time. A simple example for 2019: 12.5 million fans placed on market, with a 200 W average savings, is 2500 MW electrical power savings in this year in typically long operation time. A simple example for 2019: 12.5 million fans placed on the the market, with a 200 W average savings, is 2500 MW electrical power savings in this the EU-28. Cumulating the achieved savings from 2012 (first tier of Eco-Design 3027/2011), market, with a 200 W average savings, is 2500 MW electrical power savings in this year in year in the EU-28. Cumulating the achieved savings from 2012 (first tier of Eco-Design it is 12 GW or 12 big power stations or 150 TWh of electricity saved (Figure 6). The reduc- the EU-28. Cumulating the achieved savings from 2012 (first tier of Eco-Design 3027/2011), 3027/2011), it is 12 GW or 12 big power stations or 150 TWh of electricity saved (Figure 6). tion in CO2 emissions achieved since 2012 until 2020 is approx. 74 MT (Figure 7). it is 12 GW or 12 big power stations or 150 TWh of electricity saved (Figure 6). The reduc- The reduction in CO emissions achieved since 2012 until 2020 is approx. 74 MT (Figure 7). tion in CO2 emissions achieved since 2012 until 2020 is approx. 74 MT (Figure 7). Figure 6. Electrical power savings of fans cumulated from 2012. Figure 6. Electrical power savings of fans cumulated from 2012. Figure 6. Electrical power savings of fans cumulated from 2012. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 7 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 8 Figure 7. Fan sales per year and the cumulated CO2 savings since 2012. 4. Fans Implemented in Other Products We asked manufacturers in 2017 and 2020, in a qualitative way, how much of their fan sales were estimated to be used or implemented in other eco-design-regulated prod- ucts and how much are placed on the market to be implemented or used in non-regulated Figure 7. Fan sales per year and the cumulated CO2 savings since 2012. Figure 7. Fan sales per year and the cumulated CO savings since 2012. applications and products. This questionnaire had high uncertainty because some fans might be used in regulated or non-regulated products downstream. Thus, this was only a 4. Fans Implemented in Other Products 4. Fans Implemented in Other Products qualitative impression of the manufacturers’ that was weighted by their estimated market W W ee a asked sked m manufactur anufacturer ers s in in 20 2017 17 an and d 20 2020, 20, inin a a qu qualitative alitative wa way y, h , o how w mmuch uch of of ththeir eir fan share. Figure 8 shows the results of the questionnaire with an average of 28% of the fans fan sales were estimated to be used or implemented in other eco-design-regulated prod- sales were estimated to be used or implemented in other eco-design-regulated products integrated in other products. It was different for each fan manufacturer depending on ucts and how much are placed on the market to be implemented or used in non-regulated and how much are placed on the market to be implemented or used in non-regulated their product range and customers, from 5 to 35%. A top-down approach was conducted applications and products. This questionnaire had high uncertainty because some fans applications and products. This questionnaire had high uncertainty because some fans by analysing the sales of their ErP products, with a significant number of fans imple- might be used in regulated or non-regulated products downstream. Thus, this was only a might be used in regulated or non-regulated products downstream. Thus, this was only a mented (i.e., ventilation units, air heating and chillers, heat pumps, room air conditioner, qualitative impression of the manufacturers’ that was weighted by their estimated market qualitative impression of the manufacturers’ that was weighted by their estimated market share. Figure 8 shows the results of the questionnaire with an average of 28% of the fans and professional refrigeration), resulting in 32% of the fans being implemented in ErP- share. Figure 8 shows the results of the questionnaire with an average of 28% of the fans integrated in other products. It was different for each fan manufacturer depending on regulated products. From the questionnaire there was 28% and from the top-down anal- integrated in other products. It was different for each fan manufacturer depending on their their product range and customers, from 5 to 35%. A top-down approach was conducted ysis there was 32 in the same range, so this seems reasonable. product range and customers, from 5 to 35%. A top-down approach was conducted by by analysing the sales of their ErP products, with a significant number of fans imple- analysing Thethe 202 sales 0 que of sti their onnaErP ire, pr asoducts, shown with in Fig ausignificant re 9, provid number ed similof ar fans resuimplemented lts as in 2017, and mented (i.e., ventilation units, air heating and chillers, heat pumps, room air conditioner, (i.e., ventilation units, air heating and chillers, heat pumps, room air conditioner, and there was a shift to ~50% of fans being integrated in other ErP-regulated products. One of and professional refrigeration), resulting in 32% of the fans being implemented in ErP- professional refrigeration), resulting in 32% of the fans being implemented in ErP-regulated the reasons for this shift is that other regulations such as EU 2281/2016 on air heating and regulated products. From the questionnaire there was 28% and from the top-down anal- products. From the questionnaire there was 28% and from the top-down analysis there was cooling devices, EU 1188/2015 on warm air heaters, and EU 1253/2014 on ventilation units ysis there was 32 in the same range, so this seems reasonable. 32 in the same range, so this seems reasonable. came into force. Still, 50% of fans were integrated into nonregulated products. The 2020 questionnaire, as shown in Figure 9, provided similar results as in 2017, and there was a shift to ~50% of fans being integrated in other ErP-regulated products. One of the reasons for this shift is that other regulations such as EU 2281/2016 on air heating and Percentage Fans in other ErP products 2017 cooling devices, EU 1188/2015 on warm air heaters, and EU 1253/2014 on ventilation units 40% came into force. Still, 50% of fans were integrated into nonregulated products. 35% 32% 28% 30% 25% Percentage Fans in other ErP products 2017 40% 20% 35% 32% 15% 28% 30% 10% 25% 5% 20% 0% 15% Average Max Min Top-Down 10% 5% Figure 8. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 ques- 0% Figure 8. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 question- tionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. Average Max Min Top-Down naire and the top-down statistical analysis. Figure 8. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 ques- The 2020 questionnaire, as shown in Figure 9, provided similar results as in 2017, and tionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. there was a shift to ~50% of fans being integrated in other ErP-regulated products. One of the reasons for this shift is that other regulations such as EU 2281/2016 on air heating and cooling devices, EU 1188/2015 on warm air heaters, and EU 1253/2014 on ventilation units came into force. Still, 50% of fans were integrated into nonregulated products. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 8 Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2022, 7, 31 8 of 8 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2017 2020 Percentage integrated in other ErP products Percentage of fans not in other ErP products Figure 9. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 and Figure 9. Fans implemented into other eco-design-regulated products according to the 2017 and 2020 questionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. 2020 questionnaire and the top-down statistical analysis. 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions This study shows that the Eco-Design Regulation on fans is an important driver of This study shows that the Eco-Design Regulation on fans is an important driver of higher efficiency products and components. The transformation of the market to more higher efficiency products and components. The transformation of the market to more efficient products was quite quick, but it clearly followed the upgrading of the regulation. efficient products was quite quick, but it clearly followed the upgrading of the regulation. We saw that a stop or interruption in the progress of the revision immediately stopped We saw that a stop or interruption in the progress of the revision immediately stopped the transformation of the progress to more efficient fans. This occurred in 2018 when the the transformation of the progress to more efficient fans. This occurred in 2018 when the planned revision of EU 327/2011 was interrupted for nearly 4 years until now. planned revision of EU 327/2011 was interrupted for nearly 4 years until now. It is important to regulate components such as fans even though they might be im- It is important to regulate components such as fans even though they might be im- plemented in other energy-related products. The reasons for this include the availability of plemented in other energy-related products. The reasons for this include the availability efficient products at reasonable prices, fewer options to bypass the regulation by implementing of efficient products at reasonable prices, fewer options to bypass the regulation by im- fans outside the EU market into other products, and significant savings would be lost. plementing fans outside the EU market into other products, and significant savings would be lost. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Funding: This research received no external funding. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Basic data are not public available due to compliance reasons. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement: Basic data are not public available due to compliance reasons. References Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. EVIA. The Impact of Regulation 327/2011 Eco-Design Requirements for Fans; Position Paper; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, 2019. 2. A Presentation of Market Size, Savings and Products with Integrated Fans to the EU-Commission EVIA Presentation Motor References Summit 18 Nov 2020. Available online: https://motorsummit.ch/ms2020/ (accessed on 4 September 2022). 1. EVIA. The Impact of Regulation 327/2011 Eco-Design Requirements for Fans; Position Paper; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, 2019 3. Impact and Savings Working-Document-EVIA-Fans Eco-Design Fan Review. 2018. Available online: https://www.evia.eu/wp- 2. A presentation of market size, savings and products with integrated fans to the EU-Commission EVIA presentation Motor content/uploads/Fan_Energy_Data_LOT11_180831.pdf (accessed on 31 August 2018). Summit 18 Nov 2020. https://motorsummit.ch/ms2020/ (accessed date 4 September 2022) 4. Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. Review Study of Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011; Final Report; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, 2015. 3. Impact and Savings Working-Document-EVIA-Fans Eco-design Fan Review. 2018. Available online: https://www.evia.eu/wp- 5. Commission Regulation (EU). Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011 of 30 March 2011. Implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the content/uploads/Fan_Energy_Data_LOT11_180831.pdf (31 Aug. 2018). European Parliament and of the Council with Regard to Eco-Design Requirements for Fans Driven by Motors with an Electric Input Power 4. Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. Review Study of Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011; Final Report; EVIA: Brussels, Belgium, between 125 W and 500 kW; Commission Regulation (EU): Brussels, Belgium, 2011. 5. Commission Regulation (EU). Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011 of 30 March 2011. Implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with Regard to Eco-Design Requirements for Fans Driven by Motors with an Electric Input Power between 125 W and 500 kW; Commission Regulation (EU): Brussels, Belgium, 2011.

Journal

"International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power" – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Published: Nov 16, 2022

Keywords: fan; efficiency; savings; market; Eco-Design Regulation; European market transformation; implemented fans

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