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Digital versus Conventional Workflow in Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status

Digital versus Conventional Workflow in Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status applied sciences Editorial Digital versus Conventional Workflow in Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2090 Msida, Malta; arthur.nogueira@um.edu.mt In recent years, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD- CAM) technology has developed along with its applications in dentistry, including several new techniques that are used in oral rehabilitation applications [1–8]. These techniques usually differ from conventional analog techniques regarding the way in which impressions are obtained (e.g., conventional impressions vs. intraoral scanning) or the way restorations are designed and produced (e.g., conventional waxing and casting vs. CAD-CAM). The general advantages that digital workflow involving CAD-CAM has over conventional workflow include faster treatment times, shorter appointments, reduced patient discomfort, no need to use plaster models and better predictability [9,10]. Another key feature of digital workflow is the ability to merge and superimpose three-dimensional (3D) meshes from different imaging examinations to create a virtual patient, which enhances virtual treatment planning and communication with patients [11]. The general disadvantages of digital work- flow that have been described include purchasing and managing costs, as well as a learning curve [9]. Nevertheless, it is also important to understand differences in quantitative outcomes such as trueness and precision between digital and conventional workflows. One of the most commonly investigated quantitative comparisons in digital dentistry is between conventional impressions and intraoral scans. In comparison to conventional impressions, intraoral scanning (IOS) has been considered to be more accurate in regard to the outcomes of resulting CAD-CAM crowns and short-span fixed partial dentures [12–14]. Citation: Cortes, A.R.G. Digital Several articles have found marginal gap values lower than 60 m for CAD-CAM dental versus Conventional Workflow in crowns produced using IOS, whereas gap values up to 183 m were found for crowns Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status. produced using conventional impressions [12]. One finding that is found across multi- Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710. https:// ple studies is that ensuring the accuracy of intraoral scans of long-span and completely doi.org/10.3390/app12083710 edentulous arches it is still challenging [15]. Received: 24 March 2022 Conventional impressions can also be digitalized to enable the execution of digital Accepted: 28 March 2022 workflows by using CBCT or desktop optical scanners. The latter, however, has been found Published: 7 April 2022 to offer significantly lower gaps for CAD-CAM crowns (reported to be around 50–60 m), Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral as compared to the former (reported to be higher than 100 m) [16–18]. The acquisition with regard to jurisdictional claims in parameters of CBCT also seem to have an influence on the results, as one study found that published maps and institutional affil- a voxel size of 0.125 mm led to better results in comparison to other values [16]. iations. In addition to the differences between conventional and digital impressions, CAD studies have also focused on assessing and comparing different software programs and methods for use in the digital design of dental prosthesis [19,20]. Virtual waxing was found to be affected not only by subgingival finish lines of the scanned preparations and the IOS Copyright: © 2022 by the author. device used [19], but also by the operator ’s clinical experience and educational background, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. as prosthodontists with basic CAD training were shown to outperform dental professionals This article is an open access article who had CAD certificates but less clinical experience [20]. distributed under the terms and In terms of production, studies assessing conventional and CAD-CAM methods in conditions of the Creative Commons the manufacture of dental prosthesis have compared CAD-CAM with pressed ceramic Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// restorations [21–25]. While for dental crowns, CAD-CAM was found to have significantly creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ better adaptation than pressed ceramics [21,22], most of the studies concerning laminate 4.0/). Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083710 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710 2 of 3 veneers found a different pattern, with similar [23,24] or worse adaptation using CAD- CAM [25]. Regarding resin restorations, previous studies have concluded that CAD-CAM (i.e., milled and 3D-printed) outperform conventional (i.e., manually constructed) interim resin crowns in terms of adaptation [26] and mechanical resistance [27]. On the other hand, there is controversy in the literature regarding comparisons between 3D-printed and milled resin restorations. A recent study found that a five-axis milling device is more accurate and faster but has a lower production rate and higher costs compared to a low-cost LCD 3D-printer to produce CAD-CAM dental crowns [28]. Nevertheless, another study on dental implants that compared a high-end DLP 3D-printer and a four-axis milling device found better adaptation for 3D-printed resin crowns compared to the milled and conventional crowns produced in the study [29]. Other previous in vitro studies found similar results between milling and 3D printing [26,27]. Significant differences in the marginal gaps of CAD-CAM crowns have also been found between milling devices with different numbers of axes [30]. In conclusion, the interpretation of research assessing CAD-CAM methods and com- paring them to conventional methods should be performed carefully, as the materials and methodologies used vary considerably among the studies. It is important to understand that several variables can affect the outcomes of CAD-CAM restorations and prostheses during either image acquisition (e.g., IOS device, operator, technique, or anatomy), CAD (e.g., software or operator) or CAM phases (e.g., device, manufacturing material, CAM protocol, or finishing). It has also been suggested that digital dentistry has the potential to play important roles in preventive dentistry, public health, and even dental education [31]. Despite this evidence and several other upcoming clinical trends [31,32], the lack of clinical, prospective, long-term comparative studies on digital dentistry is a sign that the train of digital dentistry research still has its first wagon. Funding: This editorial work received no special funding. Acknowledgments: The Guest Editor wishes to acknowledge all of the authors and the anonymous reviewers. Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest. References 1. Costa, A.J.M.; Teixeira Neto, A.D.; Burgoa, S.; Gutierrez, V.; Cortes, A.R.G. Fully Digital Workflow with Magnetically Connected Guides for Full-Arch Implant Rehabilitation Following Guided Alveolar Ridge Reduction. J. Prosthodont. 2020, 29, 272–276. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, I.G.G.; Tateno, R.Y.; Costa, C.; Cortes, A.R.G. Full digital workflow for anterior immediate implants using custom abutments. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 140–144. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Teixeira Neto, A.D.; Costa, A.J.M.; Choi, I.G.G.; Santos, A.; Santos, J.F.D.; Cortes, A.R.G. Digital workflow for full-arch implant- supported prosthesis based on intraoral scans of a relative of the patient. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 68–71. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Costa, A.J.D.M.E.; Burgoa, S.; Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Gutierrez, V.; Cortes, A.R.G. Digital workflow for image-guided immediate implant placement by using the socket-shield technique and custom abutment in the esthetic area. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2021, in press. [CrossRef] 5. Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Gonçalves, R.N.; Gialain, I.O.; Cavalcanti, M.G.P.; Tateno, R.Y.; Cortes, A. Three dimensionally printed surgical guides for removing fixation screws from onlay bone grafts in flapless implant surgeries. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 123, 791–794. [CrossRef] 6. Gialain, I.O.; Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Cavalcanti, M.G.P.; Cortes, A.R.G. Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufactur- ing Milling of Allogeneic Blocks Following Three-Dimensional Maxillofacial Graft Planning. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2019, 30, e413–e415. [CrossRef] 7. Nishimura, D.A.; Iida, C.; Carneiro, A.L.E.; Arita, E.S.; Costa, C.; Cortes, A.R.G. Digital workflow for alveolar ridge preser- vation with equine-derived bone graft and subsequent implant rehabilitation: A case report [published online ahead of print, 22 July 2020]. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 159–167. [CrossRef] 8. Passos, L.; Soares, F.P.; Gil Choi, I.G.; Cortes, A. Full digital workflow for crown lengthening by using a single surgical guide. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 124, 257–261. [CrossRef] 9. Mangano, F.; Gandolfi, A.; Luongo, G.; Logozzo, S. Intraoral scanners in dentistry: A review of the current literature. BMC Oral Health 2017, 17, 149. [CrossRef] Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710 3 of 3 10. Markarian, R.A.; da Silva, R.L.B.; Burgoa, S.; Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; No-Cortes, J.; Cortes, A.R.G. Clinical Relevance of Digital Dentistry during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Scoped Review. Braz. J. Oral Sci. 2021, 19, e200201. [CrossRef] 11. Mangano, C.; Luongo, F.; Migliario, M.; Mortellaro, C.; Mangano, F.G. Combining Intraoral Scans, Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Face Scans: The Virtual Patient. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2018, 29, 2241–2246. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Morsy, N.; El Kateb, M.; Azer, A.; Fathalla, S. Fit of zirconia fixed partial dentures fabricated from conventional impressions and digital scans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2021, in press. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Nedelcu, R.; Olsson, P.; Nyström, I.; Thor, A. Finish line distinctness and accuracy in 7 intraoral scanners versus conventional impression: An in vitro descriptive comparison. BMC Oral Health 2018, 18, 27. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Carbajal Mejía, J.B.; Wakabayashi, K.; Nakamura, T.; Yatani, H. Influence of abutment tooth geometry on the accuracy of conventional and digital methods of obtaining dental impressions. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2017, 118, 392–399. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Schmidt, A.; Klussmann, L.; Wöstmann, B.; Schlenz, M.A. Accuracy of Digital and Conventional Full-Arch Impressions in Patients: An Update. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 688. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Seker ¸ , E.; Ozcelik, T.B.; Rathi, N.; Yilmaz, B. Evaluation of marginal fit of CAD/CAM restorations fabricated through cone beam computerized tomography and laboratory scanner data. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2016, 115, 47–51. [CrossRef] 17. Kim, Y.H.; Jung, B.-Y.; Han, S.-S.; Woo, C.-W. Accuracy evaluation of 3D printed interim prosthesis fabrication using a CBCT scanning based digital model. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0240508. [CrossRef] 18. Kauling, A.E.C.; Keul, C.; Erdelt, K.; Kühnisch, J.; Güth, J.F. Can lithium disilicate ceramic crowns be fabricated on the basis of CBCT data? Clin. Oral Investig. 2019, 23, 3739–3748. [CrossRef] 19. Markarian, R.A.; Vasconcelos, E.; Kim, J.H.; Cortes, A.R.G. Influence of Gingival Contour on Marginal Fit of CAD-CAM Zirconia Copings on Implant Stock Abutments. Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2021, 29, 2–5. 20. No-Cortes, J.; Son, A.; Ayres, A.P.; Markarian, R.A.; Attard, N.J.; Cortes, A.R.G. Effect of varying levels of expertise on the reliability and reproducibility of the digital waxing of single crowns: A preliminary in vitro study. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 127, 128–133. [CrossRef] 21. Memari, Y.; Mohajerfar, M.; Armin, A.; Kamalian, F.; Rezayani, V.; Beyabanaki, E. Marginal Adaptation of CAD/CAM All-Ceramic Crowns Made by Different Impression Methods: A Literature Review. J. Prosthodont. 2019, 28, e536–e544. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 22. Vasiliu, R.-D.; Porojan, S.D.; Porojan, L. In Vitro Study of Comparative Evaluation of Marginal and Internal Fit between Heat- Pressed and CAD-CAM Monolithic Glass-Ceramic Restorations after Thermal Aging. Materials 2020, 13, 4239. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 23. Yuce, M.; Ulusoy, M.; Turk, A.G. Comparison of Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Heat-Pressed and CAD/CAM Porcelain Laminate Veneers and a 2-Year Follow-up. J. Prosthodont. 2019, 28, 504–510. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Dolev, E.; Bitterman, Y.; Meirowitz, A. Comparison of marginal fit between CAD-CAM and hot-press lithium disilicate crowns. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 121, 124–128. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Al-Dwairi, Z.N.; Alkhatatbeh, R.M.; Baba, N.Z.; Goodacre, C.J. A comparison of the marginal and internal fit of porcelain laminate veneers fabricated by pressing and CAD-CAM milling and cemented with 2 different resin cements. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 121, 470–476. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Peng, C.-C.; Chung, K.-H.; Yau, H.-T.; Ramos, V., Jr. Assessment of the internal fit and marginal integrity of interim crowns made by different manufacturing methods. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 123, 514–522. [CrossRef] 27. Park, S.M.; Park, J.M.; Kim, S.K.; Heo, S.J.; Koak, J.Y. Flexural Strength of 3D-Printing Resin Materials for Provisional Fixed Dental Prostheses. Materials 2020, 13, 3970. [CrossRef] 28. No-Cortes, J.; Ayres, A.P.; Lima, J.F.; A Markarian, R.; Attard, N.J.; Cortes, A.R.G. Trueness, 3D Deviation, Time and Cost Comparisons between Milled and 3D-Printed Resin Single Crowns. Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2021, in press. 29. Park, J.Y.; Jeong, I.D.; Lee, J.J.; Bae, S.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, W.C. In vitro assessment of the marginal and internal fits of interim implant restorations fabricated with different methods. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2016, 116, 536–542. [CrossRef] 30. Markarian, R.; Vasconcelos, E.; Kim, J.; Attard, N.; Cortes, A. Effect of Different Milling Devices on Marginal Fit of CAD-CAM Zirconia Copings on Implant Stock Abutments. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2021, in press. [CrossRef] 31. Cortes, A.R.G. Digital Dentistry: A Step-by-Step Guide and Case Atlas, 1st ed.; Wiley Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2022; pp. 281–285. 32. Spagnuolo, G.; Sorrentino, R. The Role of Digital Devices in Dentistry: Clinical Trends and Scientific Evidences. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1692. [CrossRef] http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Applied Sciences Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Digital versus Conventional Workflow in Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status

Cortes, Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez
Applied Sciences , Volume 12 (8) – Apr 7, 2022
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Abstract

applied sciences Editorial Digital versus Conventional Workflow in Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2090 Msida, Malta; arthur.nogueira@um.edu.mt In recent years, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD- CAM) technology has developed along with its applications in dentistry, including several new techniques that are used in oral rehabilitation applications [1–8]. These techniques usually differ from conventional analog techniques regarding the way in which impressions are obtained (e.g., conventional impressions vs. intraoral scanning) or the way restorations are designed and produced (e.g., conventional waxing and casting vs. CAD-CAM). The general advantages that digital workflow involving CAD-CAM has over conventional workflow include faster treatment times, shorter appointments, reduced patient discomfort, no need to use plaster models and better predictability [9,10]. Another key feature of digital workflow is the ability to merge and superimpose three-dimensional (3D) meshes from different imaging examinations to create a virtual patient, which enhances virtual treatment planning and communication with patients [11]. The general disadvantages of digital work- flow that have been described include purchasing and managing costs, as well as a learning curve [9]. Nevertheless, it is also important to understand differences in quantitative outcomes such as trueness and precision between digital and conventional workflows. One of the most commonly investigated quantitative comparisons in digital dentistry is between conventional impressions and intraoral scans. In comparison to conventional impressions, intraoral scanning (IOS) has been considered to be more accurate in regard to the outcomes of resulting CAD-CAM crowns and short-span fixed partial dentures [12–14]. Citation: Cortes, A.R.G. Digital Several articles have found marginal gap values lower than 60 m for CAD-CAM dental versus Conventional Workflow in crowns produced using IOS, whereas gap values up to 183 m were found for crowns Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status. produced using conventional impressions [12]. One finding that is found across multi- Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710. https:// ple studies is that ensuring the accuracy of intraoral scans of long-span and completely doi.org/10.3390/app12083710 edentulous arches it is still challenging [15]. Received: 24 March 2022 Conventional impressions can also be digitalized to enable the execution of digital Accepted: 28 March 2022 workflows by using CBCT or desktop optical scanners. The latter, however, has been found Published: 7 April 2022 to offer significantly lower gaps for CAD-CAM crowns (reported to be around 50–60 m), Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral as compared to the former (reported to be higher than 100 m) [16–18]. The acquisition with regard to jurisdictional claims in parameters of CBCT also seem to have an influence on the results, as one study found that published maps and institutional affil- a voxel size of 0.125 mm led to better results in comparison to other values [16]. iations. In addition to the differences between conventional and digital impressions, CAD studies have also focused on assessing and comparing different software programs and methods for use in the digital design of dental prosthesis [19,20]. Virtual waxing was found to be affected not only by subgingival finish lines of the scanned preparations and the IOS Copyright: © 2022 by the author. device used [19], but also by the operator ’s clinical experience and educational background, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. as prosthodontists with basic CAD training were shown to outperform dental professionals This article is an open access article who had CAD certificates but less clinical experience [20]. distributed under the terms and In terms of production, studies assessing conventional and CAD-CAM methods in conditions of the Creative Commons the manufacture of dental prosthesis have compared CAD-CAM with pressed ceramic Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// restorations [21–25]. While for dental crowns, CAD-CAM was found to have significantly creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ better adaptation than pressed ceramics [21,22], most of the studies concerning laminate 4.0/). Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083710 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710 2 of 3 veneers found a different pattern, with similar [23,24] or worse adaptation using CAD- CAM [25]. Regarding resin restorations, previous studies have concluded that CAD-CAM (i.e., milled and 3D-printed) outperform conventional (i.e., manually constructed) interim resin crowns in terms of adaptation [26] and mechanical resistance [27]. On the other hand, there is controversy in the literature regarding comparisons between 3D-printed and milled resin restorations. A recent study found that a five-axis milling device is more accurate and faster but has a lower production rate and higher costs compared to a low-cost LCD 3D-printer to produce CAD-CAM dental crowns [28]. Nevertheless, another study on dental implants that compared a high-end DLP 3D-printer and a four-axis milling device found better adaptation for 3D-printed resin crowns compared to the milled and conventional crowns produced in the study [29]. Other previous in vitro studies found similar results between milling and 3D printing [26,27]. Significant differences in the marginal gaps of CAD-CAM crowns have also been found between milling devices with different numbers of axes [30]. In conclusion, the interpretation of research assessing CAD-CAM methods and com- paring them to conventional methods should be performed carefully, as the materials and methodologies used vary considerably among the studies. It is important to understand that several variables can affect the outcomes of CAD-CAM restorations and prostheses during either image acquisition (e.g., IOS device, operator, technique, or anatomy), CAD (e.g., software or operator) or CAM phases (e.g., device, manufacturing material, CAM protocol, or finishing). It has also been suggested that digital dentistry has the potential to play important roles in preventive dentistry, public health, and even dental education [31]. Despite this evidence and several other upcoming clinical trends [31,32], the lack of clinical, prospective, long-term comparative studies on digital dentistry is a sign that the train of digital dentistry research still has its first wagon. Funding: This editorial work received no special funding. Acknowledgments: The Guest Editor wishes to acknowledge all of the authors and the anonymous reviewers. Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest. References 1. Costa, A.J.M.; Teixeira Neto, A.D.; Burgoa, S.; Gutierrez, V.; Cortes, A.R.G. Fully Digital Workflow with Magnetically Connected Guides for Full-Arch Implant Rehabilitation Following Guided Alveolar Ridge Reduction. J. Prosthodont. 2020, 29, 272–276. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, I.G.G.; Tateno, R.Y.; Costa, C.; Cortes, A.R.G. Full digital workflow for anterior immediate implants using custom abutments. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 140–144. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Teixeira Neto, A.D.; Costa, A.J.M.; Choi, I.G.G.; Santos, A.; Santos, J.F.D.; Cortes, A.R.G. Digital workflow for full-arch implant- supported prosthesis based on intraoral scans of a relative of the patient. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 68–71. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Costa, A.J.D.M.E.; Burgoa, S.; Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Gutierrez, V.; Cortes, A.R.G. Digital workflow for image-guided immediate implant placement by using the socket-shield technique and custom abutment in the esthetic area. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2021, in press. [CrossRef] 5. Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Gonçalves, R.N.; Gialain, I.O.; Cavalcanti, M.G.P.; Tateno, R.Y.; Cortes, A. Three dimensionally printed surgical guides for removing fixation screws from onlay bone grafts in flapless implant surgeries. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 123, 791–794. [CrossRef] 6. Gialain, I.O.; Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; Cavalcanti, M.G.P.; Cortes, A.R.G. Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufactur- ing Milling of Allogeneic Blocks Following Three-Dimensional Maxillofacial Graft Planning. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2019, 30, e413–e415. [CrossRef] 7. Nishimura, D.A.; Iida, C.; Carneiro, A.L.E.; Arita, E.S.; Costa, C.; Cortes, A.R.G. Digital workflow for alveolar ridge preser- vation with equine-derived bone graft and subsequent implant rehabilitation: A case report [published online ahead of print, 22 July 2020]. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 159–167. [CrossRef] 8. Passos, L.; Soares, F.P.; Gil Choi, I.G.; Cortes, A. Full digital workflow for crown lengthening by using a single surgical guide. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 124, 257–261. [CrossRef] 9. Mangano, F.; Gandolfi, A.; Luongo, G.; Logozzo, S. Intraoral scanners in dentistry: A review of the current literature. BMC Oral Health 2017, 17, 149. [CrossRef] Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3710 3 of 3 10. Markarian, R.A.; da Silva, R.L.B.; Burgoa, S.; Pinhata-Baptista, O.H.; No-Cortes, J.; Cortes, A.R.G. Clinical Relevance of Digital Dentistry during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Scoped Review. Braz. J. Oral Sci. 2021, 19, e200201. [CrossRef] 11. Mangano, C.; Luongo, F.; Migliario, M.; Mortellaro, C.; Mangano, F.G. Combining Intraoral Scans, Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Face Scans: The Virtual Patient. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2018, 29, 2241–2246. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Morsy, N.; El Kateb, M.; Azer, A.; Fathalla, S. Fit of zirconia fixed partial dentures fabricated from conventional impressions and digital scans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2021, in press. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Nedelcu, R.; Olsson, P.; Nyström, I.; Thor, A. Finish line distinctness and accuracy in 7 intraoral scanners versus conventional impression: An in vitro descriptive comparison. BMC Oral Health 2018, 18, 27. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Carbajal Mejía, J.B.; Wakabayashi, K.; Nakamura, T.; Yatani, H. Influence of abutment tooth geometry on the accuracy of conventional and digital methods of obtaining dental impressions. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2017, 118, 392–399. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Schmidt, A.; Klussmann, L.; Wöstmann, B.; Schlenz, M.A. Accuracy of Digital and Conventional Full-Arch Impressions in Patients: An Update. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 688. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Seker ¸ , E.; Ozcelik, T.B.; Rathi, N.; Yilmaz, B. Evaluation of marginal fit of CAD/CAM restorations fabricated through cone beam computerized tomography and laboratory scanner data. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2016, 115, 47–51. [CrossRef] 17. Kim, Y.H.; Jung, B.-Y.; Han, S.-S.; Woo, C.-W. Accuracy evaluation of 3D printed interim prosthesis fabrication using a CBCT scanning based digital model. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0240508. [CrossRef] 18. Kauling, A.E.C.; Keul, C.; Erdelt, K.; Kühnisch, J.; Güth, J.F. Can lithium disilicate ceramic crowns be fabricated on the basis of CBCT data? Clin. Oral Investig. 2019, 23, 3739–3748. [CrossRef] 19. Markarian, R.A.; Vasconcelos, E.; Kim, J.H.; Cortes, A.R.G. Influence of Gingival Contour on Marginal Fit of CAD-CAM Zirconia Copings on Implant Stock Abutments. Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2021, 29, 2–5. 20. No-Cortes, J.; Son, A.; Ayres, A.P.; Markarian, R.A.; Attard, N.J.; Cortes, A.R.G. Effect of varying levels of expertise on the reliability and reproducibility of the digital waxing of single crowns: A preliminary in vitro study. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 127, 128–133. [CrossRef] 21. Memari, Y.; Mohajerfar, M.; Armin, A.; Kamalian, F.; Rezayani, V.; Beyabanaki, E. Marginal Adaptation of CAD/CAM All-Ceramic Crowns Made by Different Impression Methods: A Literature Review. J. Prosthodont. 2019, 28, e536–e544. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 22. Vasiliu, R.-D.; Porojan, S.D.; Porojan, L. In Vitro Study of Comparative Evaluation of Marginal and Internal Fit between Heat- Pressed and CAD-CAM Monolithic Glass-Ceramic Restorations after Thermal Aging. Materials 2020, 13, 4239. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 23. Yuce, M.; Ulusoy, M.; Turk, A.G. Comparison of Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Heat-Pressed and CAD/CAM Porcelain Laminate Veneers and a 2-Year Follow-up. J. Prosthodont. 2019, 28, 504–510. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Dolev, E.; Bitterman, Y.; Meirowitz, A. Comparison of marginal fit between CAD-CAM and hot-press lithium disilicate crowns. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 121, 124–128. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Al-Dwairi, Z.N.; Alkhatatbeh, R.M.; Baba, N.Z.; Goodacre, C.J. A comparison of the marginal and internal fit of porcelain laminate veneers fabricated by pressing and CAD-CAM milling and cemented with 2 different resin cements. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 121, 470–476. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Peng, C.-C.; Chung, K.-H.; Yau, H.-T.; Ramos, V., Jr. Assessment of the internal fit and marginal integrity of interim crowns made by different manufacturing methods. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2020, 123, 514–522. [CrossRef] 27. Park, S.M.; Park, J.M.; Kim, S.K.; Heo, S.J.; Koak, J.Y. Flexural Strength of 3D-Printing Resin Materials for Provisional Fixed Dental Prostheses. Materials 2020, 13, 3970. [CrossRef] 28. No-Cortes, J.; Ayres, A.P.; Lima, J.F.; A Markarian, R.; Attard, N.J.; Cortes, A.R.G. Trueness, 3D Deviation, Time and Cost Comparisons between Milled and 3D-Printed Resin Single Crowns. Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2021, in press. 29. Park, J.Y.; Jeong, I.D.; Lee, J.J.; Bae, S.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, W.C. 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Journal

Applied Sciences – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Published: Apr 7, 2022

Keywords: n/a

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