Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges

Francesca Savini; Carlo Rainieri; Giovanni Fabbrocino; Ilaria Trizio

doi:10.3390/infrastructures6010007

Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges

Savini, Francesca;Rainieri, Carlo;Fabbrocino, Giovanni;Trizio, Ilaria 2021-01-07 00:00:00 infrastructures Article Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges 1 2 , 1 , 3 1 Francesca Savini , Carlo Rainieri * , Giovanni Fabbrocino and Ilaria Trizio Institute for Construction Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Secondary Branch of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; savini@itc.cnr.it (F.S.); fabbrocino@itc.cnr.it (G.F.); ilaria.trizio@itc.cnr.it (I.T.) Institute for Construction Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Secondary Branch of Naples, 80146 Naples, Italy Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy * Correspondence: rainieri@itc.cnr.it Abstract: Road networks are disseminated of bridge structures whose typology reﬂects the time of design and construction of the transportation infrastructure and its relevance in the reference geographical area. Among others, masonry bridges are still widely operational, especially in those regions affected by a limited urbanization and a very high landscape value. As a consequence, the maintenance and the reliability of existing structures is a key issue for owners and managers of road and railway infrastructures. This circumstance leads to the development of an integrated approach able to cover the needs of knowledge of the technological and structural features of the bridge along with its history and current conditions. The main contribution of the study lies in the implementation of such an interdisciplinary approach through the application of archaeological stratigraphic method and 3D data management to historical masonry bridges. The survey and inspection protocol, whose ﬁrst results are here presented, aims to improve the knowledge of the assets, and facilitate the visual inspection. The results refer to a road infrastructure located along the Aterno River in the surroundings of L’Aquila (Central Italy) and point out promising perspectives in terms of feasibility and scalability of the approach to large stocks of assets. Citation: Savini, F.; Rainieri, C.; Fabbrocino, G.; Trizio, I. Applications Keywords: masonry bridges; infrastructure conservation; archaeological analysis of bridges; knowl- of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance edge of historical artifact; historical bridges; inspection and maintenance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7. https://doi. org/10.3390/infrastructures6010007 1. Introduction Design and erection of buildings and infrastructures reﬂect the scientiﬁc and technical Received: 1 December 2020 knowledge of the time of construction, but they point out also the expected performance Accepted: 31 December 2020 associated to given loading scenarios. As a consequence, it is worth noting that the Published: 7 January 2021 assessment and management of existing structures and infrastructures is a task far more Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- complicated compared to the design and construction of new ones, which have been tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- deserved to those regions with high levels of urbanization and industrialization [1,2]. ms in published maps and institutio- The latest catastrophic events affecting road infrastructures in Europe, and particularly nal afﬁliations. in Italy, have brought up again the issue of bridge maintenance and safety to the center of technical and scientiﬁc debate. As part of this, new guidelines for the management and safety of existing bridges have recently been developed and released by the Italian Ministry of Infrastructures and Transportation, mainly to evaluate and classify risks of Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- those structures made of reinforced concrete, structural steel, or composite members [3], censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. more in general, all the structural types that have been built after the Second World War in This article is an open access article many European and Mediterranean countries [4,5]. distributed under the terms and con- It is clear that the spotlight is at the moment focused on those bridges that serve critical ditions of the Creative Commons At- infrastructures. However, there are many masonry structures located in the historical cen- tribution (CC BY) license (https:// ters of European cities and villages as well as many operational bridges outside developed creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ and urbanized areas (the so-called Inner Areas [6,7]) that need to be accurately inspected 4.0/). Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6010007 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/infrastructures Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 2 of 23 and maintained. Due to the time of design and erection, masonry bridges can be addressed as historical structures, so that approaches and techniques developed for this speciﬁc class of structures [8] should be taken in proper consideration. As a result, maintenance of these structures means preserving safety and reliability of the infrastructure, but also conser- vation of historical assets and preservation of the landscape. This circumstance changes the technical perspective of the problem and leads to recognize the need of extending and optimizing common approaches for architectural heritage to distributed networks of valuable structures. Although an extensive review of the state of the art on the subject is not the aim of this paper, several investigations and studies can be found in the technical literature; in most cases these studies are aimed at monitoring the state of the infrastructures in order to assess their safety. The classical studies in the structural ﬁeld aimed at evaluating the mechanical behavior of the artifacts, the characterization and state of conservation of the component materials, their seismic vulnerability and structural modeling for the safety of road and railway bridges [9–18]. Those studies are being supported by others aimed at integrating different tools and methods for an in-depth level of knowledge of these artifacts. In this sense, the attempts aimed at integrating digital photogrammetry procedures with non-destructive testing techniques, structural analyses, and virtual reality open the way to really attractive applications [19–21]. Another class of examples relies on Building Information Modeling (BIM) and deals with the development of parametric models to enable a digital management of the data resulting from the inspections and maintenance of the assets [22–25]. Another viewpoint on the same topic is offered by those studies aimed at stimulating and enhancing knowledge of intangible characteristics, historical reconstruction, and the dissemination, in virtual environments, of masonry bridges through metrological approach and typological, architectural, and geometric-form investigations of the artifacts [26–29]. Road infrastructures are also objects of the study of archaeology as they allow for the reconstruction of the road system and its evolution related to the history of the settlements. This is a founding argument of Road Archaeology, which combines different methods, from geomorphology to the reconstruction of road layouts and their extent also based on the type of transit they were subjected to in the past [30–32]. The bridges are a direct source and can be analyzed by the stratigraphic method of masonries for knowledge [33–35], but also for restoration projects [36]. A lack of integration between the technical and humanistic investigation is conversely found both in the case of the single bridge and the stock belonging to a network. The archaeology approach is worth investigation since a detailed analysis of the single structure can be implemented according to the available literature and practices related to historical constructions. Therefore, the present paper represents a contribution to the development of knowl- edge in the area of the inspection and maintenance of masonry bridges by using a mul- tidisciplinary perspective and connecting the results of the analyses carried out by the hard sciences with archaeological studies. In particular, the attention is ﬁrst focused on the assessment of the role of the so-called stratigraphic method—a privileged tool for the archaeological investigation of excavation and historical buildings—in the structural and condition assessment of masonry bridges. This method is used in accordance with other types of knowledge, such as damage identiﬁcation and surface conservation assess- ment, but also the chemical, physical analysis, and technological characteristics of the construction materials or the evaluation of empirical knowledge of the ways of building. The research is aimed at designing and assessing a workﬂow able to satisfy the needs of tracing the current conditions of historical masonry bridges and collect quantitative and qualitative data propaedeutic to the functional and performance assessment of the asset, taking into proper consideration preservation of historical and landscape values. The attention is particularly focused on the assessment of the effectiveness of the approach to serve as a rational procedure able to support the technical personnel involved Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 3 of 23 in structural diagnostics and inspection of the historical masonry structures belonging to road infrastructures. As a consequence, the presentation of the different phases of the workﬂow is carried out along with the presentation of the results achieved on real structures belonging to a road network located in the Aterno River area, in the surroundings of L’Aquila, Abruzzo region. This is not a limitation of the work since its scalability and repeatability in other geographical areas and its adaptability to chronologically and typologically different historical masonry infrastructures is ensured. The work is thus aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness of stratigraphic analysis to improve the inspection and structural characterization of historical bridges. In fact, the application of the stratigraphic method has made it possible to argue the reconstruction of the bridge construction history, its evolution over time, identiﬁcation, and assessment of any interventions carried out on the structure combining performance assurance and preservation of any intangible aspect. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the archaeology analysis of the existing masonry bridges, moving from the description of the stratigraphic method applied to masonry, according to the approach of archaeology of building, the extension of the method to bridges is exempliﬁed referring to the real case study of the Aterno River road network. Section 3 is devoted to discussing the application of the proposed method for the inspection and monitoring of bridges and report some results of the analyses in the selected reference area. Finally, Section 4 collects a brief discussion of the results and ﬁnal remarks. 2. Archaeology Analysis of Masonry Bridges for the Infrastructure Inspection The statement of the problem and the early validation of the approach are made with reference to real structures, some of them still under service (Figure 1), located in the area of the Aterno River Valley, which is located in the Abruzzo region, Central Italy. The Aterno River with its canals and tributaries represents one of the main hydrographic basins of the Abruzzo region and an area highly developed in the past due to the presence of many industrial settlements such as water mills and paper mills around L’Aquila, which is the main city of the area [37]. This represents an attractive test ﬁeld as the road layout dates back to the ﬁrst historical settlements in the area with still operational bridges. The research started with the census of all the infrastructures crossing the river and their subsequent typological classiﬁcation and based on their use (they were divided into road and railway bridges). The survey, structured in a multiscale and multilevel perspective starting from the basic knowledge of the area in question (morphology of the territory, administrative-functional organization, historical and current viability), developed from the implementation of a speciﬁc georeferenced database, which has been progressively expanded with the addition of speciﬁc themes. The ﬁrst census of the Aterno River area highlighted a massive presence of historic masonry bridges in the area and, above all, their continued use over time, simultaneously underlining the importance and legibility of the ancient road system. To these considera- tions were added those related to the problems with some of these historic bridges, such as their state of conservation, in particular for those currently neglected, the modiﬁed load conditions on those still in use, and the hydrogeological risk to which many of them are periodically submitted. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 4 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 23 Figure 1. Arch masonry bridges under service on the Aterno River. Figure 1. Arch masonry bridges under service on the Aterno River. In the light of the previous considerations, the research is aimed at defining a proce- In the light of the previous considerations, the research is aimed at deﬁning a pro- dure that, starting with the integration of the results of a multidisciplinary study for in- cedure that, starting with the integration of the results of a multidisciplinary study for cr incr eaeasing sing kn knowledge, owledge, is is ab able le toto pr pr oovide vide aa ddigital igital to tool ol ffor or th the e iinspection nspection a and nd m maintenance aintenance o of f historical historical m masonry asonry b bridges. ridges. The The kn knowledge owledge wi will ll b be e o obtained btained wi with th geo geometric-formal, metric-formal, historical, and typological analyses, but also with those relating to the state of conserva- historical, and typological analyses, but also with those relating to the state of conservation ti and on a ar nchaeological d archaeologianalyses cal analys of es the of th masonrie e masonri s.es. The The results results ar ae re the the basis basis for for the the cr cre eation ation o of f a a digital digital information information sy system stem a and nd o of f a a subsequent subsequent parametric parametric m model odel that that allows allows the the managing and sharing of the data, thereby supporting the planning of any interventions managing and sharing of the data, thereby supporting the planning of any interventions and subsequent monitoring and maintenance phases. and subsequent monitoring and maintenance phases. Therefore, the historical masonry bridges over the Aterno River were analyzed by Therefore, the historical masonry bridges over the Aterno River were analyzed by integrating different techniques from diagnostic analyses to the most recent ones of three- integrating different techniques from diagnostic analyses to the most recent ones of three- dimensional digital representation of cultural heritage artifacts. The strength of the research dimensional digital representation of cultural heritage artifacts. The strength of the re- that the team is carrying out is developed by the interaction with procedures normally used search that the team is carrying out is developed by the interaction with procedures nor- in the ﬁeld of archaeology, that is, analyzing the bridges structures with the methodologies mally used in the field of archaeology, that is, analyzing the bridges structures with the of archaeology of buildings. methodologies of archaeology of buildings. Describing the archaeology of building in a few pages is difﬁcult, especially because Describing the archaeology of building in a few pages is difficult, especially because the discipline varies considerably from one country to another based on traditions [38]. the discipline varies considerably from one country to another based on traditions [38]. In In this paper a brief summary is reported in relation to the Italian context. this paper a brief summary is reported in relation to the Italian context. This ﬁeld of investigation has developed since the 1970s of the last century within This field of investigation has developed since the 1970s of the last century within the the branch of Medieval Archaeology, applying the method typical of excavation to his- branch of Medieval Archaeology, applying the method typical of excavation to historic Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 5 of 23 toric buildings through the stratigraphic analysis of masonries [39–42]. Archaeology of building uses the artifact itself as its main historical source and enhances the other types of knowledge with the results of stratigraphic analysis of masonries. This analysis is aimed at identifying each of several sections that are part of construc- tion, called Stratigraphic Unity of Masonries (SUM). The SUMs are distinguished based on: (i) the homogeneity of the masonry; the characteristics of the materials that compose it and their installation; (ii) the presence of elements inside the masonry; (iii) the traces left by the tools used for the construction of the artifact [43]. Each SUM identiﬁed on the surface of the masonry refers itself to the traces of the individual actions (constructions, collapses, restorations) carried out over time and can be traced back to a speciﬁc activity, constructive or destructive, that has been undertaken. For each unit, the physical contacts existing between neighboring stratigraphic units are analyzed. In this way, it is possible to identify the relative chronological relationships of the various constructive actions: each unit can be contemporary, prior or subsequent to the neighboring one. The collected data are recorded on a special form sheet and the stratigraphic relationships indicated in a diagram called a matrix or Harris’ diagram, as well as on the graphic representation provided by the survey. These supports are increasingly integrated with digital techniques both for data recording [44–47] and for the plane-volumetric acquisition. Graphic representation is increasingly digital thanks to the development of laser scanning and photogrammetric techniques [48–54] that are able to exploit the potential of the three-dimensional data already understood after the 1980s [55]. The implementation of the stratigraphic method constitutes the ﬁrst phase of an overall study of the structure that is not exclusive to the archaeological discipline but rather applies to multiple research themes, such as restoration or the history of architecture [56–58] and introduces the analyses relating to construction techniques that respond to functional requirements and the laws of statics [59]. This method is used by different professionals and it directs towards a multidisciplinary approach for study of historical artifacts. In Italy but also in Spain and France, the ﬁrst interdisciplinary tables for discussion began, and already at the end of the 1990s of the last century yielded specialized journals such as “Archeologia dell’Architettura”, “Arqueologia de la Arquitettura”, and “Bulletin du center d’étues médiéval d’Auxerre”. Today this branch of knowledge has acquired greater maturity thanks to the development of multiple researches and the application of advanced digital technologies and is beginning to assume, more in the academic ﬁeld than in reality, an important role in urban and territorial planning. In this way, it is possible to analyze the different stages of construction: the construc- tion of the works, studying the choices made and their interaction with the environment; the life phase of the building which involves an inevitable evolution following possible col- lapses and superfetation due to historical maintenance and restoration interventions (to be correlated to historical anthropic or natural events such as hydrogeological instability) and, in some cases, the phase of abandonment. The potential of this method is not limited to the identiﬁcation of the stratiﬁcation and the subsequent identiﬁcation of a sequence of constructive and destructive phases since the discipline is increasingly oriented towards greater complexity [60,61]. In fact, the study of individual infrastructural and architectural works, enriched by comparative analyses and with those on published and unpublished sources, allows us to reconstruct the settlement dynamics of a territory, the viability related to the diffusion of trade and technological knowledge, construction techniques and the empirical skills of the workers, the settlement structure, and the continuity of use of the works, deﬁning not only the material aspects but also the social and economic ones connected to the artifacts being analyzed. The operating procedure for the bridge analysis started from the territorial and spatial analysis by means of the survey and the GIS recording of the masonry infrastructures (and not) located in the Aterno Valley. For the systematic collection data, the creation of a general database was prepared; this was carried out on the basis of the ministerial forms and can be increased by connecting relational DBs with the thematic results of the research. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 6 of 23 The interoperability and the possibility of constant updating with speciﬁc records, such as those derived from the forms for assessing the state of bridges already in use [62], are the strength of the system. An open photographic database for historical bridges has been also prepared, which can be updated and expanded over time thanks to crowdsensing techniques. This allows to keep track of the interventions that are carried out on the structures but also to understand the degradation through the comparison of the images over time [63]. The images produced with speciﬁc photographic campaigns are processed to obtain photogrammetric surveys that can be integrated with laser scanning techniques. Strati- graphic analyses of the masonries are carried out on some selected artifacts to understand the evolutionary history and to verify the presence or absence of collapses and renovations that can compromise the statics of the structure itself. The knowledge of the historical evolution obtained by archaeologically interpreting the congruence or otherwise of the various parts of the infrastructural works becomes a prerequisite to speciﬁc studies for monitoring the state of the work as diagnostic analysis or visual inspection. It was therefore necessary to deﬁne the methods of organization, conservation and exchange of the multiple data resulting from multidisciplinary analyses. The creation of photorealistic three-dimensional models, subsequently semantic with the archaeological results, is a fundamental step in the operational process. These models can be connected to the GIS database through external links and can be used online, but also ofﬂine on a 3D PDF: an easy-to-use tool that allows consultation of the three-dimensional data [64]. This tool performs different functions from the management and exchange of archae- ological data to the support for visual inspection both remotely and in the ﬁeld using mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. Moreover, the 3d PDF is a light and easy to manage interactive tool that enables the operator to access the data, even in conditions of no internet connection, and represents a good option for those authorities that are in charge of the management and maintenance of infrastructures located in the territory. The results of the archaeological research will be integrated with digital survey technologies in prepa- ration of the implementation of an Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) [65] of masonry bridges. 3. An Operational Framework for the Aterno Valley: Some Results The framework was structured in operational steps starting from an initial overall knowledge of the masonry infrastructural works up to a more in-depth study of a selected number of artifacts. The research needs led primarily to the identiﬁcation of the area of interest, so that it could respond to very speciﬁc characteristics, such as the diversiﬁcation of the types of infrastructure analyzed and the presence of multiple external risks to the artifacts. After examining the Abruzzo area on the basis of its geomorphological characteristics and the technical report of the Abruzzo region and professionals in the sector, the Aterno River basin was selected, which extends mainly in the territory of the province of L’Aquila (Figure 2). This river originates within the boundaries of the municipality of Montereale and extends to about 96 km, crossing the territory of 17 municipalities, until it enters the Pescara River, near Popoli, taking the name of this other river, and ﬁnally ﬂows into the Adriatic Sea. The Aterno River basin is enriched not only by small natural and anthropic canalizations, but also by some tributaries such as the Raiale, the Raio and the Vetoio. This river and its area of interest were chosen because in addition to being exposed to a medium and high hydrogeological risk, with some areas particularly prone to ﬂooding, it is characterized by the presence of different types of infrastructures that enrich the subject of the study. In particular, in this area there are: ancient bridges no longer used and currently in a state of archaeological ruin, therefore subject to complex problems related to their conservation and use, including tourism; historical bridges still in use and currently integrated into the road system for which, since their construction, the load and trafﬁc Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 23 In particular, in this area there are: ancient bridges no longer used and currently in a Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 7 of 23 state of archaeological ruin, therefore subject to complex problems related to their conser- vation and use, including tourism; historical bridges still in use and currently integrated into the road system for which, since their construction, the load and traffic conditions conditions have signiﬁcantly changed; and masonry infrastructures relating to the railway have significantly changed; and masonry infrastructures relating to the railway line. The line. The levels of knowledge envisaged by the research are structured in two phases, the levels of knowledge envisaged by the research are structured in two phases, the first one ﬁrst one relates to a basic knowledge and the second one to an in-depth level. relates to a basic knowledge and the second one to an in-depth level. Figure 2. Satellite cartography of Italy with, on the right, an enlargement of the area relating to the Aterno River basin Figure 2. Satellite cartography of Italy with, on the right, an enlargement of the area relating to the Aterno River basin (with (with the areas subject to flooding highlighted with red outlines). the areas subject to ﬂooding highlighted with red outlines). The first level of knowledge includes: census of the present infrastructures; research The ﬁrst level of knowledge includes: census of the present infrastructures; research into the published sources for an understanding of the ancient road system and its trans- into the published sources for an understanding of the ancient road system and its trans- formation; a surface search for the identification of masonry structures; a photographic formation; a surface search for the identiﬁcation of masonry structures; a photographic acquisition campaign and a compilation of special forms revised to fit ministerial guide- acquisition campaign and a compilation of special forms revised to ﬁt ministerial guide- llines; ines; d design esign o of f a a re relational lational d database atabase iin n a a G GIS IS env envir iro onment nment ffor or th the e m management anagement o of f m multiple ultiple a acquir cquire ed d d data ata a and nd iits ts iimplementation; mplementation; iits ts ex export port f for or o online nline use use wi with th Google Google Maps Maps to tools. ols. The The seco second nd llevel evel o of f kn knowledge owledge iinvolves: nvolves: a a sel selection ection o of f th the e a artifacts rtifacts b based ased o on n ttheir heir a ar rc chitectural hitectural characteristics, characteristics, the the type type ofostr f st uctur ructure e, state , stat of e o conservation f conservatio and n ause nd use (pedestrian, (pedes- vehicular, railway); an integrated digital survey using laser and photogrammetric scanning trian, vehicular, railway); an integrated digital survey using laser and photogrammetric techniques; a stratigraphic analysis of the elevated works; an analysis of the unpublished scanning techniques; a stratigraphic analysis of the elevated works; an analysis of the un- sources preserved in the State Archive of the city of L’Aquila to identify any maintenance, published sources preserved in the State Archive of the city of L’Aquila to identify any restoration or refurbishment interventions in the 19th and 20th centuries; a study of maintenance, restoration or refurbishment interventions in the 19th and 20th centuries; a historical cartography and iconographic sources; an archaeological interpretation with the study of historical cartography and iconographic sources; an archaeological interpretation analysis of material and documentary sources, as well as with comparative surveys on the with the analysis of material and documentary sources, as well as with comparative sur- national territory. veys on the national territory. 3.1. The Territorial Analysis and Spatial Distribution of the Bridges along the Aterno River 3.1. The Territorial Analysis and Spatial Distribution of the Bridges along the Aterno River The spatial analysis of the distribution of infrastructural works has been implemented The spatial analysis of the distribution of infrastructural works has been imple- in a GIS platform, whose potential in the management of territorial and geographic data is mented in a GIS platform, whose potential in the management of territorial and geo- undisputed, as well as the ability to link topologically the data to georeferenced points. For graphic data is undisputed, as well as the ability to link topologically the data to georef- this purpose, the QGIS Open-Source platform was used by setting the coordinate reference erenced points. For this purpose, the QGIS Open-Source platform was used by setting the system WGS 84/UTM zone 33N and starting from the Google satellite map integrated with the regional cartography available on the Geoportal of the Abruzzo region [66]. The georeferencing of the infrastructures was carried out remotely using regional car- tography, speciﬁcally the 1:25,000 IGM and the 1:5000 Regional Technical Map, integrated Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 23 coordinate reference system WGS 84/UTM zone 33N and starting from the Google satellite map integrated with the regional cartography available on the Geoportal of the Abruzzo Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 8 of 23 region [66]. The georeferencing of the infrastructures was carried out remotely using regional cartography, specifically the 1:25,000 IGM and the 1:5000 Regional Technical Map, inte- with grated orthophotos with orthopho produced tos prod over uced the over years. the yea Atrpr s. A esent, t prese mor nt, em than ore th 100 an infrastr 100 infra uctur struc es - r ture elating s rela to tin the g to pedestrian, the pedestr road, ian, ro motorway ad, motorwa andyrailway and railsystem way syst have em h been ave b identiﬁed een identithat fied cross the Aterno River. In parallel, a relational database (DB) was prepared with which that cross the Aterno River. In parallel, a relational database (DB) was prepared with to wh pr ich ogr to essively progress implement ively implement the data thof e dthe ata multilevel of the multil surveys evel surv starting eys sta fr rti om ng general from genera inforl - mation (data on geometries, types, materials, etc.) to technical ones (state of conservation, information (data on geometries, types, materials, etc.) to technical ones (state of conser- transformation, dating, construction techniques and technologies etc.); into this DB a his- vation, transformation, dating, construction techniques and technologies etc.); into this torical section was also prepared, in which to insert the ﬁndings from the State Archive DB a historical section was also prepared, in which to insert the findings from the State (Figure 3). Archive (Figure 3). Figure 3. External relational database linked to the QGIS project. Figure 3. External relational database linked to the QGIS project. The design of this Information System guarantees the management and use of al- The design of this Information System guarantees the management and use of alpha- phanumeric and graphic information, the latter in particular made by photographic and numeric and graphic information, the latter in particular made by photographic and three- three-dimensional format, with digital models that can be viewed thanks to external links activated with hyperlinks (Figure 4). Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 9 of 23 dimensional format, with digital models that can be viewed thanks to external links acti- dimensional format, with digital models that can be viewed thanks to external links acti- vated with hyperlinks (Figure 4). vated with hyperlinks (Figure 4). Figure 4. Screenshot of the QGIS project with external links (photo, historical cartography and three-dimensional model Figure Figure 4 4. . Sc Scr reen eenshot shot of of the the QG QGIS IS propr jec oject t with with exter external nal linkslinks (phot (photo, o, historhistorical ical cartogcartography raphy and thand ree-di thr mee-dim ensiona ensional l model in WebGL). in WebGL). model in WebGL). The database linked to the georeferenced point elements has been exported in Key- The database linked to the georeferenced point elements has been exported in Keyhole The database linked to the georeferenced point elements has been exported in Key- hole Markup Language (KML) –an XML-based language created to manage geospatial h Markup ole Markup Language Langu (KML) age (K –an MLXML-based ) –an XML-ba language sed langu created age cr to eamanage ted to m geospatial anage geodata spatiin al data in three dimensions– this format allows viewing in “My Maps”, a Google Maps ap- three dimensions– this format allows viewing in “My Maps”, a Google Maps application. data in three dimensions– this format allows viewing in “My Maps”, a Google Maps ap- plication. This tool was used to reach the infrastructures in the territory recce phase, prov- This tool was used to reach the infrastructures in the territory recce phase, proving to be plication. This tool was used to reach the infrastructures in the territory recce phase, prov- ivery ng touseful be verduring y useful the duri on-sit ng th ee inspection on-site inspec andti data on an recor d dading ta reco operations rding ope(Figur ratione s ( 5Fi ).gure The ing to be very useful during the on-site inspection and data recording operations (Figure 5). The surface survey was aimed at the photographic recording of all the infrastructures surface survey was aimed at the photographic recording of all the infrastructures on the 5). The surface survey was aimed at the photographic recording of all the infrastructures o Aterno n the A and tern the o an registration d the registra of their tion o typology f their typo . For lomasonry gy. For mbridges, asonry b the ridges, predeﬁned the pred ﬁelds efined of on the Aterno and the registration of their typology. For masonry bridges, the predefined fthe ield form s of th wer e fo erm wer then ﬁlled e then in dir fillectly ed in on dire an ctor ly o dinary n an o smartphone. rdinary smartphone. fields of the form were then filled in directly on an ordinary smartphone. Figure 5. Census exported in KML format and usable on My Maps in desktop and mobile mode. Figure 5. Census exported in KML format and usable on My Maps in desktop and mobile mode. Figure 5. Census exported in KML format and usable on My Maps in desktop and mobile mode. The masonry structures so far examined have been classiﬁed on the basis of function- ality, type, and construction materials. There are abandoned and no longer used structures, bridges that can only be crossed on foot, and bridges that form part of the railway and road Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 The masonry structures so far examined have been classified on the basis of function- Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 10 of 23 ality, type, and construction materials. There are abandoned and no longer used struc- tures, bridges that can only be crossed on foot, and bridges that form part of the railway and road systems. The most representative typology is the masonry arch diversified in systems. The most representative typology is the masonry arch diversiﬁed in form (pointed form (pointed arch, lowered arch or round arch) and in the number of assembled arches arch, lowered arch or round arch) and in the number of assembled arches (Figure 6). (Figure 6). Figure 6. Photographic documentation of some arch masonry bridges along the Aterno River. Figure 6. Photographic documentation of some arch masonry bridges along the Aterno River. 3.2. Photographic and Photogrammetric Data Acquisition 3.2. Photographic and Photogrammetric Data Acquisition The results of the surveys highlighted the difficulty of detecting, even if only photo- The results of the surveys highlighted the difﬁculty of detecting, even if only pho- graphically, some structures due to excessive vegetation and, in some cases, for the inac- tographically, some structures due to excessive vegetation and, in some cases, for the cessibility of the land adjacent to the artifacts, privately owned or due to the high flow of inaccessibility of the land adjacent to the artifacts, privately owned or due to the high ﬂow the river. These aspects also affect the acquisition of the metric data with the integrated of the river. These aspects also affect the acquisition of the metric data with the integrated survey, which therefore must be appropriately designed also based on the season. In fact, survey, which therefore must be appropriately designed also based on the season. In fact, the campaigns conducted in the summer months often had a negative outcome due to the the campaigns conducted in the summer months often had a negative outcome due to thick vegetation found on the riverbanks. In autumn, photogrammetric surveying cam- the thick vegetation found on the riverbanks. In autumn, photogrammetric surveying paigns on two artifacts were made: the bridge in the locality of Cerro, in the municipality campaigns on two artifacts were made: the bridge in the locality of Cerro, in the munici- of Fossa, a few kilometers from L’Aquila, and the “Ferracci bridge” in the area of San pality of Fossa, a few kilometers from L’Aquila, and the “Ferracci bridge” in the area of Vittorino, a district of L’Aquila. The utmost difficulty encountered was with dense vege- San Vittorino, a district of L’Aquila. The utmost difﬁculty encountered was with dense tation in some points and the inability to place the markers necessary to automate the vegetation in some points and the inability to place the markers necessary to automate the digital photogrammetry procedure in the upper portions of the structure. digital photogrammetry procedure in the upper portions of the structure. This problem was easily solved in the image processing phase with the manual ad- This problem was easily solved in the image processing phase with the manual d addition ition of m ofamarkers rkers on th on e the phophotos, tos, carrcarried ied out b out efobefor re gen e er generating ating the spa thersparse se cloud. cloud. This step This ens step ure ensur d the ed succe thess success of the ca ofm the era’s camera’s alignmealignment nt phase anphase d the re and ducti the onr o eduction f noise genera of noise ted generated on the clouds by the reﬂection of the water surface in the photo’s alignment on the clouds by the reflection of the water surface in the photo’s alignment phase. The phase. The generation of the models, carried out with the Agisoft’s Metashape software generation of the models, carried out with the Agisoft’s Metashape software (version 1 (version .5.2), fol1.5.2), lowedfollowed the workf the low: workﬂow: editing o editing f the im of ages thewi images th mawith sks; po masks; sitionpositioning ing of the taof rge the ts targets manually on the photos; alignment of the cameras and the automatic positioning manually on the photos; alignment of the cameras and the automatic positioning of the of the targets on the wall; generation of the dense point cloud; creation of the mesh and targets on the wall; generation of the dense point cloud; creation of the mesh and finally, ﬁnally, creation of the overall textured and appropriately scaled model (Figure 7). The two creation of the overall textured and appropriately scaled model (Figure 7). The two acqui- acquisition campaigns were conducted with different devices. For the Ferracci bridges, sition campaigns were conducted with different devices. For the Ferracci bridges, dating dating back to the mid-19th century and characterized by a single lowered arch, it was acquired from the ground with a digital reﬂex camera (Nikon D3100). Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 11 of 23 back to the mid-19th century and characterized by a single lowered arch, it was acquired from the ground with a digital reflex camera (Nikon D3100). Figure 7. Phases of preparation of the photogrammetric model in Metashape software. Figure 7. Phases of preparation of the photogrammetric model in Metashape software. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 12 of 23 The bridge in Cerro, dating back to the Middle Ages and no longer used today except as a pedestrian crossing, was detected with a digital reﬂex camera (Canon EOS4000D) mounted on a carbon ﬁber telescopic rod able to reach a maximum height of 8.50 m. The two acquisition modes have produced different photogrammetric models, both validated in the metric and the color data, but with a different yield in the completeness of the mesh and in the quality of the related textures, demonstrating the effectiveness of the telescopic rod in the acquisition phase of the images. The photogrammetric models were subsequently used as a support for an archae- ological analysis on remote masonry and the orthomosaics generated by the software formed the basis of a critical survey obtained by mapping into them the results of the archaeological analysis. 3.3. The Archaeological Stratigraphic Analysis of Historical Masonry Bridges Any analysis of historical masonry bridges must consider some aspects of the ancient road network that persist over time based on the continuity of mobility demand in the area and the continuous maintenance performed in time. The analysis of this complex system, crucial for people throughout the ages, relates to the historical events of a territory, as is the case of the Aterno River valley. This area, surrounded by important mountain ranges, has been a natural link between the Sabina area and the Peligna Valley since ancient times, leading to the creation of a complex route that intersects the river. Our ancestors were faced with the problem of crossing the river, solved initially with fords or wooden structures that were subsequently replaced as part of the important territorial organization carried out in Roman times which involved the construction of 43 bridges over the Aterno River. The surveyed area is characterized by important historical events, from prehistoric times to the Italic settlements, from the Roman conquest to the barbarian invasions, from the religious organization to the rise of fortiﬁed settlements, from the Suevian-Angevin to the Spanish dominions, up to modern times with the birth of the current municipalities. Each historical period, characterized by precise political and economic choices, has played an important role in developing the road network by reconﬁgurations that have adapted the existing infrastructures to the needs of the new settlements [67], right up to the nineteenth century reorganization of the road network that provided the region with the road and rail network still in use [68]. For this reason, many masonry bridges attested in Roman times but restructured over time, are still part of the road system, as in the case of the Campana bridge, whereas other structures from different periods are in a complete state of disrepair and today in ruins, as is the case of the ancient bridge of Barisciano or the more recent one of Monticchio, both in the province of L’Aquila. The monitoring of structures no longer in use must be considered as a central part of the cognitive process focused on the protection and conservation of these historical artifacts which, although they no longer accomplish their original function, must be preserved for their cultural value. The signs of aging on these structures are evident if the artifacts are analyzed generally, that is according to the road system, and speciﬁcally in the single parts from which they are composed. The bridge in the locality of Cerro (Figure 8), part of the municipality of Fossa, is at the side of the current municipal road that leads to the village and was the ancient crossing of the “Fossa stream”, a channel of the Aterno River, which is still an important source of water for local agriculture. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 13 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 23 Figure 8. Bridge in the Cerro locality, in the territory of the municipality of Fossa, L’Aquila. Figure 8. Bridge in the Cerro locality, in the territory of the municipality of Fossa, L’Aquila. The structure of this bridge was oriented on a NE-SW axis and clearly part of an older The structure of this bridge was oriented on a NE-SW axis and clearly part of an ro older ad la road yout layout replace replaced d by the by cur the rencurr t one ent wh one ich which has an has E-W an setti E-W ng. setting. The brid The ge ibridge s charais c- terized by two typologically different masonry arches, limestone parapets, and a paved characterized by two typologically different masonry arches, limestone parapets, and a surface. The canalization of the Aterno in this area has a lower range than the original one, paved surface. The canalization of the Aterno in this area has a lower range than the original si one, ncesince the ri the ver riverbed bed was was narr narr owed owed with with the the coconstr nstrucuction tion ofof a a seco second nd emb embankment, ankment, pa partly rtly i in n co concr ncrete, ete, which which pa partially rtially obliterates obliterates the the NE NE ar arc ch, h, in in fact fact r re endering ndering i itt r redundant. edundant. In addition to this obvious transformation, the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge In addition to this obvious transformation, the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge fronts (Figures 9 and 10) highlighted the presence of several SUMs, some referable to recent fronts (Figures 9 and 10) highlighted the presence of several SUMs, some referable to re- restoration work, others attributable to the ﬁrst building phase visible on the masonry. cent restoration work, others attributable to the first building phase visible on the ma- sonry. Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 14 of 23 Figure 9. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s southeast front (AA’) in the Cerro locality. Figure 9. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s southeast front (AA’) in the Cerro locality. Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 15 of 23 Figure 10. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s northwest front (BB’) in the Cerro locality. Figure 10. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s northwest front (BB’) in the Cerro locality. The two arches, one round and one pointed, are made with well-squared limestone The two arches, one round and one pointed, are made with well-squared limestone pieces pieces linked linkedby byﬁne fine light-color light-colore ed dmortar mortar. . On Onboth bothfaces faces of ofthe the bridge bridge the the two twoar arc ches hes ar are e surmounted by protruding ferrules, resting on the same ashlar that testifies the construc- surmounted by protruding ferrules, resting on the same ashlar that testiﬁes the construction in tio the n in same the sa phase. me ph These ase. The upper se uppe arches r arc ar h ees made are m with ade stones with stworked ones woin rke the d in exposed the expo face. sed In phase with this, the clearly detectable revetment can be placed between the two arches, Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 23 Infrastructur es 2021, 6, 7 16 of 23 face. In phase with this, the clearly detectable revetment can be placed between the two mostly preserved on the NW-facing and made with masonry in small limestone ashlars arches, mostly preserved on the NW-facing and made with masonry in small limestone placed in horizontal rows. The overlying masonry belongs to a subsequent phase, made of ashlars placed in horizontal rows. The overlying masonry belongs to a subsequent phase, limestone ashlars placed in a repetitive pattern, in rows of small pieces alternating with made of limestone ashlars placed in a repetitive pattern, in rows of small pieces alternat- rows made with larger elements. This masonry, clearly observable on both elevations, ing with rows made with larger elements. This masonry, clearly observable on both ele- can be associated to extended repair/partial reconstruction works following a destructive vations, can be associated to extended repair/partial reconstruction works following a de- event such as a collapse which, given the extension of the intervention, had likely damaged structive event such as a collapse which, given the extension of the intervention, had likely the structure (Figure 11). damaged the structure (Figure 11). Figure 11. Virtual reconstruction of the bridge in the collapse phase (Reconstruction by A. Cordisco). Figure 11. Virtual reconstruction of the bridge in the collapse phase (Reconstruction by A. Cordisco). It is worth noting that the virtual reconstruction reported above represents a power- It is worth noting that the virtual reconstruction reported above represents a powerful ful tool for the design of diagnostic tests aimed at the detailed structural characterization tool for the design of diagnostic tests aimed at the detailed structural characterization of of the bridge and can guide the iterative trial and error procedure that is recommended in the bridge and can guide the iterative trial and error procedure that is recommended in the th most e madvanced ost advance guidelines d guidelin on es the on th assessment e assessme of nt o existing f existi constr ng con uctions structio [3 n,s 69 [3 –,71 69]. –71]. The The llast ast re restoration storation o of f th the e st str ruc uctur ture e is is ev evident ident on on th the e tw two o pa parapets rapets o of f th the e b bridge, ridge, d done one with medium and small-sized stones laid on sub-horizontal rows with abundant mortar with medium and small-sized stones laid on sub-horizontal rows with abundant mortar on the SE elevation (AA’) and with stones placed with greater irregularity on the NW one on the SE elevation (AA’) and with stones placed with greater irregularity on the NW one (BB’). These masonries, although with different construction techniques and materials, can (BB’). These masonries, although with different construction techniques and materials, be identiﬁed as being part of the same phase by the will of who carried it out to signal the can be identified as being part of the same phase by the will of who carried it out to signal intervention with the back wall clearly visible, as well as in situ, on the Digital Surface the intervention with the back wall clearly visible, as well as in situ, on the Digital Surface Model (DSM) (Figure 12). Model (DSM) (Figure 12). The DSMs are part of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) technology that has been The DSMs are part of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) technology that has been developed for terrain representation [72]. It represents the distribution of height from a developed for terrain representation [72]. It represents the distribution of height from a reference plane of the points belonging to a given surface. This model, which was generated reference plane of the points belonging to a given surface. This model, which was gener- in the Agisoft’s Metashape software (version 1.5.2) starting from the mesh of the artifact, ated in the Agisoft’s Metashape software (version 1.5.2) starting from the mesh of the ar- represents the elevation values with a gradation of colors. tifact, represents the elevation values with a gradation of colors. Archaeological documentation procedures based on DEM technology are mostly Archaeological documentation procedures based on DEM technology are mostly ap- applied to excavation activities, but show potential if applied to masonries since they plied to excavation activities, but show potential if applied to masonries since they can can highlight deformations of structures [73]. Elevation maps of fronts, if interpreted highlight deformations of structures [73]. Elevation maps of fronts, if interpreted in a mul- in a multidisciplinary perspective and integrated in HBIM, can provide information on tidisciplinary perspective and integrated in HBIM, can provide information on the state the state of the structures and post-depositional deformations for the study of structural of the structures and post-depositional deformations for the study of structural instabili- instabilities [74–76]. ties [74–76]. Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 17 of 23 Figure 12. Digital Surface Model: (a) southeast front (AA’); (b) northwest front (BB’); (c) perspective view. Figure 12. Digital Surface Model: (a) southeast front (AA’); (b) northwest front (BB’); (c) perspective view. The SUMs analyzed are affected by traces of widespread surface degradation such The SUMs analyzed are affected by traces of widespread surface degradation such as as vegetation, crusts, and patinas. The few documentary sources relating to this artifact vegetation, crusts, and patinas. The few documentary sources relating to this artifact and and the few data so far in possession regarding this portion of the territory do not permit Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 18 of 23 the few data so far in possession regarding this portion of the territory do not permit us to link the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge to an absolute chronology, even if it is pos- us to link the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge to an absolute chronology, even if it is sible to imagine the bridge’s structure dating back to the 13th century. The coexistence of possible to imagine the bridge’s structure dating back to the 13th century. The coexistence two types of arches in the same structure has led many scholars to support the theory of of two types of arches in the same structure has led many scholars to support the theory a Roman pre-existence [66] relating to the road network that led to the nearby Roman city of a Roman pre-existence [66] relating to the road network that led to the nearby Roman of Aveia. Research carried out so far does not confirm or negate these theories, but it is city of Aveia. Research carried out so far does not conﬁrm or negate these theories, but it is hoped that the in-depth study of the intrados of the arches, joined to a metric analysis of hoped that the in-depth study of the intrados of the arches, joined to a metric analysis of the stone elements, may bring new data in the absence of specific investigations, such as the stone elements, may bring new data in the absence of speciﬁc investigations, such as an an archaeological excavation or analysis of mortars. archaeological excavation or analysis of mortars. The results of the archaeological analysis conducted on the walls of the bridge and The results of the archaeological analysis conducted on the walls of the bridge and graphically summarized were integrated into a textured photogrammetric model by cre- graphically summarized were integrated into a textured photogrammetric model by creat- ating a semantic model (Figure 13), usable in 3D PDF format, but also online in WebGL ing a semantic model (Figure 13), usable in 3D PDF format, but also online in WebGL mode mode starting from the QGIS project through a link, whose data can be implemented with starting from the QGIS project through a link, whose data can be implemented with those those deriving from structural analyses to help monitor the conservation status of the deriving from structural analyses to help monitor the conservation status of the building. building. This model can also be integrated with the mapping of degradation, which will This model can also be integrated with the mapping of degradation, which will facilitate a facilitate a comparison over time with updated control acquisitions. comparison over time with updated control acquisitions. Figure 13. Photogrammetric bridge model mapped with the thematic results of the stratigraphic analysis. Figure 13. Photogrammetric bridge model mapped with the thematic results of the stratigraphic analysis. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 19 of 23 4. Discussion and Final Remarks This paper reports some investigations and early results of a wider research on ma- sonry arch bridges and is instrumental in the deﬁnition of an operational workﬂow able to combine the technical needs of knowledge for a reliable maintenance of operational bridges and those associated to the preservation of assets belonging to the architectural and landscape heritage due to their immaterial value. The paper summarized the opera- tional workﬂow and results of the application and optimization of a well-known technique used by archaeologists to the inspection and maintenance of bridges. Compared to the census phases of historical structures and their typological and structural classiﬁcation, the archaeological test on the masonries of bridges is at an initial phase. However, the experimentation validated the effectiveness of the archaeological approach for the analysis of historical bridges. The implementation of the stratigraphic method and the integra- tion between different disciplines facilitates the identiﬁcation of ancient undocumented action, overcoming the limit of the absence of written sources. It can be argued that the proposed procedure increases knowledge and facilitates the drafting of records on the state of health of historical bridges. The results, indeed, show how interdisciplinary approaches signiﬁcantly increase and enhance the knowledge of infrastructural cultural heritage. Moreover, the potentialities of integration between archaeological results and indi- rect survey carried out with photogrammetric technologies are assessed. These digital presentations of the metric and informative data collected, starting from the composition of SUMs for one bridge located in the Valley of the Aterno River, have been used as a visual inspection tool. The resulting digital model appears to fulﬁll the requirements of the monitoring and maintenance of road networks and offers interesting opportunities to struc- tural engineers, who are in charge of the structural modeling and the related performance assessment under service and environmental loads, like those associated to earthquakes. This is of paramount importance for the structures still in use that have different problems, particularly from a structural point of view due to the changed loading conditions they are currently subjected to. Despite the encouraging results, further work is needed to set an effective operational workﬂow that may track the acquired data and support the engineers in taking proper decisions in preserving safety and operation of the bridges based on reliable condition assessment information. The data resulting from the two different levels of knowledge described above will be put into production with the deﬁnition of digital procedures for data management. Moreover, the potentialities of the indirect survey carried out by integrating different digital tools and technologies (drone, terrestrial laser scanner and mobile scanning solutions as well as low-cost solutions like iPad Pro with LiDAR 3D Scanner) are assessed. It is worth noting that the described survey apparatus is in the line of the ordinary hardware available to technical personnel and inspectors in charge of the periodic inspections of bridges. This circumstance is far more relevant in the case of minor but valuable assets that are analyzed in the present paper, as more sophisticated and resource-consuming solutions are more compatible with more complex and critical infrastructures. This is not a trivial issue in the case of Inner Areas, where accessibility can be an issue, but natural resources and tourism can feed proﬁtable crowd-based data collection [63]. This data will be preparatory to the implementation of a HBIM of masonry bridges in which the construction of the parametric model will consider the SUMs identiﬁed by the archaeological analysis and will allow integration, based on a scalar level of knowledge, with the GIS census system in its realization phase. The aim is to create a digital system for the management, archiving, visualization and sharing of Structural Health Monitoring data of historical masonry artifacts. The theme of monitoring for conserving and protecting these assets is evident and topical as they are part of the collective memory of the territory, which, among other things, is extremely fragile due to the high hydrogeological risk in the area. For this type of structure, one must also consider the danger of river ﬂooding, which is increasingly caused today by particular weather conditions. Historical ﬂoods that Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 20 of 23 may have caused collapse or structural failure must be considered in this context. Some of these events with consequent damage to bridges are documented in the chronicles [77]. In addition, it is also important to analyze the artifacts in relation to the course of the river, its original conformation, and any transformations of the riverbed, such as changes to the banks, diversions of the river course, and so on. In conclusion, the modeling and representation tools for the creation of digital replicas (GIS, semantic three-dimensional models, and HBIM) will be integrated to validate complex digital models. Therefore, data from water level monitoring systems, located on more fragile and exposed structures, will become essential to complement HBIM and transform it into digital twin [78,79]. This will guarantee the multilevel use of built heritage data, interoperability, and accessibility, also due to Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications for visual inspection. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, investigation, and methodology, F.S., C.R., G.F. and I.T.; validation and formal analysis, F.S. and I.T.; resources, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, F.S.; writing—review and editing, supervision, C.R., I.T. and G.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The present study has been carried out in the framework of the PON RICERCA E IN- NOVAZIONE 2020 E FSC “INSIST” code ARS01_00913, whose ﬁnancial support is acknowledged. Authors are also grateful for the additional support provided by the PRIN 2017 “SURMOUNT— Innovative Systems for the UpgRade of MasOnry structUres and Non sTructural elements” research project (NO. 20173SJJF8). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. References 1. 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ISSN: 2412-3811
DOI: 10.3390/infrastructures6010007
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Abstract

infrastructures Article Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges 1 2 , 1 , 3 1 Francesca Savini , Carlo Rainieri * , Giovanni Fabbrocino and Ilaria Trizio Institute for Construction Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Secondary Branch of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; savini@itc.cnr.it (F.S.); fabbrocino@itc.cnr.it (G.F.); ilaria.trizio@itc.cnr.it (I.T.) Institute for Construction Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Secondary Branch of Naples, 80146 Naples, Italy Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy * Correspondence: rainieri@itc.cnr.it Abstract: Road networks are disseminated of bridge structures whose typology reﬂects the time of design and construction of the transportation infrastructure and its relevance in the reference geographical area. Among others, masonry bridges are still widely operational, especially in those regions affected by a limited urbanization and a very high landscape value. As a consequence, the maintenance and the reliability of existing structures is a key issue for owners and managers of road and railway infrastructures. This circumstance leads to the development of an integrated approach able to cover the needs of knowledge of the technological and structural features of the bridge along with its history and current conditions. The main contribution of the study lies in the implementation of such an interdisciplinary approach through the application of archaeological stratigraphic method and 3D data management to historical masonry bridges. The survey and inspection protocol, whose ﬁrst results are here presented, aims to improve the knowledge of the assets, and facilitate the visual inspection. The results refer to a road infrastructure located along the Aterno River in the surroundings of L’Aquila (Central Italy) and point out promising perspectives in terms of feasibility and scalability of the approach to large stocks of assets. Citation: Savini, F.; Rainieri, C.; Fabbrocino, G.; Trizio, I. Applications Keywords: masonry bridges; infrastructure conservation; archaeological analysis of bridges; knowl- of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance edge of historical artifact; historical bridges; inspection and maintenance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7. https://doi. org/10.3390/infrastructures6010007 1. Introduction Design and erection of buildings and infrastructures reﬂect the scientiﬁc and technical Received: 1 December 2020 knowledge of the time of construction, but they point out also the expected performance Accepted: 31 December 2020 associated to given loading scenarios. As a consequence, it is worth noting that the Published: 7 January 2021 assessment and management of existing structures and infrastructures is a task far more Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- complicated compared to the design and construction of new ones, which have been tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- deserved to those regions with high levels of urbanization and industrialization [1,2]. ms in published maps and institutio- The latest catastrophic events affecting road infrastructures in Europe, and particularly nal afﬁliations. in Italy, have brought up again the issue of bridge maintenance and safety to the center of technical and scientiﬁc debate. As part of this, new guidelines for the management and safety of existing bridges have recently been developed and released by the Italian Ministry of Infrastructures and Transportation, mainly to evaluate and classify risks of Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- those structures made of reinforced concrete, structural steel, or composite members [3], censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. more in general, all the structural types that have been built after the Second World War in This article is an open access article many European and Mediterranean countries [4,5]. distributed under the terms and con- It is clear that the spotlight is at the moment focused on those bridges that serve critical ditions of the Creative Commons At- infrastructures. However, there are many masonry structures located in the historical cen- tribution (CC BY) license (https:// ters of European cities and villages as well as many operational bridges outside developed creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ and urbanized areas (the so-called Inner Areas [6,7]) that need to be accurately inspected 4.0/). Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6010007 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/infrastructures Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 2 of 23 and maintained. Due to the time of design and erection, masonry bridges can be addressed as historical structures, so that approaches and techniques developed for this speciﬁc class of structures [8] should be taken in proper consideration. As a result, maintenance of these structures means preserving safety and reliability of the infrastructure, but also conser- vation of historical assets and preservation of the landscape. This circumstance changes the technical perspective of the problem and leads to recognize the need of extending and optimizing common approaches for architectural heritage to distributed networks of valuable structures. Although an extensive review of the state of the art on the subject is not the aim of this paper, several investigations and studies can be found in the technical literature; in most cases these studies are aimed at monitoring the state of the infrastructures in order to assess their safety. The classical studies in the structural ﬁeld aimed at evaluating the mechanical behavior of the artifacts, the characterization and state of conservation of the component materials, their seismic vulnerability and structural modeling for the safety of road and railway bridges [9–18]. Those studies are being supported by others aimed at integrating different tools and methods for an in-depth level of knowledge of these artifacts. In this sense, the attempts aimed at integrating digital photogrammetry procedures with non-destructive testing techniques, structural analyses, and virtual reality open the way to really attractive applications [19–21]. Another class of examples relies on Building Information Modeling (BIM) and deals with the development of parametric models to enable a digital management of the data resulting from the inspections and maintenance of the assets [22–25]. Another viewpoint on the same topic is offered by those studies aimed at stimulating and enhancing knowledge of intangible characteristics, historical reconstruction, and the dissemination, in virtual environments, of masonry bridges through metrological approach and typological, architectural, and geometric-form investigations of the artifacts [26–29]. Road infrastructures are also objects of the study of archaeology as they allow for the reconstruction of the road system and its evolution related to the history of the settlements. This is a founding argument of Road Archaeology, which combines different methods, from geomorphology to the reconstruction of road layouts and their extent also based on the type of transit they were subjected to in the past [30–32]. The bridges are a direct source and can be analyzed by the stratigraphic method of masonries for knowledge [33–35], but also for restoration projects [36]. A lack of integration between the technical and humanistic investigation is conversely found both in the case of the single bridge and the stock belonging to a network. The archaeology approach is worth investigation since a detailed analysis of the single structure can be implemented according to the available literature and practices related to historical constructions. Therefore, the present paper represents a contribution to the development of knowl- edge in the area of the inspection and maintenance of masonry bridges by using a mul- tidisciplinary perspective and connecting the results of the analyses carried out by the hard sciences with archaeological studies. In particular, the attention is ﬁrst focused on the assessment of the role of the so-called stratigraphic method—a privileged tool for the archaeological investigation of excavation and historical buildings—in the structural and condition assessment of masonry bridges. This method is used in accordance with other types of knowledge, such as damage identiﬁcation and surface conservation assess- ment, but also the chemical, physical analysis, and technological characteristics of the construction materials or the evaluation of empirical knowledge of the ways of building. The research is aimed at designing and assessing a workﬂow able to satisfy the needs of tracing the current conditions of historical masonry bridges and collect quantitative and qualitative data propaedeutic to the functional and performance assessment of the asset, taking into proper consideration preservation of historical and landscape values. The attention is particularly focused on the assessment of the effectiveness of the approach to serve as a rational procedure able to support the technical personnel involved Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 3 of 23 in structural diagnostics and inspection of the historical masonry structures belonging to road infrastructures. As a consequence, the presentation of the different phases of the workﬂow is carried out along with the presentation of the results achieved on real structures belonging to a road network located in the Aterno River area, in the surroundings of L’Aquila, Abruzzo region. This is not a limitation of the work since its scalability and repeatability in other geographical areas and its adaptability to chronologically and typologically different historical masonry infrastructures is ensured. The work is thus aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness of stratigraphic analysis to improve the inspection and structural characterization of historical bridges. In fact, the application of the stratigraphic method has made it possible to argue the reconstruction of the bridge construction history, its evolution over time, identiﬁcation, and assessment of any interventions carried out on the structure combining performance assurance and preservation of any intangible aspect. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the archaeology analysis of the existing masonry bridges, moving from the description of the stratigraphic method applied to masonry, according to the approach of archaeology of building, the extension of the method to bridges is exempliﬁed referring to the real case study of the Aterno River road network. Section 3 is devoted to discussing the application of the proposed method for the inspection and monitoring of bridges and report some results of the analyses in the selected reference area. Finally, Section 4 collects a brief discussion of the results and ﬁnal remarks. 2. Archaeology Analysis of Masonry Bridges for the Infrastructure Inspection The statement of the problem and the early validation of the approach are made with reference to real structures, some of them still under service (Figure 1), located in the area of the Aterno River Valley, which is located in the Abruzzo region, Central Italy. The Aterno River with its canals and tributaries represents one of the main hydrographic basins of the Abruzzo region and an area highly developed in the past due to the presence of many industrial settlements such as water mills and paper mills around L’Aquila, which is the main city of the area [37]. This represents an attractive test ﬁeld as the road layout dates back to the ﬁrst historical settlements in the area with still operational bridges. The research started with the census of all the infrastructures crossing the river and their subsequent typological classiﬁcation and based on their use (they were divided into road and railway bridges). The survey, structured in a multiscale and multilevel perspective starting from the basic knowledge of the area in question (morphology of the territory, administrative-functional organization, historical and current viability), developed from the implementation of a speciﬁc georeferenced database, which has been progressively expanded with the addition of speciﬁc themes. The ﬁrst census of the Aterno River area highlighted a massive presence of historic masonry bridges in the area and, above all, their continued use over time, simultaneously underlining the importance and legibility of the ancient road system. To these considera- tions were added those related to the problems with some of these historic bridges, such as their state of conservation, in particular for those currently neglected, the modiﬁed load conditions on those still in use, and the hydrogeological risk to which many of them are periodically submitted. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 4 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 23 Figure 1. Arch masonry bridges under service on the Aterno River. Figure 1. Arch masonry bridges under service on the Aterno River. In the light of the previous considerations, the research is aimed at defining a proce- In the light of the previous considerations, the research is aimed at deﬁning a pro- dure that, starting with the integration of the results of a multidisciplinary study for in- cedure that, starting with the integration of the results of a multidisciplinary study for cr incr eaeasing sing kn knowledge, owledge, is is ab able le toto pr pr oovide vide aa ddigital igital to tool ol ffor or th the e iinspection nspection a and nd m maintenance aintenance o of f historical historical m masonry asonry b bridges. ridges. The The kn knowledge owledge wi will ll b be e o obtained btained wi with th geo geometric-formal, metric-formal, historical, and typological analyses, but also with those relating to the state of conserva- historical, and typological analyses, but also with those relating to the state of conservation ti and on a ar nchaeological d archaeologianalyses cal analys of es the of th masonrie e masonri s.es. The The results results ar ae re the the basis basis for for the the cr cre eation ation o of f a a digital digital information information sy system stem a and nd o of f a a subsequent subsequent parametric parametric m model odel that that allows allows the the managing and sharing of the data, thereby supporting the planning of any interventions managing and sharing of the data, thereby supporting the planning of any interventions and subsequent monitoring and maintenance phases. and subsequent monitoring and maintenance phases. Therefore, the historical masonry bridges over the Aterno River were analyzed by Therefore, the historical masonry bridges over the Aterno River were analyzed by integrating different techniques from diagnostic analyses to the most recent ones of three- integrating different techniques from diagnostic analyses to the most recent ones of three- dimensional digital representation of cultural heritage artifacts. The strength of the research dimensional digital representation of cultural heritage artifacts. The strength of the re- that the team is carrying out is developed by the interaction with procedures normally used search that the team is carrying out is developed by the interaction with procedures nor- in the ﬁeld of archaeology, that is, analyzing the bridges structures with the methodologies mally used in the field of archaeology, that is, analyzing the bridges structures with the of archaeology of buildings. methodologies of archaeology of buildings. Describing the archaeology of building in a few pages is difﬁcult, especially because Describing the archaeology of building in a few pages is difficult, especially because the discipline varies considerably from one country to another based on traditions [38]. the discipline varies considerably from one country to another based on traditions [38]. In In this paper a brief summary is reported in relation to the Italian context. this paper a brief summary is reported in relation to the Italian context. This ﬁeld of investigation has developed since the 1970s of the last century within This field of investigation has developed since the 1970s of the last century within the the branch of Medieval Archaeology, applying the method typical of excavation to his- branch of Medieval Archaeology, applying the method typical of excavation to historic Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 5 of 23 toric buildings through the stratigraphic analysis of masonries [39–42]. Archaeology of building uses the artifact itself as its main historical source and enhances the other types of knowledge with the results of stratigraphic analysis of masonries. This analysis is aimed at identifying each of several sections that are part of construc- tion, called Stratigraphic Unity of Masonries (SUM). The SUMs are distinguished based on: (i) the homogeneity of the masonry; the characteristics of the materials that compose it and their installation; (ii) the presence of elements inside the masonry; (iii) the traces left by the tools used for the construction of the artifact [43]. Each SUM identiﬁed on the surface of the masonry refers itself to the traces of the individual actions (constructions, collapses, restorations) carried out over time and can be traced back to a speciﬁc activity, constructive or destructive, that has been undertaken. For each unit, the physical contacts existing between neighboring stratigraphic units are analyzed. In this way, it is possible to identify the relative chronological relationships of the various constructive actions: each unit can be contemporary, prior or subsequent to the neighboring one. The collected data are recorded on a special form sheet and the stratigraphic relationships indicated in a diagram called a matrix or Harris’ diagram, as well as on the graphic representation provided by the survey. These supports are increasingly integrated with digital techniques both for data recording [44–47] and for the plane-volumetric acquisition. Graphic representation is increasingly digital thanks to the development of laser scanning and photogrammetric techniques [48–54] that are able to exploit the potential of the three-dimensional data already understood after the 1980s [55]. The implementation of the stratigraphic method constitutes the ﬁrst phase of an overall study of the structure that is not exclusive to the archaeological discipline but rather applies to multiple research themes, such as restoration or the history of architecture [56–58] and introduces the analyses relating to construction techniques that respond to functional requirements and the laws of statics [59]. This method is used by different professionals and it directs towards a multidisciplinary approach for study of historical artifacts. In Italy but also in Spain and France, the ﬁrst interdisciplinary tables for discussion began, and already at the end of the 1990s of the last century yielded specialized journals such as “Archeologia dell’Architettura”, “Arqueologia de la Arquitettura”, and “Bulletin du center d’étues médiéval d’Auxerre”. Today this branch of knowledge has acquired greater maturity thanks to the development of multiple researches and the application of advanced digital technologies and is beginning to assume, more in the academic ﬁeld than in reality, an important role in urban and territorial planning. In this way, it is possible to analyze the different stages of construction: the construc- tion of the works, studying the choices made and their interaction with the environment; the life phase of the building which involves an inevitable evolution following possible col- lapses and superfetation due to historical maintenance and restoration interventions (to be correlated to historical anthropic or natural events such as hydrogeological instability) and, in some cases, the phase of abandonment. The potential of this method is not limited to the identiﬁcation of the stratiﬁcation and the subsequent identiﬁcation of a sequence of constructive and destructive phases since the discipline is increasingly oriented towards greater complexity [60,61]. In fact, the study of individual infrastructural and architectural works, enriched by comparative analyses and with those on published and unpublished sources, allows us to reconstruct the settlement dynamics of a territory, the viability related to the diffusion of trade and technological knowledge, construction techniques and the empirical skills of the workers, the settlement structure, and the continuity of use of the works, deﬁning not only the material aspects but also the social and economic ones connected to the artifacts being analyzed. The operating procedure for the bridge analysis started from the territorial and spatial analysis by means of the survey and the GIS recording of the masonry infrastructures (and not) located in the Aterno Valley. For the systematic collection data, the creation of a general database was prepared; this was carried out on the basis of the ministerial forms and can be increased by connecting relational DBs with the thematic results of the research. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 6 of 23 The interoperability and the possibility of constant updating with speciﬁc records, such as those derived from the forms for assessing the state of bridges already in use [62], are the strength of the system. An open photographic database for historical bridges has been also prepared, which can be updated and expanded over time thanks to crowdsensing techniques. This allows to keep track of the interventions that are carried out on the structures but also to understand the degradation through the comparison of the images over time [63]. The images produced with speciﬁc photographic campaigns are processed to obtain photogrammetric surveys that can be integrated with laser scanning techniques. Strati- graphic analyses of the masonries are carried out on some selected artifacts to understand the evolutionary history and to verify the presence or absence of collapses and renovations that can compromise the statics of the structure itself. The knowledge of the historical evolution obtained by archaeologically interpreting the congruence or otherwise of the various parts of the infrastructural works becomes a prerequisite to speciﬁc studies for monitoring the state of the work as diagnostic analysis or visual inspection. It was therefore necessary to deﬁne the methods of organization, conservation and exchange of the multiple data resulting from multidisciplinary analyses. The creation of photorealistic three-dimensional models, subsequently semantic with the archaeological results, is a fundamental step in the operational process. These models can be connected to the GIS database through external links and can be used online, but also ofﬂine on a 3D PDF: an easy-to-use tool that allows consultation of the three-dimensional data [64]. This tool performs different functions from the management and exchange of archae- ological data to the support for visual inspection both remotely and in the ﬁeld using mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. Moreover, the 3d PDF is a light and easy to manage interactive tool that enables the operator to access the data, even in conditions of no internet connection, and represents a good option for those authorities that are in charge of the management and maintenance of infrastructures located in the territory. The results of the archaeological research will be integrated with digital survey technologies in prepa- ration of the implementation of an Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) [65] of masonry bridges. 3. An Operational Framework for the Aterno Valley: Some Results The framework was structured in operational steps starting from an initial overall knowledge of the masonry infrastructural works up to a more in-depth study of a selected number of artifacts. The research needs led primarily to the identiﬁcation of the area of interest, so that it could respond to very speciﬁc characteristics, such as the diversiﬁcation of the types of infrastructure analyzed and the presence of multiple external risks to the artifacts. After examining the Abruzzo area on the basis of its geomorphological characteristics and the technical report of the Abruzzo region and professionals in the sector, the Aterno River basin was selected, which extends mainly in the territory of the province of L’Aquila (Figure 2). This river originates within the boundaries of the municipality of Montereale and extends to about 96 km, crossing the territory of 17 municipalities, until it enters the Pescara River, near Popoli, taking the name of this other river, and ﬁnally ﬂows into the Adriatic Sea. The Aterno River basin is enriched not only by small natural and anthropic canalizations, but also by some tributaries such as the Raiale, the Raio and the Vetoio. This river and its area of interest were chosen because in addition to being exposed to a medium and high hydrogeological risk, with some areas particularly prone to ﬂooding, it is characterized by the presence of different types of infrastructures that enrich the subject of the study. In particular, in this area there are: ancient bridges no longer used and currently in a state of archaeological ruin, therefore subject to complex problems related to their conservation and use, including tourism; historical bridges still in use and currently integrated into the road system for which, since their construction, the load and trafﬁc Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 23 In particular, in this area there are: ancient bridges no longer used and currently in a Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 7 of 23 state of archaeological ruin, therefore subject to complex problems related to their conser- vation and use, including tourism; historical bridges still in use and currently integrated into the road system for which, since their construction, the load and traffic conditions conditions have signiﬁcantly changed; and masonry infrastructures relating to the railway have significantly changed; and masonry infrastructures relating to the railway line. The line. The levels of knowledge envisaged by the research are structured in two phases, the levels of knowledge envisaged by the research are structured in two phases, the first one ﬁrst one relates to a basic knowledge and the second one to an in-depth level. relates to a basic knowledge and the second one to an in-depth level. Figure 2. Satellite cartography of Italy with, on the right, an enlargement of the area relating to the Aterno River basin Figure 2. Satellite cartography of Italy with, on the right, an enlargement of the area relating to the Aterno River basin (with (with the areas subject to flooding highlighted with red outlines). the areas subject to ﬂooding highlighted with red outlines). The first level of knowledge includes: census of the present infrastructures; research The ﬁrst level of knowledge includes: census of the present infrastructures; research into the published sources for an understanding of the ancient road system and its trans- into the published sources for an understanding of the ancient road system and its trans- formation; a surface search for the identification of masonry structures; a photographic formation; a surface search for the identiﬁcation of masonry structures; a photographic acquisition campaign and a compilation of special forms revised to fit ministerial guide- acquisition campaign and a compilation of special forms revised to ﬁt ministerial guide- llines; ines; d design esign o of f a a re relational lational d database atabase iin n a a G GIS IS env envir iro onment nment ffor or th the e m management anagement o of f m multiple ultiple a acquir cquire ed d d data ata a and nd iits ts iimplementation; mplementation; iits ts ex export port f for or o online nline use use wi with th Google Google Maps Maps to tools. ols. The The seco second nd llevel evel o of f kn knowledge owledge iinvolves: nvolves: a a sel selection ection o of f th the e a artifacts rtifacts b based ased o on n ttheir heir a ar rc chitectural hitectural characteristics, characteristics, the the type type ofostr f st uctur ructure e, state , stat of e o conservation f conservatio and n ause nd use (pedestrian, (pedes- vehicular, railway); an integrated digital survey using laser and photogrammetric scanning trian, vehicular, railway); an integrated digital survey using laser and photogrammetric techniques; a stratigraphic analysis of the elevated works; an analysis of the unpublished scanning techniques; a stratigraphic analysis of the elevated works; an analysis of the un- sources preserved in the State Archive of the city of L’Aquila to identify any maintenance, published sources preserved in the State Archive of the city of L’Aquila to identify any restoration or refurbishment interventions in the 19th and 20th centuries; a study of maintenance, restoration or refurbishment interventions in the 19th and 20th centuries; a historical cartography and iconographic sources; an archaeological interpretation with the study of historical cartography and iconographic sources; an archaeological interpretation analysis of material and documentary sources, as well as with comparative surveys on the with the analysis of material and documentary sources, as well as with comparative sur- national territory. veys on the national territory. 3.1. The Territorial Analysis and Spatial Distribution of the Bridges along the Aterno River 3.1. The Territorial Analysis and Spatial Distribution of the Bridges along the Aterno River The spatial analysis of the distribution of infrastructural works has been implemented The spatial analysis of the distribution of infrastructural works has been imple- in a GIS platform, whose potential in the management of territorial and geographic data is mented in a GIS platform, whose potential in the management of territorial and geo- undisputed, as well as the ability to link topologically the data to georeferenced points. For graphic data is undisputed, as well as the ability to link topologically the data to georef- this purpose, the QGIS Open-Source platform was used by setting the coordinate reference erenced points. For this purpose, the QGIS Open-Source platform was used by setting the system WGS 84/UTM zone 33N and starting from the Google satellite map integrated with the regional cartography available on the Geoportal of the Abruzzo region [66]. The georeferencing of the infrastructures was carried out remotely using regional car- tography, speciﬁcally the 1:25,000 IGM and the 1:5000 Regional Technical Map, integrated Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 23 coordinate reference system WGS 84/UTM zone 33N and starting from the Google satellite map integrated with the regional cartography available on the Geoportal of the Abruzzo Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 8 of 23 region [66]. The georeferencing of the infrastructures was carried out remotely using regional cartography, specifically the 1:25,000 IGM and the 1:5000 Regional Technical Map, inte- with grated orthophotos with orthopho produced tos prod over uced the over years. the yea Atrpr s. A esent, t prese mor nt, em than ore th 100 an infrastr 100 infra uctur struc es - r ture elating s rela to tin the g to pedestrian, the pedestr road, ian, ro motorway ad, motorwa andyrailway and railsystem way syst have em h been ave b identiﬁed een identithat fied cross the Aterno River. In parallel, a relational database (DB) was prepared with which that cross the Aterno River. In parallel, a relational database (DB) was prepared with to wh pr ich ogr to essively progress implement ively implement the data thof e dthe ata multilevel of the multil surveys evel surv starting eys sta fr rti om ng general from genera inforl - mation (data on geometries, types, materials, etc.) to technical ones (state of conservation, information (data on geometries, types, materials, etc.) to technical ones (state of conser- transformation, dating, construction techniques and technologies etc.); into this DB a his- vation, transformation, dating, construction techniques and technologies etc.); into this torical section was also prepared, in which to insert the ﬁndings from the State Archive DB a historical section was also prepared, in which to insert the findings from the State (Figure 3). Archive (Figure 3). Figure 3. External relational database linked to the QGIS project. Figure 3. External relational database linked to the QGIS project. The design of this Information System guarantees the management and use of al- The design of this Information System guarantees the management and use of alpha- phanumeric and graphic information, the latter in particular made by photographic and numeric and graphic information, the latter in particular made by photographic and three- three-dimensional format, with digital models that can be viewed thanks to external links activated with hyperlinks (Figure 4). Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 9 of 23 dimensional format, with digital models that can be viewed thanks to external links acti- dimensional format, with digital models that can be viewed thanks to external links acti- vated with hyperlinks (Figure 4). vated with hyperlinks (Figure 4). Figure 4. Screenshot of the QGIS project with external links (photo, historical cartography and three-dimensional model Figure Figure 4 4. . Sc Scr reen eenshot shot of of the the QG QGIS IS propr jec oject t with with exter external nal linkslinks (phot (photo, o, historhistorical ical cartogcartography raphy and thand ree-di thr mee-dim ensiona ensional l model in WebGL). in WebGL). model in WebGL). The database linked to the georeferenced point elements has been exported in Key- The database linked to the georeferenced point elements has been exported in Keyhole The database linked to the georeferenced point elements has been exported in Key- hole Markup Language (KML) –an XML-based language created to manage geospatial h Markup ole Markup Language Langu (KML) age (K –an MLXML-based ) –an XML-ba language sed langu created age cr to eamanage ted to m geospatial anage geodata spatiin al data in three dimensions– this format allows viewing in “My Maps”, a Google Maps ap- three dimensions– this format allows viewing in “My Maps”, a Google Maps application. data in three dimensions– this format allows viewing in “My Maps”, a Google Maps ap- plication. This tool was used to reach the infrastructures in the territory recce phase, prov- This tool was used to reach the infrastructures in the territory recce phase, proving to be plication. This tool was used to reach the infrastructures in the territory recce phase, prov- ivery ng touseful be verduring y useful the duri on-sit ng th ee inspection on-site inspec andti data on an recor d dading ta reco operations rding ope(Figur ratione s ( 5Fi ).gure The ing to be very useful during the on-site inspection and data recording operations (Figure 5). The surface survey was aimed at the photographic recording of all the infrastructures surface survey was aimed at the photographic recording of all the infrastructures on the 5). The surface survey was aimed at the photographic recording of all the infrastructures o Aterno n the A and tern the o an registration d the registra of their tion o typology f their typo . For lomasonry gy. For mbridges, asonry b the ridges, predeﬁned the pred ﬁelds efined of on the Aterno and the registration of their typology. For masonry bridges, the predefined fthe ield form s of th wer e fo erm wer then ﬁlled e then in dir fillectly ed in on dire an ctor ly o dinary n an o smartphone. rdinary smartphone. fields of the form were then filled in directly on an ordinary smartphone. Figure 5. Census exported in KML format and usable on My Maps in desktop and mobile mode. Figure 5. Census exported in KML format and usable on My Maps in desktop and mobile mode. Figure 5. Census exported in KML format and usable on My Maps in desktop and mobile mode. The masonry structures so far examined have been classiﬁed on the basis of function- ality, type, and construction materials. There are abandoned and no longer used structures, bridges that can only be crossed on foot, and bridges that form part of the railway and road Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 The masonry structures so far examined have been classified on the basis of function- Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 10 of 23 ality, type, and construction materials. There are abandoned and no longer used struc- tures, bridges that can only be crossed on foot, and bridges that form part of the railway and road systems. The most representative typology is the masonry arch diversified in systems. The most representative typology is the masonry arch diversiﬁed in form (pointed form (pointed arch, lowered arch or round arch) and in the number of assembled arches arch, lowered arch or round arch) and in the number of assembled arches (Figure 6). (Figure 6). Figure 6. Photographic documentation of some arch masonry bridges along the Aterno River. Figure 6. Photographic documentation of some arch masonry bridges along the Aterno River. 3.2. Photographic and Photogrammetric Data Acquisition 3.2. Photographic and Photogrammetric Data Acquisition The results of the surveys highlighted the difficulty of detecting, even if only photo- The results of the surveys highlighted the difﬁculty of detecting, even if only pho- graphically, some structures due to excessive vegetation and, in some cases, for the inac- tographically, some structures due to excessive vegetation and, in some cases, for the cessibility of the land adjacent to the artifacts, privately owned or due to the high flow of inaccessibility of the land adjacent to the artifacts, privately owned or due to the high ﬂow the river. These aspects also affect the acquisition of the metric data with the integrated of the river. These aspects also affect the acquisition of the metric data with the integrated survey, which therefore must be appropriately designed also based on the season. In fact, survey, which therefore must be appropriately designed also based on the season. In fact, the campaigns conducted in the summer months often had a negative outcome due to the the campaigns conducted in the summer months often had a negative outcome due to thick vegetation found on the riverbanks. In autumn, photogrammetric surveying cam- the thick vegetation found on the riverbanks. In autumn, photogrammetric surveying paigns on two artifacts were made: the bridge in the locality of Cerro, in the municipality campaigns on two artifacts were made: the bridge in the locality of Cerro, in the munici- of Fossa, a few kilometers from L’Aquila, and the “Ferracci bridge” in the area of San pality of Fossa, a few kilometers from L’Aquila, and the “Ferracci bridge” in the area of Vittorino, a district of L’Aquila. The utmost difficulty encountered was with dense vege- San Vittorino, a district of L’Aquila. The utmost difﬁculty encountered was with dense tation in some points and the inability to place the markers necessary to automate the vegetation in some points and the inability to place the markers necessary to automate the digital photogrammetry procedure in the upper portions of the structure. digital photogrammetry procedure in the upper portions of the structure. This problem was easily solved in the image processing phase with the manual ad- This problem was easily solved in the image processing phase with the manual d addition ition of m ofamarkers rkers on th on e the phophotos, tos, carrcarried ied out b out efobefor re gen e er generating ating the spa thersparse se cloud. cloud. This step This ens step ure ensur d the ed succe thess success of the ca ofm the era’s camera’s alignmealignment nt phase anphase d the re and ducti the onr o eduction f noise genera of noise ted generated on the clouds by the reﬂection of the water surface in the photo’s alignment on the clouds by the reflection of the water surface in the photo’s alignment phase. The phase. The generation of the models, carried out with the Agisoft’s Metashape software generation of the models, carried out with the Agisoft’s Metashape software (version 1 (version .5.2), fol1.5.2), lowedfollowed the workf the low: workﬂow: editing o editing f the im of ages thewi images th mawith sks; po masks; sitionpositioning ing of the taof rge the ts targets manually on the photos; alignment of the cameras and the automatic positioning manually on the photos; alignment of the cameras and the automatic positioning of the of the targets on the wall; generation of the dense point cloud; creation of the mesh and targets on the wall; generation of the dense point cloud; creation of the mesh and finally, ﬁnally, creation of the overall textured and appropriately scaled model (Figure 7). The two creation of the overall textured and appropriately scaled model (Figure 7). The two acqui- acquisition campaigns were conducted with different devices. For the Ferracci bridges, sition campaigns were conducted with different devices. For the Ferracci bridges, dating dating back to the mid-19th century and characterized by a single lowered arch, it was acquired from the ground with a digital reﬂex camera (Nikon D3100). Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 11 of 23 back to the mid-19th century and characterized by a single lowered arch, it was acquired from the ground with a digital reflex camera (Nikon D3100). Figure 7. Phases of preparation of the photogrammetric model in Metashape software. Figure 7. Phases of preparation of the photogrammetric model in Metashape software. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 12 of 23 The bridge in Cerro, dating back to the Middle Ages and no longer used today except as a pedestrian crossing, was detected with a digital reﬂex camera (Canon EOS4000D) mounted on a carbon ﬁber telescopic rod able to reach a maximum height of 8.50 m. The two acquisition modes have produced different photogrammetric models, both validated in the metric and the color data, but with a different yield in the completeness of the mesh and in the quality of the related textures, demonstrating the effectiveness of the telescopic rod in the acquisition phase of the images. The photogrammetric models were subsequently used as a support for an archae- ological analysis on remote masonry and the orthomosaics generated by the software formed the basis of a critical survey obtained by mapping into them the results of the archaeological analysis. 3.3. The Archaeological Stratigraphic Analysis of Historical Masonry Bridges Any analysis of historical masonry bridges must consider some aspects of the ancient road network that persist over time based on the continuity of mobility demand in the area and the continuous maintenance performed in time. The analysis of this complex system, crucial for people throughout the ages, relates to the historical events of a territory, as is the case of the Aterno River valley. This area, surrounded by important mountain ranges, has been a natural link between the Sabina area and the Peligna Valley since ancient times, leading to the creation of a complex route that intersects the river. Our ancestors were faced with the problem of crossing the river, solved initially with fords or wooden structures that were subsequently replaced as part of the important territorial organization carried out in Roman times which involved the construction of 43 bridges over the Aterno River. The surveyed area is characterized by important historical events, from prehistoric times to the Italic settlements, from the Roman conquest to the barbarian invasions, from the religious organization to the rise of fortiﬁed settlements, from the Suevian-Angevin to the Spanish dominions, up to modern times with the birth of the current municipalities. Each historical period, characterized by precise political and economic choices, has played an important role in developing the road network by reconﬁgurations that have adapted the existing infrastructures to the needs of the new settlements [67], right up to the nineteenth century reorganization of the road network that provided the region with the road and rail network still in use [68]. For this reason, many masonry bridges attested in Roman times but restructured over time, are still part of the road system, as in the case of the Campana bridge, whereas other structures from different periods are in a complete state of disrepair and today in ruins, as is the case of the ancient bridge of Barisciano or the more recent one of Monticchio, both in the province of L’Aquila. The monitoring of structures no longer in use must be considered as a central part of the cognitive process focused on the protection and conservation of these historical artifacts which, although they no longer accomplish their original function, must be preserved for their cultural value. The signs of aging on these structures are evident if the artifacts are analyzed generally, that is according to the road system, and speciﬁcally in the single parts from which they are composed. The bridge in the locality of Cerro (Figure 8), part of the municipality of Fossa, is at the side of the current municipal road that leads to the village and was the ancient crossing of the “Fossa stream”, a channel of the Aterno River, which is still an important source of water for local agriculture. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 13 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 23 Figure 8. Bridge in the Cerro locality, in the territory of the municipality of Fossa, L’Aquila. Figure 8. Bridge in the Cerro locality, in the territory of the municipality of Fossa, L’Aquila. The structure of this bridge was oriented on a NE-SW axis and clearly part of an older The structure of this bridge was oriented on a NE-SW axis and clearly part of an ro older ad la road yout layout replace replaced d by the by cur the rencurr t one ent wh one ich which has an has E-W an setti E-W ng. setting. The brid The ge ibridge s charais c- terized by two typologically different masonry arches, limestone parapets, and a paved characterized by two typologically different masonry arches, limestone parapets, and a surface. The canalization of the Aterno in this area has a lower range than the original one, paved surface. The canalization of the Aterno in this area has a lower range than the original si one, ncesince the ri the ver riverbed bed was was narr narr owed owed with with the the coconstr nstrucuction tion ofof a a seco second nd emb embankment, ankment, pa partly rtly i in n co concr ncrete, ete, which which pa partially rtially obliterates obliterates the the NE NE ar arc ch, h, in in fact fact r re endering ndering i itt r redundant. edundant. In addition to this obvious transformation, the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge In addition to this obvious transformation, the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge fronts (Figures 9 and 10) highlighted the presence of several SUMs, some referable to recent fronts (Figures 9 and 10) highlighted the presence of several SUMs, some referable to re- restoration work, others attributable to the ﬁrst building phase visible on the masonry. cent restoration work, others attributable to the first building phase visible on the ma- sonry. Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 14 of 23 Figure 9. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s southeast front (AA’) in the Cerro locality. Figure 9. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s southeast front (AA’) in the Cerro locality. Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 15 of 23 Figure 10. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s northwest front (BB’) in the Cerro locality. Figure 10. Stratigraphic analysis of the bridge’s northwest front (BB’) in the Cerro locality. The two arches, one round and one pointed, are made with well-squared limestone The two arches, one round and one pointed, are made with well-squared limestone pieces pieces linked linkedby byﬁne fine light-color light-colore ed dmortar mortar. . On Onboth bothfaces faces of ofthe the bridge bridge the the two twoar arc ches hes ar are e surmounted by protruding ferrules, resting on the same ashlar that testifies the construc- surmounted by protruding ferrules, resting on the same ashlar that testiﬁes the construction in tio the n in same the sa phase. me ph These ase. The upper se uppe arches r arc ar h ees made are m with ade stones with stworked ones woin rke the d in exposed the expo face. sed In phase with this, the clearly detectable revetment can be placed between the two arches, Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 23 Infrastructur es 2021, 6, 7 16 of 23 face. In phase with this, the clearly detectable revetment can be placed between the two mostly preserved on the NW-facing and made with masonry in small limestone ashlars arches, mostly preserved on the NW-facing and made with masonry in small limestone placed in horizontal rows. The overlying masonry belongs to a subsequent phase, made of ashlars placed in horizontal rows. The overlying masonry belongs to a subsequent phase, limestone ashlars placed in a repetitive pattern, in rows of small pieces alternating with made of limestone ashlars placed in a repetitive pattern, in rows of small pieces alternat- rows made with larger elements. This masonry, clearly observable on both elevations, ing with rows made with larger elements. This masonry, clearly observable on both ele- can be associated to extended repair/partial reconstruction works following a destructive vations, can be associated to extended repair/partial reconstruction works following a de- event such as a collapse which, given the extension of the intervention, had likely damaged structive event such as a collapse which, given the extension of the intervention, had likely the structure (Figure 11). damaged the structure (Figure 11). Figure 11. Virtual reconstruction of the bridge in the collapse phase (Reconstruction by A. Cordisco). Figure 11. Virtual reconstruction of the bridge in the collapse phase (Reconstruction by A. Cordisco). It is worth noting that the virtual reconstruction reported above represents a power- It is worth noting that the virtual reconstruction reported above represents a powerful ful tool for the design of diagnostic tests aimed at the detailed structural characterization tool for the design of diagnostic tests aimed at the detailed structural characterization of of the bridge and can guide the iterative trial and error procedure that is recommended in the bridge and can guide the iterative trial and error procedure that is recommended in the th most e madvanced ost advance guidelines d guidelin on es the on th assessment e assessme of nt o existing f existi constr ng con uctions structio [3 n,s 69 [3 –,71 69]. –71]. The The llast ast re restoration storation o of f th the e st str ruc uctur ture e is is ev evident ident on on th the e tw two o pa parapets rapets o of f th the e b bridge, ridge, d done one with medium and small-sized stones laid on sub-horizontal rows with abundant mortar with medium and small-sized stones laid on sub-horizontal rows with abundant mortar on the SE elevation (AA’) and with stones placed with greater irregularity on the NW one on the SE elevation (AA’) and with stones placed with greater irregularity on the NW one (BB’). These masonries, although with different construction techniques and materials, can (BB’). These masonries, although with different construction techniques and materials, be identiﬁed as being part of the same phase by the will of who carried it out to signal the can be identified as being part of the same phase by the will of who carried it out to signal intervention with the back wall clearly visible, as well as in situ, on the Digital Surface the intervention with the back wall clearly visible, as well as in situ, on the Digital Surface Model (DSM) (Figure 12). Model (DSM) (Figure 12). The DSMs are part of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) technology that has been The DSMs are part of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) technology that has been developed for terrain representation [72]. It represents the distribution of height from a developed for terrain representation [72]. It represents the distribution of height from a reference plane of the points belonging to a given surface. This model, which was generated reference plane of the points belonging to a given surface. This model, which was gener- in the Agisoft’s Metashape software (version 1.5.2) starting from the mesh of the artifact, ated in the Agisoft’s Metashape software (version 1.5.2) starting from the mesh of the ar- represents the elevation values with a gradation of colors. tifact, represents the elevation values with a gradation of colors. Archaeological documentation procedures based on DEM technology are mostly Archaeological documentation procedures based on DEM technology are mostly ap- applied to excavation activities, but show potential if applied to masonries since they plied to excavation activities, but show potential if applied to masonries since they can can highlight deformations of structures [73]. Elevation maps of fronts, if interpreted highlight deformations of structures [73]. Elevation maps of fronts, if interpreted in a mul- in a multidisciplinary perspective and integrated in HBIM, can provide information on tidisciplinary perspective and integrated in HBIM, can provide information on the state the state of the structures and post-depositional deformations for the study of structural of the structures and post-depositional deformations for the study of structural instabili- instabilities [74–76]. ties [74–76]. Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 17 of 23 Figure 12. Digital Surface Model: (a) southeast front (AA’); (b) northwest front (BB’); (c) perspective view. Figure 12. Digital Surface Model: (a) southeast front (AA’); (b) northwest front (BB’); (c) perspective view. The SUMs analyzed are affected by traces of widespread surface degradation such The SUMs analyzed are affected by traces of widespread surface degradation such as as vegetation, crusts, and patinas. The few documentary sources relating to this artifact vegetation, crusts, and patinas. The few documentary sources relating to this artifact and and the few data so far in possession regarding this portion of the territory do not permit Infrastructures 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 23 Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 18 of 23 the few data so far in possession regarding this portion of the territory do not permit us to link the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge to an absolute chronology, even if it is pos- us to link the stratigraphic analysis of the bridge to an absolute chronology, even if it is sible to imagine the bridge’s structure dating back to the 13th century. The coexistence of possible to imagine the bridge’s structure dating back to the 13th century. The coexistence two types of arches in the same structure has led many scholars to support the theory of of two types of arches in the same structure has led many scholars to support the theory a Roman pre-existence [66] relating to the road network that led to the nearby Roman city of a Roman pre-existence [66] relating to the road network that led to the nearby Roman of Aveia. Research carried out so far does not confirm or negate these theories, but it is city of Aveia. Research carried out so far does not conﬁrm or negate these theories, but it is hoped that the in-depth study of the intrados of the arches, joined to a metric analysis of hoped that the in-depth study of the intrados of the arches, joined to a metric analysis of the stone elements, may bring new data in the absence of specific investigations, such as the stone elements, may bring new data in the absence of speciﬁc investigations, such as an an archaeological excavation or analysis of mortars. archaeological excavation or analysis of mortars. The results of the archaeological analysis conducted on the walls of the bridge and The results of the archaeological analysis conducted on the walls of the bridge and graphically summarized were integrated into a textured photogrammetric model by cre- graphically summarized were integrated into a textured photogrammetric model by creat- ating a semantic model (Figure 13), usable in 3D PDF format, but also online in WebGL ing a semantic model (Figure 13), usable in 3D PDF format, but also online in WebGL mode mode starting from the QGIS project through a link, whose data can be implemented with starting from the QGIS project through a link, whose data can be implemented with those those deriving from structural analyses to help monitor the conservation status of the deriving from structural analyses to help monitor the conservation status of the building. building. This model can also be integrated with the mapping of degradation, which will This model can also be integrated with the mapping of degradation, which will facilitate a facilitate a comparison over time with updated control acquisitions. comparison over time with updated control acquisitions. Figure 13. Photogrammetric bridge model mapped with the thematic results of the stratigraphic analysis. Figure 13. Photogrammetric bridge model mapped with the thematic results of the stratigraphic analysis. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 19 of 23 4. Discussion and Final Remarks This paper reports some investigations and early results of a wider research on ma- sonry arch bridges and is instrumental in the deﬁnition of an operational workﬂow able to combine the technical needs of knowledge for a reliable maintenance of operational bridges and those associated to the preservation of assets belonging to the architectural and landscape heritage due to their immaterial value. The paper summarized the opera- tional workﬂow and results of the application and optimization of a well-known technique used by archaeologists to the inspection and maintenance of bridges. Compared to the census phases of historical structures and their typological and structural classiﬁcation, the archaeological test on the masonries of bridges is at an initial phase. However, the experimentation validated the effectiveness of the archaeological approach for the analysis of historical bridges. The implementation of the stratigraphic method and the integra- tion between different disciplines facilitates the identiﬁcation of ancient undocumented action, overcoming the limit of the absence of written sources. It can be argued that the proposed procedure increases knowledge and facilitates the drafting of records on the state of health of historical bridges. The results, indeed, show how interdisciplinary approaches signiﬁcantly increase and enhance the knowledge of infrastructural cultural heritage. Moreover, the potentialities of integration between archaeological results and indi- rect survey carried out with photogrammetric technologies are assessed. These digital presentations of the metric and informative data collected, starting from the composition of SUMs for one bridge located in the Valley of the Aterno River, have been used as a visual inspection tool. The resulting digital model appears to fulﬁll the requirements of the monitoring and maintenance of road networks and offers interesting opportunities to struc- tural engineers, who are in charge of the structural modeling and the related performance assessment under service and environmental loads, like those associated to earthquakes. This is of paramount importance for the structures still in use that have different problems, particularly from a structural point of view due to the changed loading conditions they are currently subjected to. Despite the encouraging results, further work is needed to set an effective operational workﬂow that may track the acquired data and support the engineers in taking proper decisions in preserving safety and operation of the bridges based on reliable condition assessment information. The data resulting from the two different levels of knowledge described above will be put into production with the deﬁnition of digital procedures for data management. Moreover, the potentialities of the indirect survey carried out by integrating different digital tools and technologies (drone, terrestrial laser scanner and mobile scanning solutions as well as low-cost solutions like iPad Pro with LiDAR 3D Scanner) are assessed. It is worth noting that the described survey apparatus is in the line of the ordinary hardware available to technical personnel and inspectors in charge of the periodic inspections of bridges. This circumstance is far more relevant in the case of minor but valuable assets that are analyzed in the present paper, as more sophisticated and resource-consuming solutions are more compatible with more complex and critical infrastructures. This is not a trivial issue in the case of Inner Areas, where accessibility can be an issue, but natural resources and tourism can feed proﬁtable crowd-based data collection [63]. This data will be preparatory to the implementation of a HBIM of masonry bridges in which the construction of the parametric model will consider the SUMs identiﬁed by the archaeological analysis and will allow integration, based on a scalar level of knowledge, with the GIS census system in its realization phase. The aim is to create a digital system for the management, archiving, visualization and sharing of Structural Health Monitoring data of historical masonry artifacts. The theme of monitoring for conserving and protecting these assets is evident and topical as they are part of the collective memory of the territory, which, among other things, is extremely fragile due to the high hydrogeological risk in the area. For this type of structure, one must also consider the danger of river ﬂooding, which is increasingly caused today by particular weather conditions. Historical ﬂoods that Infrastructures 2021, 6, 7 20 of 23 may have caused collapse or structural failure must be considered in this context. Some of these events with consequent damage to bridges are documented in the chronicles [77]. In addition, it is also important to analyze the artifacts in relation to the course of the river, its original conformation, and any transformations of the riverbed, such as changes to the banks, diversions of the river course, and so on. In conclusion, the modeling and representation tools for the creation of digital replicas (GIS, semantic three-dimensional models, and HBIM) will be integrated to validate complex digital models. Therefore, data from water level monitoring systems, located on more fragile and exposed structures, will become essential to complement HBIM and transform it into digital twin [78,79]. This will guarantee the multilevel use of built heritage data, interoperability, and accessibility, also due to Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications for visual inspection. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, investigation, and methodology, F.S., C.R., G.F. and I.T.; validation and formal analysis, F.S. and I.T.; resources, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, F.S.; writing—review and editing, supervision, C.R., I.T. and G.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The present study has been carried out in the framework of the PON RICERCA E IN- NOVAZIONE 2020 E FSC “INSIST” code ARS01_00913, whose ﬁnancial support is acknowledged. Authors are also grateful for the additional support provided by the PRIN 2017 “SURMOUNT— Innovative Systems for the UpgRade of MasOnry structUres and Non sTructural elements” research project (NO. 20173SJJF8). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. References 1. 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Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges

Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges

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Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges

Applications of Stratigraphic Analysis to Enhance the Inspection and Structural Characterization of Historic Bridges

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