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Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science

Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science separations Editorial Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science 1 , 2 , 3 Natalia Drabinska ´ * and Marta Ferreiro-González Food Volatilomics and Sensomics Group, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cadiz, IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; marta.ferreiro@uca.es * Correspondence: natalia.drabinska@up.poznan.pl 1. Introduction Food chemistry is a branch of chemistry that aims to characterize the chemical compo- sition of food products, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Food products are complex matrices containing various micro-and macromolecules, which can be analysed based on various analytical techniques. In recent years, due to an enormous growth in the food sector, studies in food chemistry reported not only the composition of food products but also the changes caused by food processing. There is a growing body of research dedicated to evaluating the beneficial or harmful effects of food ingredients on human health, determining the flavour of foodstuffs, and modifying their compositions to reduce food spoilage. All of these cannot exist without the development of analytical techniques. The progress in separation techniques resulted in a massive increase in studies focused on the analysis of compounds in food samples. Many Citation: Drabinska, ´ N.; researchers from the industry, academia, and the government are working to develop and Ferreiro-González, M. Analytical validate analytical methods to extract, separate, identify, and quantitate a variety of analytes Methods and Application of from food products using a wide range of analytical techniques. A better understanding Separation Techniques in Food of food chemistry is important to develop new, functional food products, coffering the Science. Separations 2022, 9, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ beneficial effects for our health. separations9050109 The Special Issue “Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science” aimed to collect the latest research related to the development and application Received: 22 April 2022 of separation techniques to determine the health-promoting potential, safety, authenticity Accepted: 25 April 2022 and aroma of food products. Published: 28 April 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 2. Summary of Published Articles with regard to jurisdictional claims in This Special Issue included five research articles that covered various topics, includ- published maps and institutional affil- ing an analysis of components affecting the sensory quality of food [1], development iations. of extraction techniques [2], the effect of processing on phytochemical compositions [3], metabolomics studies [4] and selection of the best extraction conditions for specific pur- poses [5]. The stability, sensory quality, and selected nutritionally interesting properties and Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. their changes in cold-pressed blends of rapeseed and sunflower oils after fortification with Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. chia and sesame seeds, and seed oils during repeated thermal treatments were the topics This article is an open access article of the first study [1]. Cold-pressed oils, despite their health benefits, suffer from limited distributed under the terms and stability and palatability after storage and processing. Tauferova and co-workers decided conditions of the Creative Commons to fortify cold-pressed oil with ingredients that have high antioxidant capacities, which in Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ this case were chia and sesame seeds. Unfortunately, the procedure applied did not lead to 4.0/). better stability of oils during repeated thermal treatment. However, as long as only one Separations 2022, 9, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050109 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/separations Separations 2022, 9, 109 2 of 3 cycle of thermal treatment was applied, the sensory quality was not affected. The authors observed also that repeated heating cycles led to an increase in peroxide value and loss of chlorophyll, concluding that products of blended oils should be consumed with limited thermal processing. An experimental design was applied by Borrás-Enríquez and co-workers to optimize the conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols in mango residues [2]. The authors underlined that conventional methods of extraction, such as maceration, hydrodistillation and soxhlet extraction suffers from low efficiency and are not environ- mentally friendly. Therefore, alternative, novel technologies should be applied. In this study, ultrasound extraction was selected due to its reduced processing time, and lower consumption of energy and solvents. The optimal conditions of 50% ethanol as solvent relation, 60% amplitude and 20 min of sonication time allowed for better extraction of polyphenols compared with maceration. Notably, mangiferin was possible to detect only after ultrasound-assisted extraction. Another study that focused on the extraction of by-products was written by Dra- binska ´ [5]. Here, an efficient extraction method for the analysis of free amino acids was proposed. Two of the most commonly applied extraction solutions (50% methanol vs. 25% acetonitrile in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid) were compared to evaluate the content of free amino acids in gluten-free sponge cakes fortified with broccoli leaf powder. Extraction with 50% methanol was found to be much more efficient, allowing the authors to detect more free amino acids (26 vs. 14) with a 14-fold higher concentration in broccoli leaves compared with another method. The topic of valorisation of food by-products gained a lot of attention in recent years [6]. It is of special importance for gluten-free products, which contain lower nutritional value compared with corresponding gluten-containing foodstuff. The fortified gluten-free sponge cakes were found to be a very good source of essential amino acids, including in a gluten-free diet. Another article published in this Special Issue also focused on by-products of the food industry [3]. This time, the study focused on olive leaves, which are an important by- product of olive oil production, accounting for around 10% of the total weight of olives [7]. In the first step, Feng and co-workers [3] developed a simple chromatographic method to si- multaneously detect the oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol contents in olive leaves, which was further applied to investigate the effect of drying and storage of olive leaves on the content of these compounds. The established method allowed for an analysis to be made within 33 min with good accuracy, repeatability and recovery. The authors found that air-drying at room temperature was the most suitable drying method to retain phenolic compounds, while storage temperature did not affect the content of the compounds analysed. Finally, the potential of untargeted metabolomics focused on volatile organic com- pounds was applied for determining quality markers for the Arctostaphylos uva-ursi plant col- lected from various Spanish locations [4]. The authors reported the presence of 107 volatile organic compounds in the samples collected from nine locations in Spain. The chemometric analysis showed that location of collection, solar radiation and altitude had an important influence on the antioxidant properties of tea. The most interesting compounds proposed as potential antioxidant markers included fumaric acid 2-decyl dodecyl ester for Albarracín (Teruel), 4-(1-hydroxyallyl)-2-methoxyphenol for Chelva (Valencia), El Toro (Castellón) and both samples from Loarre (Huesca), dimethoxyphenyl-6-nitro-coumarin for the Huétor (Granada) and Los Vélez (Almería) samples, 5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol for Lierta (Huesca), and oxalic acid 6-ethyloct-3-yl ethyl ester for Pina de Montalgrao (Castellón), which can pro- vide the knowledge necessary to plan crop conditions to obtain extracts with select unique properties. Moreover, 20 quality markers were identified for the plants analysed, which can help in the development of procedures used for the authentication of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi tea. Separations 2022, 9, 109 3 of 3 3. Conclusions Five articles published in this Special Issue presented recent developments and appli- cations of separation techniques in food science. Due to the inclusion of well-designed and well-written articles, this Special Issue offers a valuable contribution to the field of food chemistry. Although many exciting findings have been reported in recent years, there is still a need for further improvements and developments in separation and sample preparation techniques in food science. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.D.; writing—original draft preparation, N.D.; writing— review and editing, N.D. and M.F.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Tauferova, A.; Dordevic, D.; Jancikova, S.; Tremlova, B.; Kulawik, P. Fortified Cold-Pressed Oils: The Effect on Sensory Quality and Functional Properties. Separations 2021, 8, 55. [CrossRef] 2. Borrás-Enríquez, A.J.; Reyes-Ventura, E.; Villanueva-Rodríguez, S.J.; Moreno-Vilet, L. Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Parameters on Total Polyphenols and Its Antioxidant Activity from Mango Residues (Mangifera indica, L. Var. Manililla). Separations 2021, 8, 94. [CrossRef] 3. Feng, S.; Zhang, C.; Liu, L.; Xu, Z.; Chen, T.; Zhou, L.; Yuan, M.; Li, T.; Ding, C. Comparison of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Leaves by Different Drying and Storage Methods. Separations 2021, 8, 156. [CrossRef] 4. Wrona, M.; Pezo, D.; Rovito, M.A.; Vera, P.; Nerín, C.; Asensio, E. Application of Untargeted Metabolomics to Determine Volatile Compounds from the Spanish Plant Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Used as Tea. Separations 2022, 9, 68. [CrossRef] 5. Drabinska, ´ N. The Evaluation of Amino Acid Profiles in Gluten-Free Mini Sponge Cakes Fortified with Broccoli By-Product. Separations 2022, 9, 81. [CrossRef] 6. O’Shea, N.; Arendt, E.K.; Gallagher, E. Dietary Fibre and Phytochemical Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable By-Products and Their Recent Applications as Novel Ingredients in Food Products. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2012, 16, 1–10. [CrossRef] 7. Herrero, M.; Temirzoda, T.N.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Quirantes, R.; Plaza, M.; Ibañez, E. New Possibilities for the Valorization of Olive Oil By-Products. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218, 7511–7520. [CrossRef] http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Separations Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science

Drabińska, Natalia; Ferreiro-González, Marta
Separations , Volume 9 (5) – Apr 28, 2022
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Abstract

separations Editorial Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science 1 , 2 , 3 Natalia Drabinska ´ * and Marta Ferreiro-González Food Volatilomics and Sensomics Group, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cadiz, IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; marta.ferreiro@uca.es * Correspondence: natalia.drabinska@up.poznan.pl 1. Introduction Food chemistry is a branch of chemistry that aims to characterize the chemical compo- sition of food products, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Food products are complex matrices containing various micro-and macromolecules, which can be analysed based on various analytical techniques. In recent years, due to an enormous growth in the food sector, studies in food chemistry reported not only the composition of food products but also the changes caused by food processing. There is a growing body of research dedicated to evaluating the beneficial or harmful effects of food ingredients on human health, determining the flavour of foodstuffs, and modifying their compositions to reduce food spoilage. All of these cannot exist without the development of analytical techniques. The progress in separation techniques resulted in a massive increase in studies focused on the analysis of compounds in food samples. Many Citation: Drabinska, ´ N.; researchers from the industry, academia, and the government are working to develop and Ferreiro-González, M. Analytical validate analytical methods to extract, separate, identify, and quantitate a variety of analytes Methods and Application of from food products using a wide range of analytical techniques. A better understanding Separation Techniques in Food of food chemistry is important to develop new, functional food products, coffering the Science. Separations 2022, 9, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ beneficial effects for our health. separations9050109 The Special Issue “Analytical Methods and Application of Separation Techniques in Food Science” aimed to collect the latest research related to the development and application Received: 22 April 2022 of separation techniques to determine the health-promoting potential, safety, authenticity Accepted: 25 April 2022 and aroma of food products. Published: 28 April 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 2. Summary of Published Articles with regard to jurisdictional claims in This Special Issue included five research articles that covered various topics, includ- published maps and institutional affil- ing an analysis of components affecting the sensory quality of food [1], development iations. of extraction techniques [2], the effect of processing on phytochemical compositions [3], metabolomics studies [4] and selection of the best extraction conditions for specific pur- poses [5]. The stability, sensory quality, and selected nutritionally interesting properties and Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. their changes in cold-pressed blends of rapeseed and sunflower oils after fortification with Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. chia and sesame seeds, and seed oils during repeated thermal treatments were the topics This article is an open access article of the first study [1]. Cold-pressed oils, despite their health benefits, suffer from limited distributed under the terms and stability and palatability after storage and processing. Tauferova and co-workers decided conditions of the Creative Commons to fortify cold-pressed oil with ingredients that have high antioxidant capacities, which in Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ this case were chia and sesame seeds. Unfortunately, the procedure applied did not lead to 4.0/). better stability of oils during repeated thermal treatment. However, as long as only one Separations 2022, 9, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050109 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/separations Separations 2022, 9, 109 2 of 3 cycle of thermal treatment was applied, the sensory quality was not affected. The authors observed also that repeated heating cycles led to an increase in peroxide value and loss of chlorophyll, concluding that products of blended oils should be consumed with limited thermal processing. An experimental design was applied by Borrás-Enríquez and co-workers to optimize the conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols in mango residues [2]. The authors underlined that conventional methods of extraction, such as maceration, hydrodistillation and soxhlet extraction suffers from low efficiency and are not environ- mentally friendly. Therefore, alternative, novel technologies should be applied. In this study, ultrasound extraction was selected due to its reduced processing time, and lower consumption of energy and solvents. The optimal conditions of 50% ethanol as solvent relation, 60% amplitude and 20 min of sonication time allowed for better extraction of polyphenols compared with maceration. Notably, mangiferin was possible to detect only after ultrasound-assisted extraction. Another study that focused on the extraction of by-products was written by Dra- binska ´ [5]. Here, an efficient extraction method for the analysis of free amino acids was proposed. Two of the most commonly applied extraction solutions (50% methanol vs. 25% acetonitrile in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid) were compared to evaluate the content of free amino acids in gluten-free sponge cakes fortified with broccoli leaf powder. Extraction with 50% methanol was found to be much more efficient, allowing the authors to detect more free amino acids (26 vs. 14) with a 14-fold higher concentration in broccoli leaves compared with another method. The topic of valorisation of food by-products gained a lot of attention in recent years [6]. It is of special importance for gluten-free products, which contain lower nutritional value compared with corresponding gluten-containing foodstuff. The fortified gluten-free sponge cakes were found to be a very good source of essential amino acids, including in a gluten-free diet. Another article published in this Special Issue also focused on by-products of the food industry [3]. This time, the study focused on olive leaves, which are an important by- product of olive oil production, accounting for around 10% of the total weight of olives [7]. In the first step, Feng and co-workers [3] developed a simple chromatographic method to si- multaneously detect the oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol contents in olive leaves, which was further applied to investigate the effect of drying and storage of olive leaves on the content of these compounds. The established method allowed for an analysis to be made within 33 min with good accuracy, repeatability and recovery. The authors found that air-drying at room temperature was the most suitable drying method to retain phenolic compounds, while storage temperature did not affect the content of the compounds analysed. Finally, the potential of untargeted metabolomics focused on volatile organic com- pounds was applied for determining quality markers for the Arctostaphylos uva-ursi plant col- lected from various Spanish locations [4]. The authors reported the presence of 107 volatile organic compounds in the samples collected from nine locations in Spain. The chemometric analysis showed that location of collection, solar radiation and altitude had an important influence on the antioxidant properties of tea. The most interesting compounds proposed as potential antioxidant markers included fumaric acid 2-decyl dodecyl ester for Albarracín (Teruel), 4-(1-hydroxyallyl)-2-methoxyphenol for Chelva (Valencia), El Toro (Castellón) and both samples from Loarre (Huesca), dimethoxyphenyl-6-nitro-coumarin for the Huétor (Granada) and Los Vélez (Almería) samples, 5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol for Lierta (Huesca), and oxalic acid 6-ethyloct-3-yl ethyl ester for Pina de Montalgrao (Castellón), which can pro- vide the knowledge necessary to plan crop conditions to obtain extracts with select unique properties. Moreover, 20 quality markers were identified for the plants analysed, which can help in the development of procedures used for the authentication of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi tea. Separations 2022, 9, 109 3 of 3 3. Conclusions Five articles published in this Special Issue presented recent developments and appli- cations of separation techniques in food science. Due to the inclusion of well-designed and well-written articles, this Special Issue offers a valuable contribution to the field of food chemistry. Although many exciting findings have been reported in recent years, there is still a need for further improvements and developments in separation and sample preparation techniques in food science. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.D.; writing—original draft preparation, N.D.; writing— review and editing, N.D. and M.F.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Tauferova, A.; Dordevic, D.; Jancikova, S.; Tremlova, B.; Kulawik, P. Fortified Cold-Pressed Oils: The Effect on Sensory Quality and Functional Properties. Separations 2021, 8, 55. [CrossRef] 2. Borrás-Enríquez, A.J.; Reyes-Ventura, E.; Villanueva-Rodríguez, S.J.; Moreno-Vilet, L. Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Parameters on Total Polyphenols and Its Antioxidant Activity from Mango Residues (Mangifera indica, L. Var. Manililla). Separations 2021, 8, 94. [CrossRef] 3. Feng, S.; Zhang, C.; Liu, L.; Xu, Z.; Chen, T.; Zhou, L.; Yuan, M.; Li, T.; Ding, C. Comparison of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Leaves by Different Drying and Storage Methods. Separations 2021, 8, 156. [CrossRef] 4. Wrona, M.; Pezo, D.; Rovito, M.A.; Vera, P.; Nerín, C.; Asensio, E. Application of Untargeted Metabolomics to Determine Volatile Compounds from the Spanish Plant Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Used as Tea. Separations 2022, 9, 68. [CrossRef] 5. Drabinska, ´ N. The Evaluation of Amino Acid Profiles in Gluten-Free Mini Sponge Cakes Fortified with Broccoli By-Product. Separations 2022, 9, 81. [CrossRef] 6. O’Shea, N.; Arendt, E.K.; Gallagher, E. Dietary Fibre and Phytochemical Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable By-Products and Their Recent Applications as Novel Ingredients in Food Products. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2012, 16, 1–10. [CrossRef] 7. Herrero, M.; Temirzoda, T.N.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Quirantes, R.; Plaza, M.; Ibañez, E. New Possibilities for the Valorization of Olive Oil By-Products. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218, 7511–7520. [CrossRef]

Journal

Separations – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Published: Apr 28, 2022

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