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Overview of Application of Nanomaterials in Medical Domain

Overview of Application of Nanomaterials in Medical Domain Hindawi Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging Volume 2022, Article ID 3507383, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3507383 Research Article Jiabo Lan School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Correspondence should be addressed to Jiabo Lan; ucnvjl3@ucl.ac.uk Received 18 September 2021; Accepted 13 January 2022; Published 4 May 2022 Academic Editor: Yuvaraja Teekaraman Copyright © 2022 Jiabo Lan. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. With the development of nanotechnology, the application of nanomaterials in the medical field has become a forefront hotspot in the field of scientific research in the 21st century. Compared with traditional drug carriers, drug carriers made of nanomaterials have advantages such as higher drug loading rate, better biocompatibility, and targeted transportation, which provide the possibility for the treatment of a variety of diseases. In this paper, the characteristics and advantages of nanomaterials as well as their applications in the medical field are reviewed and the research progress of nanomaterials is analyzed. be divided into organic and inorganic nanomaterials, of 1. Introduction which organic nanomaterials include nanofibers, nanotubes, Nanotechnology, as the key scientific research field invested in liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles and inorganic by various countries since the 21st century, covers the tech- nanomaterials include elementary substances, alloys, silica, nological innovation of building materials, computer chips, and quantum dots [2]. health care, environmental protection, new energy develop- Nanomaterials can effectively transport and load drugs ment, electric power transportation, and so on. In the devel- since they have the largest specific surface area among all the opment of modern medicine, for traditional drugs, it is one-stop known materials at present. At the same time, nanomaterials and difficult to control the releasing time and positions. have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and they can However, nanodrugs can improve the biocompatibility and the accumulate in human organs with less side effects [3]. In ad- targeting ability of drugs and can increase the bioavailability and dition, nanomaterials have the properties of slow release, which reduce the toxic and side effect of drugs. For example, the can reduce drug concentration and toxic side effects [4]. present new antineoplaston drugs, antiviral drugs, and rheu- Compared to traditional drugs which are with defects such as matoid arthritis drugs have been introduced with nanomedicine being ubiquitous in poor stability, apt to deform and inactivate, delivery systems to some extent, to improve their effectiveness. short biological half-life, and low bio-availability, and unable to At present, the academic circle is still developing and optimizing easily go through the physiological barrier, biological nano- the selection of nanomedicine materials and the control materials play a role that cannot be ignored in the field of methods of drug release. In this paper, the materials and ap- biological medicine, such as in diagnosis, treatment, repair, or plication scope of nanomedicine are reviewed to provide cut- replacement of the damaged organization. For example, the ting-edge research information. nanoparticles with small size are easy to be swallowed up by cells; nanodrugs of large specific surface area and more func- tional groups or active centers can realize a large load of specific 2. Characteristics and drugs; nanomaterials with the characteristics of porous, hollow, Advantages of Nanomaterials multilayer structures are easy for control and release of drugs, so as to change the half-life period of drugs in the body and Nanomaterials mainly refer to some particles with certain prolong the action time of drugs. physical or chemical properties or biological effects, whose With the deepening of research on nanomaterials, external size or internal size or surface structure are within nanomaterials have been developed from being only the the nanoscale range (1 nm∼100 nm) [1]. Nanomaterials can 2 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging delivery carrier of drugs to a new type of materials which are However, due to the unmodified MSN material char- with certain biological effects and can participate in the acteristics of easy aggregation, poor targeting, and poor treatment of diseases [5]. With the continuous innovation of dispersion in aqueous solution, the application of MSNs in nanomaterials, the physicochemical properties and struc- tumor therapy has been limited to a certain extent. In order tural characteristics of nanodrugs are enriched and the to improve this situation, Xiao et al. modified the hydro- multifunctional nanomaterials have great application po- phobic alkyl chain (C18) on the surface of MSNs based on tential in the field of biomedicine. disulfide bond, used its hydrophobic effect to coat amphi- philic polypeptide (AP) containing RGD ligand on the surface of MSNs, and finally obtained nanocarriers, i.e., 3. Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in RRMSN/DOX that can transport adriamycin (DOX) with the Medical Field high efficiency. Such nanodrug delivery system has a wide range of application prospects [11]. 3.1. Application of Elemental Nanomaterials in the Medical Zhang Yan et al. modified a negatively charged pH Field. As a new inorganic nanomaterial, selenium nano- sensitive material, polyacrylic acid (PAA), on the MSN particles (SeNPs) were prepared after using chitosan surface (PAA-MSNs) by acid-base conjugation, so as to ascorbic acid to restore sodium selenite, with oligosaccha- block the mesoporous and achieve the response to pH ride (COS) as the template. Se was physically adsorbed on environment. )en, the phospholipid bilayer (LP-PAA- the surface of chitosan oligosaccharide in an amorphous MSNs) was coated on the surface of the PAA-MSNs to form by virtue of its characteristics of good water solubility obtain a kind of “cell-alike” structure. )is method can and rapid degradation. reduce the toxicity and aggregation of silica and effectively As drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are only slightly reduce the instant release effect of drugs on nanoparticles dissolved in dilute acid, when they degrade in the human [12]. body, the acidic substances will also accumulate and gen- erate adverse effects in the human body. )erefore, how to improve the water solubility of chitosan and its degradability 3.3. Application of Quantum Dots in the Medical Field. in organisms is a very important issue. Since SeNP adopted Carbon quantum dots (CQD ) are a kind of carbon-based COS which is of good water solubility, high biological ac- zero-dimensional material. Compared with the traditional tivity, and easy absorption for the human body, instead of semiconductor quantum dots materials with high cost and chitosan which needs to be dissolved with acetic acid [6], large environmental damage, CQD not only have the residue solvent toxicity caused by acetic acid can be avoided. characteristics of low production cost but also have many And, the prepared selenium nanoparticles are of uniform other excellent properties, such as small size, low toxicity, size, good dispersibility, and have good inhibition to cancer excellent water solubility, and environmental friendliness cells under high concentration. )e inhibition of them is [13, 14] )erefore, CQDs has a wide application prospect stronger, with higher concentration. According to the study and outstanding application value in biomedicine and bi- of Tong Chunyi et al. [7], when HCC SMMC-7721 cells were ological imaging fields. treated with SeNP, cell growth was promoted at low con- Cai et al. prepared a novel nanometer photosensitizer centration (below 5.68 ×10–5 M), while cell growth was −5 cerium dope carbon quantum dots (Ce-doped CDS) with inhibited at high concentration (above 6.77 ×10 M) and high photothermal conversion efficiency. Ce-doped CD has the inhibition rate increased with the increase in selenium −4 good photothermal conversion performance. Because tumor content. When the concentration was 7.50 ×10 M, the cells are sensitive to temperature change, the photothermal inhibition rate reached about 70%. killing effect is more significant. In cell viability experiments In Ren’s study [8] on rheumatoid arthritis (RS), through on MEF cells (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line) and 4TI the treatment on rats of the RA model with SeNPs, it was cells (human breast cancer cell line) irradiated with the same found that SeNPs played their role of anti-inflammatory near-infrared laser (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm ) at 1200 μg/mL of action by regulating the expression of glutathione peroxidase Ce-doped CD , a 79% survival rate of MEF cells was ob- (GSH-Px), rabbit antirat cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and served, while only 7% of 4TI cells were left. )e experiment tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). )e condition of rats with also proved that the photothermal conversion efficiency of the RA model was better. Ce-doped CDs is positively correlated with the concentra- tion of Ce-doped CDs and the power density of infrared 3.2. Application of Mesoporous Silica in the Medical Field. laser. )e photothermal conversion ability of CDs is out- standing, and it can play a role only at lower concentration Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN ), as a new type of or with power density [15]. inorganic nanomaterial, mainly taking advantage of their characteristics of large mesoporous surface and high In terms of drug delivery, Wang et al. passivated the surfaces of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with polyeth- specific surface area, interact with drugs and realize drug delivery through ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and ylene glycol (PEG), obtained PEG-functionalized CQD - PEG, and then loaded DOX onto the surface of CQD-PEG electrostatic interaction [9]. At the same time, it is easy to regulate pore volume and aperture to load drug into the by hydrogen bond. )e drug carrier DOX-GQDs-PEG was obtained. Its carrier capacity was significantly enhanced, and MSN mesoporous channels, so as to control the release process of drug [10]. the release of the drug could be controlled by the change of Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 3 Table 1: Classification and property of nanomaterials. the compact structure of the lipid coil, there is almost no aqueous phase inside it. )is provides high stability during Classification Name Property drug delivery and also prevents drug oxidation. In addition, Selenium With good water solubility cochleates can also achieve targeted delivery of cancer drugs. nanoparticles and fast degradation Since their characteristics are similar to cell membranes, they With adjustable aperture, Mesoporous are easy to be engulfed by macrophages. However, since they Inorganic which is easy for synthesis silica are easy to aggregate and of large particle size and high nanomaterials and modification production cost, a lot of work still needs to be done. At low production cost, of Quantum dots small size, with photothermal response With controlled particle size, 4.2. Application of Graphene in the Medical Field. Liposomes membrane-alike structure, Graphene oxide is generated from graphene nanomaterials and low cytotoxicity under oxidation conditions. )e surface and edge of the Graphene oxide It has a large number of material are rich in oxygen-containing groups such as Organic modification sites, diverse carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, and epoxy group. Due to nanomaterials functions and strong these characteristics, functional graphene oxide nano- Metal-organic extensibility, good material can be constructed by modifying other active frame dispersion, strong stability, groups on the surface. At the same time, graphene oxide and it can extend the cycle material has good water solubility and good biocompati- time bility. It has been widely used as a drug carrier in the biomedical field. pH. )e killing effect of DOX-GQDS-PEG on cancer cells In 2008, Dai’s research group successfully loaded in- was significantly better than that of free DOX [16]. soluble aromatic structure antitumor drugs using graphene oxide. Experiments showed that graphene oxide could improve the solubility of insoluble loaded drugs, while the 4. Application of Organic Nanomaterials in the anticancer drugs in the complex still remained highly active, Medical Field effectively killing cancer cells [23]. In addition, after mod- ifying PEG on the surface of functional graphene oxide, the 4.1. Application of Nanoliposomes in the Medical Field. Liposome is a kind of self-assembled hollow balloon formed cytotoxicity of the carrier was reduced significantly and the biosafety was strong [24]. from phospholipid molecules. Due to its composition and structure similar to the cell membrane, it has excellent On this basis, Chen et al. found that graphene oxide has a high specific surface area, making its drug loading rate reach biocompatibility and it can play a good role in protecting and releasing the loaded drugs. Its particle size that is be- 238%, higher than that of ordinary nanomaterial carriers. In particular, it shows a super-high loading performance for tween 20 nm and 200 nm can be regulated [17, 18]. Smaller DOX, the drug loading rate of which can reach 400%. )ere size is easy to be metabolized and degraded by human lytic were also differences in drug release kinetics of functional enzymes, so that drugs can be well absorbed by the human graphene oxide under different pH conditions, which pro- body. In addition, the liposomes used as drug carriers can vides a theoretical basis for controlled release of the drug. target drug delivery, improving efficacy and reducing toxic and side effects, which has a broad prospect in the devel- opment of anticancer nanodrugs [19, 20]. 4.3. Application of Metal-Organic Frame Materials in the C H NO is a kind of anticancer substance extracted 18 17 6 Medical Field. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a from sunglo. But its water solubility is poor, which has a kind of hybrid materials assembled by organic ligands with certain influence on the efficacy. Fan et al. prepared metal ions or metal clusters. )ey have the advantages of nanoliposomes by combining C H NO with soybean 18 17 6 large specific surface area, porous and adjustable pore size, phospholipids and cholesterol. )e experiments on tumor good biocompatibility, adjustable composition, modifiable transplantation in nude mice showed that the relative tumor surface, etc., which provides a very great prospect for de- proliferation rate (RPR) of nude mice decreased with the velopment of the carrier for drug delivery in the field of increase in the times of drug administration. And, there was cancer therapy [25, 26]. a significant positive correlation between them. When the )e specific open metal sites and organic functional concentration of drug-loaded nanoliposomes was 4μg/ml, groups in MOFs can enhance the interaction between MOFs the maximum inhibitory rate of cell proliferation was less and drug molecules, so as to achieve controlled release of than 99.95%, which provided a direction for the research and drugs and improve the delivery efficiency. Horcajada et al. development of new drugs. [21]. used Cr-based MIL (Materials of Institute Lavoisier)-53/100/ Papahadjopoulous et al. discovered and named coch- 101 material to study the properties of loading and releasing leates [22] in their study of cationic-induced phospholipid of ibuprofen. In the simulated human environment, due to membrane fusion in 1975. Cochleates are supramolecular the difference of pore structure and drug action, the release autopolymers based on lipids and are long tubular structures time of MIL-53/100/101 is 20 days, 3 days, and 6 days, re- formed by the curl of a negatively charged phospholipid spectively. )e drug load of MIL-101 is four times of MIL- bilayer, mediated by positive electric bridge agents. Due to 4 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging [2] R. Kumar, K. R. Aadil, S. Ranjan, and V. B. Kumar, “Advances 100’s. It is worth noting that MIL-53 is a flexible mesoporous in nanotechnology and nanomaterials based strategies for material, whose drug release is up to 100%. [27]. neural tissue engineering,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science )ere are also studies showing that zeolitic imidazolate and Technology, vol. 57, Article ID 101617, 2020. frameworks (ZIF ) also have a great potential for develop- [3] M. Qiu, A. Singh, D. Wang et al., “Biocompatible and bio- ment in the small molecule drug delivery. Among these, ZIF- degradable inorganic nanostructures for nanomedicine: sili- 8 is a metal framework composed of Zn and 2-methyl- con and black phosphorus,” Nano Today, vol. 25, no. 25, imidazole, with a large and regulated aperture [28]. Zheng pp. 135–155, 2019. et al. synthesized a Zn-DOX-ZIF-8 nanoparticle, which is [4] H. Ren, F. Wan, and K. Dou, “Nano-drug,” Knowledge of with good biocompatibility, good dispersion and stability, Modern Physics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 26–30, 2018. and good pH responsiveness, and whose curative effect for [5] Q. Liu, M. Das, Y. Liu, and L. Huang, “Targeted drug delivery breast cancer is better than DOX drug alone [29]. to melanoma,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 127, pp. 208–221, 2018. 5. Conclusion and Prospect [6] C. Tong, Methods Study on Preparation and Characterization of Novel Biomaterials Based on Selenium Nanoparticles, At present, nanomaterial, as a new type of material with a Hunan University, Changsha, China, 2008. large specific surface area and good biocompatibility and [7] X. Gao, J. Zhang, and L. Zhang, “Acute toxicity and bio- degradability, has great potential for development in medical availability of nanometer red element selenium,” Health fields such as drug carriers, disease treatment, and artificial Research, vol. 29, no. 01, pp. 57-58, 2000. [8] S. Ren, X. Zhao, and Y. Lin, “)e effect of selenium nano- organs. Since the characteristics of different nanomaterials particles on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in rats,” are quite different, this paper concluded and summarized the Journal of Prenatal Diagnosis and 6erapy, vol. 34, no. 1, nanomaterials that are widely used at present (Table 1). At pp. 13–16, 2020. present, nanomaterials are widely used as drug carriers. [9] I.-T. Teng, Y.-J. Chang, L.-S. Wang et al., “Phospholipid- Compared to traditional drug carrier, nanodrug carriers can functionalized mesoporous silica nanocarriers for selective be targeted to deliver drugs, improving the solubility and photodynamic therapy of cancer,” Biomaterials, vol. 34, absorption rate of indissolvable drugs and reducing drug no. 30, pp. 7462–7470, 2013. dosage. At the same time, nanomaterials can also generate [10] D. Guo, Construction of Nano-Drug Delivery System Based on synergistic effect with drugs, improving efficacy and re- Mesoporous Silica and the Application in Tumor Combination ducing adverse reactions of the original medicine. 6erapy, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China, )ere are many materials still in the research stage and cannot be used in clinical practice. Although several widely [11] D. Xiao, H.-Z. Jia, N. Ma, R.-X. Zhuo, and X.-Z. Zhang, “A used materials are mentioned above, some difficulties have redox-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticle capped with not been solved, such as high production cost and certain amphiphilic peptides by self-assembly for cancer targeting cytotoxicity of materials. Nanomaterials, however, still drug delivery,” Nanoscale, vol. 7, no. 22, pp. 10071–10077, showed potential in the medical field compared to the huge [12] Y. Zhang, W. Fei, J. Tao, J. Zou, Y. Lu, and F. Li, “Angiopep-2 advantage of traditional materials. )ey have a bright ap- modified mesoporous silica lipocyst nanoporous drug de- plication prospect in the fields of cardiovascular disease, livery system with arsenic trioxide and in vitro,” Chinese antiviral therapy, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity, in ad- Traditional and Herbal Drugs, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1289–1297, dition to the wide application in the field of antitumor. It is believed that, through the tireless efforts of researchers [13] J. Shen, Y. Zhu, X. Yang, and C. Li, “Graphene quantum dots: around the world, more new nanomaterials with good Emergent nanolights for bioimaging, sensors, catalysis and functions and high utilization will be applied in real life, with photovoltaic devices,” Chemical Communications, vol. 43, more profound development of nanomaterials and explo- no. 1, pp. 3686–3699, 2012. ration. )is article provides readers with cutting-edge [14] Y. Fang, S. Guo, D. Li et al., “Easy synthesis and imaging knowledge about nanomedicine and a new understanding of applications of cross-linked green fluorescent hollow carbon nanomaterials. nanoparticles,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 400–409, 2012. [15] R. Cai, J. Zhang, L. Xu et al., “Construction of novel cerium Data Availability doped carbon quantum dots and its killing effect on breast cancer cells,” Journal of Jiangsu University, vol. 30, no. 03, )e datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study pp. 198–202, 2020. are available from the author on reasonable request. [16] K. Wang, Preparation of Graphene Quantum Dots and 6eir Applications in Biological Imaging and Drug Delivery, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, China, 2017. Conflicts of Interest [17] A. Haeri, M. Osouli, F. Bayat, S. Alavi, and S. Dadashzadeh, “Nanomedicine approaches for sirolimus delivery: a review of )e author declares no conflicts of interest. pharmaceutical properties and preclinical studies,” Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, vol. 46, pp. 1–14, References [1] FDA USA, Administration, Considering whether an FDA- [18] Q. Liu, J. Zhang, W. Sun, Q. R. Xie, W. Xia, and H. Gu, “Delivering hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutics Regulated Product Involves the Application of Nanotechnology FDA, 2014. simultaneously by magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 5 to inhibit cancer cells,” International Journal of Nano- medicine, vol. 7, pp. 999–1013, 2012. [19] P. Tardi, E. Choice, D. Masin, T. Redelmeier, M. Bally, and T. D. Madden, “Liposomal encapsulation of topotecan en- hances anticancer efficacy in murine and human xenograft models,” Cancer Research, vol. 60, no. 13, pp. 3389–3393, [20] V. P. Torchilin, “Recent advances with liposomes as phar- maceutical carriers,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–160, 2005. [21] D. Fan, X. He, R. Li et al., “Study on the antitumor effect of natural active compound C18H17NO6 nanoliposomes,” Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, vol. 50, no. 07, pp. 1636–1640, 2019. [22] D. Papahadjopoulos, W. J. Vail, K. Jacobson, and G. Poste, “Cochleate lipid cylinders: formation by fusion of unilamellar lipid vesicles,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bio- membranes, vol. 394, no. 3, pp. 483–491, 1975. [23] Z. Liu, J. T. Robinson, X. Sun, and H. Dai, “PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 130, no. 33, pp. 10876-10877, 2008. [24] X. Yang, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, Y. Ma, Y. Huang, and Y. Chen, “High-efficiency loading and controlled release of doxoru- bicin hydrochloride on graphene oxide,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 45, pp. 17554–17558, 2008. [25] P. Horcajada, R. Gref, T. Baati et al., “Metal-organic frame- works in biomedicine,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 1232–1268, 2012. [26] S. Keskin and S. Kizilel, “Biomedical applications of metal- organic frameworks,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 50, pp. 1799–1812, 2011. [27] P. Horcajada, C. Serre, M. Vallet-Reg´ı, M. Sebban, F. Taulelle, and G. Ferey, ´ “Metal-organic frameworks as efficient mate- rials for drug delivery,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 45, no. 36, pp. 5974–5978, 2006. [28] H. Zheng, Y. Zhang, L. Liu et al., “One-pot synthesis of metal- organic frameworks with encapsulated target molecules and their applications for controlled drug delivery,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 962–968, 2016. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Overview of Application of Nanomaterials in Medical Domain

Lan, Jiabo
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging , Volume 2022 – May 4, 2022
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Copyright © 2022 Jiabo Lan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract

Hindawi Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging Volume 2022, Article ID 3507383, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3507383 Research Article Jiabo Lan School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Correspondence should be addressed to Jiabo Lan; ucnvjl3@ucl.ac.uk Received 18 September 2021; Accepted 13 January 2022; Published 4 May 2022 Academic Editor: Yuvaraja Teekaraman Copyright © 2022 Jiabo Lan. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. With the development of nanotechnology, the application of nanomaterials in the medical field has become a forefront hotspot in the field of scientific research in the 21st century. Compared with traditional drug carriers, drug carriers made of nanomaterials have advantages such as higher drug loading rate, better biocompatibility, and targeted transportation, which provide the possibility for the treatment of a variety of diseases. In this paper, the characteristics and advantages of nanomaterials as well as their applications in the medical field are reviewed and the research progress of nanomaterials is analyzed. be divided into organic and inorganic nanomaterials, of 1. Introduction which organic nanomaterials include nanofibers, nanotubes, Nanotechnology, as the key scientific research field invested in liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles and inorganic by various countries since the 21st century, covers the tech- nanomaterials include elementary substances, alloys, silica, nological innovation of building materials, computer chips, and quantum dots [2]. health care, environmental protection, new energy develop- Nanomaterials can effectively transport and load drugs ment, electric power transportation, and so on. In the devel- since they have the largest specific surface area among all the opment of modern medicine, for traditional drugs, it is one-stop known materials at present. At the same time, nanomaterials and difficult to control the releasing time and positions. have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and they can However, nanodrugs can improve the biocompatibility and the accumulate in human organs with less side effects [3]. In ad- targeting ability of drugs and can increase the bioavailability and dition, nanomaterials have the properties of slow release, which reduce the toxic and side effect of drugs. For example, the can reduce drug concentration and toxic side effects [4]. present new antineoplaston drugs, antiviral drugs, and rheu- Compared to traditional drugs which are with defects such as matoid arthritis drugs have been introduced with nanomedicine being ubiquitous in poor stability, apt to deform and inactivate, delivery systems to some extent, to improve their effectiveness. short biological half-life, and low bio-availability, and unable to At present, the academic circle is still developing and optimizing easily go through the physiological barrier, biological nano- the selection of nanomedicine materials and the control materials play a role that cannot be ignored in the field of methods of drug release. In this paper, the materials and ap- biological medicine, such as in diagnosis, treatment, repair, or plication scope of nanomedicine are reviewed to provide cut- replacement of the damaged organization. For example, the ting-edge research information. nanoparticles with small size are easy to be swallowed up by cells; nanodrugs of large specific surface area and more func- tional groups or active centers can realize a large load of specific 2. Characteristics and drugs; nanomaterials with the characteristics of porous, hollow, Advantages of Nanomaterials multilayer structures are easy for control and release of drugs, so as to change the half-life period of drugs in the body and Nanomaterials mainly refer to some particles with certain prolong the action time of drugs. physical or chemical properties or biological effects, whose With the deepening of research on nanomaterials, external size or internal size or surface structure are within nanomaterials have been developed from being only the the nanoscale range (1 nm∼100 nm) [1]. Nanomaterials can 2 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging delivery carrier of drugs to a new type of materials which are However, due to the unmodified MSN material char- with certain biological effects and can participate in the acteristics of easy aggregation, poor targeting, and poor treatment of diseases [5]. With the continuous innovation of dispersion in aqueous solution, the application of MSNs in nanomaterials, the physicochemical properties and struc- tumor therapy has been limited to a certain extent. In order tural characteristics of nanodrugs are enriched and the to improve this situation, Xiao et al. modified the hydro- multifunctional nanomaterials have great application po- phobic alkyl chain (C18) on the surface of MSNs based on tential in the field of biomedicine. disulfide bond, used its hydrophobic effect to coat amphi- philic polypeptide (AP) containing RGD ligand on the surface of MSNs, and finally obtained nanocarriers, i.e., 3. Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in RRMSN/DOX that can transport adriamycin (DOX) with the Medical Field high efficiency. Such nanodrug delivery system has a wide range of application prospects [11]. 3.1. Application of Elemental Nanomaterials in the Medical Zhang Yan et al. modified a negatively charged pH Field. As a new inorganic nanomaterial, selenium nano- sensitive material, polyacrylic acid (PAA), on the MSN particles (SeNPs) were prepared after using chitosan surface (PAA-MSNs) by acid-base conjugation, so as to ascorbic acid to restore sodium selenite, with oligosaccha- block the mesoporous and achieve the response to pH ride (COS) as the template. Se was physically adsorbed on environment. )en, the phospholipid bilayer (LP-PAA- the surface of chitosan oligosaccharide in an amorphous MSNs) was coated on the surface of the PAA-MSNs to form by virtue of its characteristics of good water solubility obtain a kind of “cell-alike” structure. )is method can and rapid degradation. reduce the toxicity and aggregation of silica and effectively As drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are only slightly reduce the instant release effect of drugs on nanoparticles dissolved in dilute acid, when they degrade in the human [12]. body, the acidic substances will also accumulate and gen- erate adverse effects in the human body. )erefore, how to improve the water solubility of chitosan and its degradability 3.3. Application of Quantum Dots in the Medical Field. in organisms is a very important issue. Since SeNP adopted Carbon quantum dots (CQD ) are a kind of carbon-based COS which is of good water solubility, high biological ac- zero-dimensional material. Compared with the traditional tivity, and easy absorption for the human body, instead of semiconductor quantum dots materials with high cost and chitosan which needs to be dissolved with acetic acid [6], large environmental damage, CQD not only have the residue solvent toxicity caused by acetic acid can be avoided. characteristics of low production cost but also have many And, the prepared selenium nanoparticles are of uniform other excellent properties, such as small size, low toxicity, size, good dispersibility, and have good inhibition to cancer excellent water solubility, and environmental friendliness cells under high concentration. )e inhibition of them is [13, 14] )erefore, CQDs has a wide application prospect stronger, with higher concentration. According to the study and outstanding application value in biomedicine and bi- of Tong Chunyi et al. [7], when HCC SMMC-7721 cells were ological imaging fields. treated with SeNP, cell growth was promoted at low con- Cai et al. prepared a novel nanometer photosensitizer centration (below 5.68 ×10–5 M), while cell growth was −5 cerium dope carbon quantum dots (Ce-doped CDS) with inhibited at high concentration (above 6.77 ×10 M) and high photothermal conversion efficiency. Ce-doped CD has the inhibition rate increased with the increase in selenium −4 good photothermal conversion performance. Because tumor content. When the concentration was 7.50 ×10 M, the cells are sensitive to temperature change, the photothermal inhibition rate reached about 70%. killing effect is more significant. In cell viability experiments In Ren’s study [8] on rheumatoid arthritis (RS), through on MEF cells (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line) and 4TI the treatment on rats of the RA model with SeNPs, it was cells (human breast cancer cell line) irradiated with the same found that SeNPs played their role of anti-inflammatory near-infrared laser (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm ) at 1200 μg/mL of action by regulating the expression of glutathione peroxidase Ce-doped CD , a 79% survival rate of MEF cells was ob- (GSH-Px), rabbit antirat cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and served, while only 7% of 4TI cells were left. )e experiment tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). )e condition of rats with also proved that the photothermal conversion efficiency of the RA model was better. Ce-doped CDs is positively correlated with the concentra- tion of Ce-doped CDs and the power density of infrared 3.2. Application of Mesoporous Silica in the Medical Field. laser. )e photothermal conversion ability of CDs is out- standing, and it can play a role only at lower concentration Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN ), as a new type of or with power density [15]. inorganic nanomaterial, mainly taking advantage of their characteristics of large mesoporous surface and high In terms of drug delivery, Wang et al. passivated the surfaces of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with polyeth- specific surface area, interact with drugs and realize drug delivery through ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and ylene glycol (PEG), obtained PEG-functionalized CQD - PEG, and then loaded DOX onto the surface of CQD-PEG electrostatic interaction [9]. At the same time, it is easy to regulate pore volume and aperture to load drug into the by hydrogen bond. )e drug carrier DOX-GQDs-PEG was obtained. Its carrier capacity was significantly enhanced, and MSN mesoporous channels, so as to control the release process of drug [10]. the release of the drug could be controlled by the change of Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 3 Table 1: Classification and property of nanomaterials. the compact structure of the lipid coil, there is almost no aqueous phase inside it. )is provides high stability during Classification Name Property drug delivery and also prevents drug oxidation. In addition, Selenium With good water solubility cochleates can also achieve targeted delivery of cancer drugs. nanoparticles and fast degradation Since their characteristics are similar to cell membranes, they With adjustable aperture, Mesoporous are easy to be engulfed by macrophages. However, since they Inorganic which is easy for synthesis silica are easy to aggregate and of large particle size and high nanomaterials and modification production cost, a lot of work still needs to be done. At low production cost, of Quantum dots small size, with photothermal response With controlled particle size, 4.2. Application of Graphene in the Medical Field. Liposomes membrane-alike structure, Graphene oxide is generated from graphene nanomaterials and low cytotoxicity under oxidation conditions. )e surface and edge of the Graphene oxide It has a large number of material are rich in oxygen-containing groups such as Organic modification sites, diverse carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, and epoxy group. Due to nanomaterials functions and strong these characteristics, functional graphene oxide nano- Metal-organic extensibility, good material can be constructed by modifying other active frame dispersion, strong stability, groups on the surface. At the same time, graphene oxide and it can extend the cycle material has good water solubility and good biocompati- time bility. It has been widely used as a drug carrier in the biomedical field. pH. )e killing effect of DOX-GQDS-PEG on cancer cells In 2008, Dai’s research group successfully loaded in- was significantly better than that of free DOX [16]. soluble aromatic structure antitumor drugs using graphene oxide. Experiments showed that graphene oxide could improve the solubility of insoluble loaded drugs, while the 4. Application of Organic Nanomaterials in the anticancer drugs in the complex still remained highly active, Medical Field effectively killing cancer cells [23]. In addition, after mod- ifying PEG on the surface of functional graphene oxide, the 4.1. Application of Nanoliposomes in the Medical Field. Liposome is a kind of self-assembled hollow balloon formed cytotoxicity of the carrier was reduced significantly and the biosafety was strong [24]. from phospholipid molecules. Due to its composition and structure similar to the cell membrane, it has excellent On this basis, Chen et al. found that graphene oxide has a high specific surface area, making its drug loading rate reach biocompatibility and it can play a good role in protecting and releasing the loaded drugs. Its particle size that is be- 238%, higher than that of ordinary nanomaterial carriers. In particular, it shows a super-high loading performance for tween 20 nm and 200 nm can be regulated [17, 18]. Smaller DOX, the drug loading rate of which can reach 400%. )ere size is easy to be metabolized and degraded by human lytic were also differences in drug release kinetics of functional enzymes, so that drugs can be well absorbed by the human graphene oxide under different pH conditions, which pro- body. In addition, the liposomes used as drug carriers can vides a theoretical basis for controlled release of the drug. target drug delivery, improving efficacy and reducing toxic and side effects, which has a broad prospect in the devel- opment of anticancer nanodrugs [19, 20]. 4.3. Application of Metal-Organic Frame Materials in the C H NO is a kind of anticancer substance extracted 18 17 6 Medical Field. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a from sunglo. But its water solubility is poor, which has a kind of hybrid materials assembled by organic ligands with certain influence on the efficacy. Fan et al. prepared metal ions or metal clusters. )ey have the advantages of nanoliposomes by combining C H NO with soybean 18 17 6 large specific surface area, porous and adjustable pore size, phospholipids and cholesterol. )e experiments on tumor good biocompatibility, adjustable composition, modifiable transplantation in nude mice showed that the relative tumor surface, etc., which provides a very great prospect for de- proliferation rate (RPR) of nude mice decreased with the velopment of the carrier for drug delivery in the field of increase in the times of drug administration. And, there was cancer therapy [25, 26]. a significant positive correlation between them. When the )e specific open metal sites and organic functional concentration of drug-loaded nanoliposomes was 4μg/ml, groups in MOFs can enhance the interaction between MOFs the maximum inhibitory rate of cell proliferation was less and drug molecules, so as to achieve controlled release of than 99.95%, which provided a direction for the research and drugs and improve the delivery efficiency. Horcajada et al. development of new drugs. [21]. used Cr-based MIL (Materials of Institute Lavoisier)-53/100/ Papahadjopoulous et al. discovered and named coch- 101 material to study the properties of loading and releasing leates [22] in their study of cationic-induced phospholipid of ibuprofen. In the simulated human environment, due to membrane fusion in 1975. Cochleates are supramolecular the difference of pore structure and drug action, the release autopolymers based on lipids and are long tubular structures time of MIL-53/100/101 is 20 days, 3 days, and 6 days, re- formed by the curl of a negatively charged phospholipid spectively. )e drug load of MIL-101 is four times of MIL- bilayer, mediated by positive electric bridge agents. Due to 4 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging [2] R. Kumar, K. R. Aadil, S. Ranjan, and V. B. Kumar, “Advances 100’s. It is worth noting that MIL-53 is a flexible mesoporous in nanotechnology and nanomaterials based strategies for material, whose drug release is up to 100%. [27]. neural tissue engineering,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science )ere are also studies showing that zeolitic imidazolate and Technology, vol. 57, Article ID 101617, 2020. frameworks (ZIF ) also have a great potential for develop- [3] M. Qiu, A. Singh, D. Wang et al., “Biocompatible and bio- ment in the small molecule drug delivery. Among these, ZIF- degradable inorganic nanostructures for nanomedicine: sili- 8 is a metal framework composed of Zn and 2-methyl- con and black phosphorus,” Nano Today, vol. 25, no. 25, imidazole, with a large and regulated aperture [28]. Zheng pp. 135–155, 2019. et al. synthesized a Zn-DOX-ZIF-8 nanoparticle, which is [4] H. Ren, F. Wan, and K. Dou, “Nano-drug,” Knowledge of with good biocompatibility, good dispersion and stability, Modern Physics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 26–30, 2018. and good pH responsiveness, and whose curative effect for [5] Q. Liu, M. Das, Y. Liu, and L. Huang, “Targeted drug delivery breast cancer is better than DOX drug alone [29]. to melanoma,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 127, pp. 208–221, 2018. 5. Conclusion and Prospect [6] C. Tong, Methods Study on Preparation and Characterization of Novel Biomaterials Based on Selenium Nanoparticles, At present, nanomaterial, as a new type of material with a Hunan University, Changsha, China, 2008. large specific surface area and good biocompatibility and [7] X. Gao, J. Zhang, and L. Zhang, “Acute toxicity and bio- degradability, has great potential for development in medical availability of nanometer red element selenium,” Health fields such as drug carriers, disease treatment, and artificial Research, vol. 29, no. 01, pp. 57-58, 2000. [8] S. Ren, X. Zhao, and Y. Lin, “)e effect of selenium nano- organs. Since the characteristics of different nanomaterials particles on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in rats,” are quite different, this paper concluded and summarized the Journal of Prenatal Diagnosis and 6erapy, vol. 34, no. 1, nanomaterials that are widely used at present (Table 1). At pp. 13–16, 2020. present, nanomaterials are widely used as drug carriers. 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