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Microstructural Evolution in Chroming Coatings Friction Pairs under Dry Sliding Test Conditions

Microstructural Evolution in Chroming Coatings Friction Pairs under Dry Sliding Test Conditions Hindawi Advances in Tribology Volume 2018, Article ID 5962153, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5962153 Research Article Microstructural Evolution in Chroming Coatings Friction Pairs under Dry Sliding Test Conditions 1,2,3 1 1 2 4 4 Xin Wang, Rulin Zhang, Tao Zhou, Xicheng Wei , Peter Liaw, Rui Feng, 2 1,3 Wurong Wang, and Rongbin Li School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Dian Ji University, 1350 Ganlan Rd., Shanghai 201406, China School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Rd., Shanghai 200072, China Institute of Energy Equipment Materials, Shanghai Dian Ji University, 1350 Ganlan Rd., Shanghai 201406, China DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,TN37909,USA Correspondence should be addressed to Rongbin Li; lirb@sdju.edu.cn Received 18 October 2017; Revised 5 January 2018; Accepted 11 January 2018; Published 7 February 2018 Academic Editor: Dae-Eun Kim Copyright © 2018 Xin Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The microstructures of subsurface layers of 20CrMnTi steel pins against chroming and nonchroming T10 under dry sliding tests were studied by means of OM (optical microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Results showed that the chroming coating strengthened the disc surface and significantly aeff cted microstructural evolution. Three layers—the matrix, deformation layer (DL), and surface layer (SL)—formed in 20CrMnTi for the chroming T10. eTh matrix and deformation layer (DL) formed in 20CrMnTi for the nonchroming T10. eTh formation of the microstructure was considered as a result of the shear deformation. 1. Introduction ef Th ocusinthismanuscriptistosystematicallyinvestigate themicrostructural evolutioninadvancedstructuralcarbon Chroming is an interesting and intriguing coating technol- steel friction pairs with and without chroming coatings under ogy. How the chroming coatings protect the substrate mate- dry sliding testing conditions. rial interests both materials academic and technological com- munities [1–5]. Literature rarely reports the systematic study 2. Methods on the application of chroming coatings on carbon steel, the most important material for mechanical components and 2.1. Materials and Tribological Experiment. The 20CrMnTi their tribological performance evaluation [6]. A reasonable steel contains 0.2% C, 1.2% Cr, 0.1% Ti, 0.95% Mn, and Fe bal- database is provided for the further application of chrome- ance, and the T10 steel contains 0.98% C and Fe balance. The plating coating in tool steel engineering; it is worthwhile to original 20CrMnTi steel pins have hardness of about 200 HB investigate the friction and wear behaviors of chroming coat- (,0.05 𝜇mto0.1 𝜇m). eTh chroming and nonchroming ings and the substrate materials [7]. T10 steel discs have hardness of about 590 HB and 180 HB The microstructure evolution of ferrous alloy surface (,0.05 𝜇mto0.33 𝜇m), respectively. The conventional pow- layer studied in [8] is beneficial to optimize the properties of der pack cementation method [9, 10] was applied to produce surface chroming coatings on steels. Meanwhile, studying the the chroming coating on T10 steel discs. eTh operation of chromium compounds layer of steel can help us extend the the powder filling process is 1273 K and lasts 24 hours. This life of mechanical components. parameter is derived from the orthogonal test [11]. Our group has concentrated on improving surface prop- Friction and wear behaviors of chroming and nonchrom- erties of the T10 tool steel usingthesurface chroming coatings, ing T10 steel discs were evaluated by laboratory tests, which which can satisfy the requirements of machining operation. were performed on the MM-W1 friction testing machine. All 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2 Advances in Tribology 30 um 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2 (degree) (Cr, Fe) N (Cr, Fe) C 23 6 (Cr, Fe) C 7 3 (a) (b) Figure 1: (a) OM micrograph of chroming layer; (b) XRD spectra of chroming coatings. experiments were taken with a speed of 0.3 m/s, with load 1.0 of 60 N, for 2 hours, and at 300 K. Friction coefficients were recorded online in a computer during the test. 0.8 2.2. Analysis and Characterization Methods. The chroming coating of T10 was observed with a Nikon optical microscope. 0.6 The constituents were detected with a MAX2550V X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Wear scars and the cross-section microstructures of 0.4 chroming and nonchroming T10 discs and the worn surface layers of 20CrMiTi pins aer ft the dry sliding test were ob- 0.2 served by a HITACHI S-570 scanning electron microscope. A microhardness tester (MH-3) was used to measure 0 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 7200 the microhardness distribution across the cross-section of Test time (s) 20CrMnTi pins against the chroming and nonchroming T10 steel discs using a Vickers indenter under a load of HV0.01 Nonchroming tribocouples Chroming tribocouples with a dwell time of 20 s. Figure 2: Friction coefficient versus friction time for the nonchrom- ing and chroming friction pairs. 3. Results 3.1. Microstructural Characterizations of Chroming T10 Steel Disc. The coating sectional area OM image is shown in composed of (Cr, Fe) C ,(Cr,Fe) C , and several diffraction 23 6 7 3 Figure 1(a). eTh results show that the chrome-plating layer is peaks of (Cr, Fe) N[13]. homogeneous and there is no obvious boundary between the interfaces. eTh average coating thickness is about 35 𝜇m. Figure 1(a) shows that the coating is made up of two 3.2. Tribological Performance. The friction coefficients versus different colors and is represented by two arrows. The outer friction time for chroming and nonchroming coated T10 layer belongs to the composite layer (rich in chromium), steel discs against 20CrMnTi steel pins were illustrated in which corresponds to the chrome-diffusion zone [12]. Figure 2. An average friction coefficient around 0.4 has been Figure 1(b) shows the XRD results of chromized coating. observed for the chroming coating, indicating good wear eTh results showed that chrome-plated coating was mainly resistance [14]. However, the average friction coefficient of Intensity Friction coefficient Advances in Tribology 3 (a) (b) Figure 3: Wear scars of (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs aer ft dry sliding. 20.0 kV ×100 100 m 20.0 kV ×100 100 m (a) (b) Figure 4: Wear scars of (a) 20CrMnTi pins against chroming T10 disc and (b) 20CrMnTi pins against nonchroming T10 disc aer ft dry sliding. the nonchroming coating has reached 0.9 at 400 seconds sliding direction [14]. eTh matrix has deformed due to the andthendroppedtoaround 0.6inthefirst 600seconds of friction which may be caused by plastic wave, ploughing, the friction time. Table 1 shows wear loss and wear rate of shearing, and cutting [16]. As a result, the detachment of par- chroming/nonchroming T10 discs against 20CrMnTi pin. ticles that form wear debris occurs and the scratched surface Wear-scar morphologies of the chroming and non- (Figure 3(b)) with cracked subsurface (Figure 5(b)) has been chroming T10 steel discs against 20CrMnTi pins aer ft dry observed. friction test are shown in Figure 3. The visible slight char- acteristics of plastic deformation are found, which may be 3.3. Microstructure of 20CrMnTi against Chroming and Non- attributed to the chromium coating of T10 steel in Figure 3(a). chroming T10 Steel. Figure 6 shows the microstructure of The chroming layer is involved in friction and is crushed 20CrMnTi against chroming and nonchroming T10 steel by into small grinding particles, resulting in abrasion wear [15]. SEM. eTh local plastic deformation zone of the nonchromium T10 Figure 6(a) reveals three distinct layers versus the dis- steel and abrasion wear caused by 20CrMnTi is revealed in tance from the surface. Figure 3(b). Wear scars of 20CrMnTi pins against chroming (i)>150𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh matrix was hardly affected T10 disc and 20CrMnTi pins against nonchroming T10 disc by the friction shear force. aer ft dry friction test are shown in Figure 4. The SEM cross-section micrographs of the chroming and (ii) 150∼20𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh deformation layer (DL) nonchroming T10 discs against 20CrMnTi steel pins after dry consisted of structures induced by considerable plastic and sliding are shown in Figure 5. It exhibits the microstructural shear deformation. changes from the worn surface into the matrix with the (iii) 20∼0𝜇mfromtheSurface .Thesurfacelayer(SL)hadbeen different wear mechanisms. Figure 5(a) indicates that there mechanically damaged. was a severely damaged chroming layer on the T10 steel disc. Note that Figure 6(b) shows only two layers of the The matrix was not destroyed under the protection of the 20CrMnTi pin against the nonchroming T10 steel disc. chroming layer [14]. The plasticflow linesofnonchroming T10 steel disc in the SFIDL are exhibited in Figure 5(b). eTh (i)>150𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh matrix was hardly affected deformation direction of microstructure is consistent with by the friction shear force. 4 Advances in Tribology Table 1: Wear loss and wear rate of chroming/nonchroming T10 discs against 20CrMnTi pin. Mass losses (g) Wear rate (g/m) −3 −3 −6 −6 Chroming T10 disc/20CrMnTi pin 10.63× 10 /46.28× 10 4.92× 10 /21.43× 10 −3 −3 −6 −6 Nonchroming T10 disc/20CrMnTi pin 16.72× 10 /23.68× 10 7.74× 10 /10.96× 10 (a) (b) Figure 5: SEM cross-section micrographs of the (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs. (a) (b) Figure 6: SEM images of the worn subsurface layers of 20CrMnTi pins against the (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs. (ii) 100∼20𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh deformation layer (DL) decreased sharply to 300 HV; (iii) and finally, aer ft the depth makes the ferrite+pearlite microstructure gradually incline to reached 25𝜇m, the microhardness became around 300 HV be parallel to the surface, which is similar to those structures without variation. deformed by particle bombardment such as rolling [17] and shot peening [18]. 4. Discussion u Th s, the chroming layer made its counterpart go through more severe and deeper plastic deformation than the non- 4.1. Wear Mechanism of Chroming and Nonchroming Friction chroming one. In other words, the chroming layer might pro- Pairs. According to the above experimental results, the tect its matrix materials much better than the nonchroming chroming and nonchroming T10 discs have different hard- one. ness and microstructures. u Th s, they present different wear mechanisms for the 20CrMnTi steel pins. The wear mecha- 3.4. Microhardness of 20CrMnTi against Chroming and Non- nism of the chroming T10 steel disc is mild oxidation wear chroming T10. For the 20CrMnTi against the chroming T10 [19–21]. This might be judged from the shallow wear surface in Figure 7, (i) for 0–20𝜇m, the microhardness gradually scratches. The chroming T10 steel disc is able to withstand increased to 1100 HV; (ii) for 20–25𝜇m, the microhardness severe plastic deformation for a long worn period [22, 23]. decreased sharply to 300 HV; (iii) and finally, aer ft the depth In contrast, the wear mechanism of the nonchroming T10 reached 25𝜇m, the microhardness went around 300 HV steel disc is delamination wear, owing to plastic deformation without variation. [22, 23]. The dominance of delamination wear is due to the For the 20CrMnTi against the nonchroming T10 in slightly higher hardness of the original 20CrMnTi steel pin Figure 7, (i) for 0–10𝜇m, the microhardness gradually increased to 1200 HV; (ii) for 10–25𝜇m, the microhardness relative to nonchroming T10 steel disc. Unlike the chroming Advances in Tribology 5 chrome-plating layer have a strong influence on the surface chroming layer. (2) Three layers, which corresponded to matrix, DL, and SL, were observed beneath the worn surface in the 20CrMnTi against the chroming T10. Matrix and DL were observed in the 20CrMnTi against the nonchrom- ing T10. (3) eTh mechanism of the outstanding wear resistance in the chroming friction pair is considered to be the formationoftheSFIDLinthe 20CrMnTi.TheSFIDL help them undergo less severe shear deformation than the nonchroming friction pair. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Distance from worn surface to the interior (m) Conflicts of Interest 20CrMnTi pin against chroming T10 disc 20CrMnTi pin against nonchroming T10 disc eTh authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Figure 7: Microhardness profiles of 20CrMnTi pins against (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs as a function of the depth beneath worn surface. Acknowledgments eTh present work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11372226), the friction pair, the nonchroming T10 disc could only be Outstanding Young Teachers’ Special Funding of Shanghai divided into two distinct layers beneath aer ft the worn test Municipal Education Commission (ZZSDJ14007), the Sci- (Figure 5(b)). er Th e was no mechanical mixing layer (MML) enticR fi esearch Innovation ProjectofShanghaiMunicipal beneath the worn surface. It is speculated that the MML has Education Commission (15ZZ104), and the Science and also been formed, but it was quickly worn out, owing to the Technology Sail Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology higher shear stresses. Commission (15YF1404400). 4.2. Mechanism of Wear Resistance in Chroming T10 Steel Disc. The 20CrMiTi pin against nonchroming T10 disc would be References more softened and worn than the pin against the chroming [1] Z. B. Wang, J. Lu, and K. Lu, “Wear and corrosion properties friction pair [24]. Hence, the microstructures (Figure 5) also of a low carbon steel processed by means of SMAT followed by confirmed the opinion stated above that only two layers lower temperature chromizing treatment,” Surface and Coatings existed in 20CrMnTi pin against the nonchroming T10 disc, Technology,vol.201,no. 6,pp.2796–2801,2006. compared with the three layers in the 20CrMnTi pin against [2] N.-M. Lin, F.-Q. Xie, J. Zhou, T. Zhong, X.-Q. Wu, and W. Tian, the chroming T10 disc. “Microstructures and wear resistance of chromium coatings on Furthermore, the chroming T10 protected its matrix ma- P110 steel fabricated by pack cementation,” Journal of Central terials from being seriously damaged, and only some micro- South University of Technology (English Edition),vol.17,no.6, cracks occurred in the chroming layer without endanger- pp. 1155–1162, 2010. ing the substrate material (Figure 5(a)). Unfortunately, the [3] G. Bikulci ˇ us, A. Ceˇsuniene, ˙ A. Selskiene, ˙ V. Pakˇstas, and T. nonchroming T10 disc and its counterpart 20CrMnTi pin Matijoˇsius, “Dry sliding tribological behavior of Cr coatings were both aeff cted seriously by the shear deformation during electrodeposited in trivalent chromium sulphate baths,” Surface the sliding (Figures 5(b) and 6(b)), owing to the mechanical and Coatings Technology,vol.315,pp. 130–138,2017. mixing layer (MML) having been worn out. [4] F. Hakami, M. H. Sohi, J. R. Ghani, and M. Ebrahimi, “Chromiz- The mechanism of the outstanding wear resistance in the ing of plasma nitrided AISI 1045 steel,” Thin Solid Films ,vol.519, chroming T10 steel discs is considered to be the formation in no. 20, pp. 6783–6786, 2011. the 20CrMnTi pin, which helped them undergo less severe [5] J.D.B.DeMello,J.L.Gonc¸alves, and H. L. Costa, “Influence shear deformation than the nonchroming friction pair. of surface texturing and hard chromium coating on the wear of steels used in cold rolling mill rolls,” Wear,vol.302,no.1-2,pp. 1295–1309, 2013. 5. Conclusions [6] L. Shan, Y. Wang, J. Li, X. Jiang, and J. Chen, “Improving tri- em Th icrostructuresofsubsurfacelayersof20CrMnTiagainst bological performance of CrN coatings in seawater by structure design,” Tribology International, vol. 82, pp. 78–88, 2015. chroming and nonchroming T10 under dry sliding tests were observed. Some conclusions were drawn: [7] K. Widi A, I. Wardana, W. Suprapto et al., “eTh Role of Diffusion Media in Nitriding Process onSurface Layers Characteristics of (1) eTh friction coefficient of chroming friction coeffi- AISI 4140 with and without Hard Chrome Coatings,” Tribology cient is considered, and the antifriction properties of in Industry,vol.38, no.3,2016. Microhardness/HV 0.01 6 Advances in Tribology [8] Z. B. Wang, J. Lu, and K. Lu, “Chromizing behaviors of a low carbon steel processed by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment,” Acta Materialia,vol.53,no.7,pp.2081–2089, 2005. [9] S.A.Tsipas,H.Omar,F.H.Perez,and D.N. Tsipas,“Boroalu- minide coatings on ferritic-martensitic steel deposited by low- temperature pack cementation,” Surface and Coatings Technol- ogy,vol.202,no.14,pp. 3263–3271, 2008. [10] X. M. Peng,C.Q.Xia,Y.Y.Liu,and J. H. Wang,“Surfacemolyb- denizing on titanium by halide-activated pack cementation,” Surface and Coatings Technology,vol.203,no. 20-21,pp.3306– 3311, 2009. [11] N. Lin, F. Xie, T. Zhong, X. Wu, and W. Tian, “Inu fl ence of add- ing various rare earths on microstructures and corrosion resis- tance of chromizing coatings prepared via pack cementation on P110 steel,” Journal of Rare Earths,vol.28, no.2,pp. 301–304, [12] N. Lin, F. Xie, X. Wu, and W. Tian, “Inu fl ence of process para- meters on thickness and wear resistance of rare earth modified chromium coatings on P110 steel synthesized by pack cementa- tion,” Journal of Rare Earths,vol.29,no.4,pp. 396–400, 2011. [13] F.-S. Chen, P.-Y. Lee, and M.-C. Yeh, “er Th mal reactive depo- sition coating of chromium carbide on die steel in a uidized fl bed furnace,” Materials Chemistry and Physics,vol.53,no.1,pp. 19–27, 1998. [14] J.-W. Lee, J.-G. Duh, and S.-Y. Tsai, “Corrosion resistance and microstructural evaluation of the chromized coating process in a dual phase Fe-Mn-Al-Cr alloy,” Surface and Coatings Technology,vol.153,no. 1, pp.59–66,2002. [15] C.-Y. Wei and F.-S. Chen, “Characterization on multi-layer fabricated by TRD and plasma nitriding,” Materials Chemistry and Physics,vol.90, no.1,pp. 178–184, 2005. [16] N. Bay and T. Wanheim, “Contact phenomena under bulk plas- tic deformation conditions, Symposium on lubrication mech- anisms in metal forming at 3rd international conference on technology of plasticity,” in Proceedings of the ir Th d Interna- tional Conference on Technology of Plasticity,vol.I,pp.1677– 1691, Kyoto, Japan, 1990. [17] M. Sato, P. M. Anderson, and D. A. Rigney, “Rolling-sliding behavior of rail steels,” Wear,vol.162-164,pp. 159–172, 1993. [18] X. Zhang, N. Hansen, Y. Gao, and X. Huang, “Hall-Petch and dislocation strengthening in graded nanostructured steel,” Acta Materialia,vol.60, no.16, pp.5933–5943,2012. [19] M. F. Ashby and S. C. Lim, “Wear-mechanism maps,” Scripta Metallurgica Et Materiala,vol.24, no.5,pp. 805–810, 1990. [20] T. F. J. Quinn, “Review of oxidational wear. Part I: eTh origins of oxidational wear,” Tribology International,vol.16,no.5,pp. 257–271, 1983. [21] F.H.Stott,“er Th oleofoxidationinthewearofalloys,” Tribology International, vol. 31, no. 1-3, pp. 61–71, 1998. [22] N. P. Suh, “eTh delamination theory of wear,” Wear,vol.25,no. 1, pp. 111–124, 1973. [23] N. P. Suh, “An overview of the delamination theory of wear,” Wear,vol.44, no.1,pp. 1–16,1977. [24] G. Straeff lini, M. Pellizzari, and A. Molinari, “Inu fl ence of load and temperature on the dry sliding behaviour of Al-based metal-matrix-composites against friction material,” Wear,vol. 256, no. 7-8, pp. 754–763, 2004. 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Microstructural Evolution in Chroming Coatings Friction Pairs under Dry Sliding Test Conditions

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Copyright © 2018 Xin Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract

Hindawi Advances in Tribology Volume 2018, Article ID 5962153, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5962153 Research Article Microstructural Evolution in Chroming Coatings Friction Pairs under Dry Sliding Test Conditions 1,2,3 1 1 2 4 4 Xin Wang, Rulin Zhang, Tao Zhou, Xicheng Wei , Peter Liaw, Rui Feng, 2 1,3 Wurong Wang, and Rongbin Li School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Dian Ji University, 1350 Ganlan Rd., Shanghai 201406, China School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Rd., Shanghai 200072, China Institute of Energy Equipment Materials, Shanghai Dian Ji University, 1350 Ganlan Rd., Shanghai 201406, China DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,TN37909,USA Correspondence should be addressed to Rongbin Li; lirb@sdju.edu.cn Received 18 October 2017; Revised 5 January 2018; Accepted 11 January 2018; Published 7 February 2018 Academic Editor: Dae-Eun Kim Copyright © 2018 Xin Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The microstructures of subsurface layers of 20CrMnTi steel pins against chroming and nonchroming T10 under dry sliding tests were studied by means of OM (optical microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Results showed that the chroming coating strengthened the disc surface and significantly aeff cted microstructural evolution. Three layers—the matrix, deformation layer (DL), and surface layer (SL)—formed in 20CrMnTi for the chroming T10. eTh matrix and deformation layer (DL) formed in 20CrMnTi for the nonchroming T10. eTh formation of the microstructure was considered as a result of the shear deformation. 1. Introduction ef Th ocusinthismanuscriptistosystematicallyinvestigate themicrostructural evolutioninadvancedstructuralcarbon Chroming is an interesting and intriguing coating technol- steel friction pairs with and without chroming coatings under ogy. How the chroming coatings protect the substrate mate- dry sliding testing conditions. rial interests both materials academic and technological com- munities [1–5]. Literature rarely reports the systematic study 2. Methods on the application of chroming coatings on carbon steel, the most important material for mechanical components and 2.1. Materials and Tribological Experiment. The 20CrMnTi their tribological performance evaluation [6]. A reasonable steel contains 0.2% C, 1.2% Cr, 0.1% Ti, 0.95% Mn, and Fe bal- database is provided for the further application of chrome- ance, and the T10 steel contains 0.98% C and Fe balance. The plating coating in tool steel engineering; it is worthwhile to original 20CrMnTi steel pins have hardness of about 200 HB investigate the friction and wear behaviors of chroming coat- (,0.05 𝜇mto0.1 𝜇m). eTh chroming and nonchroming ings and the substrate materials [7]. T10 steel discs have hardness of about 590 HB and 180 HB The microstructure evolution of ferrous alloy surface (,0.05 𝜇mto0.33 𝜇m), respectively. The conventional pow- layer studied in [8] is beneficial to optimize the properties of der pack cementation method [9, 10] was applied to produce surface chroming coatings on steels. Meanwhile, studying the the chroming coating on T10 steel discs. eTh operation of chromium compounds layer of steel can help us extend the the powder filling process is 1273 K and lasts 24 hours. This life of mechanical components. parameter is derived from the orthogonal test [11]. Our group has concentrated on improving surface prop- Friction and wear behaviors of chroming and nonchrom- erties of the T10 tool steel usingthesurface chroming coatings, ing T10 steel discs were evaluated by laboratory tests, which which can satisfy the requirements of machining operation. were performed on the MM-W1 friction testing machine. All 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2 Advances in Tribology 30 um 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2 (degree) (Cr, Fe) N (Cr, Fe) C 23 6 (Cr, Fe) C 7 3 (a) (b) Figure 1: (a) OM micrograph of chroming layer; (b) XRD spectra of chroming coatings. experiments were taken with a speed of 0.3 m/s, with load 1.0 of 60 N, for 2 hours, and at 300 K. Friction coefficients were recorded online in a computer during the test. 0.8 2.2. Analysis and Characterization Methods. The chroming coating of T10 was observed with a Nikon optical microscope. 0.6 The constituents were detected with a MAX2550V X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Wear scars and the cross-section microstructures of 0.4 chroming and nonchroming T10 discs and the worn surface layers of 20CrMiTi pins aer ft the dry sliding test were ob- 0.2 served by a HITACHI S-570 scanning electron microscope. A microhardness tester (MH-3) was used to measure 0 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 7200 the microhardness distribution across the cross-section of Test time (s) 20CrMnTi pins against the chroming and nonchroming T10 steel discs using a Vickers indenter under a load of HV0.01 Nonchroming tribocouples Chroming tribocouples with a dwell time of 20 s. Figure 2: Friction coefficient versus friction time for the nonchrom- ing and chroming friction pairs. 3. Results 3.1. Microstructural Characterizations of Chroming T10 Steel Disc. The coating sectional area OM image is shown in composed of (Cr, Fe) C ,(Cr,Fe) C , and several diffraction 23 6 7 3 Figure 1(a). eTh results show that the chrome-plating layer is peaks of (Cr, Fe) N[13]. homogeneous and there is no obvious boundary between the interfaces. eTh average coating thickness is about 35 𝜇m. Figure 1(a) shows that the coating is made up of two 3.2. Tribological Performance. The friction coefficients versus different colors and is represented by two arrows. The outer friction time for chroming and nonchroming coated T10 layer belongs to the composite layer (rich in chromium), steel discs against 20CrMnTi steel pins were illustrated in which corresponds to the chrome-diffusion zone [12]. Figure 2. An average friction coefficient around 0.4 has been Figure 1(b) shows the XRD results of chromized coating. observed for the chroming coating, indicating good wear eTh results showed that chrome-plated coating was mainly resistance [14]. However, the average friction coefficient of Intensity Friction coefficient Advances in Tribology 3 (a) (b) Figure 3: Wear scars of (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs aer ft dry sliding. 20.0 kV ×100 100 m 20.0 kV ×100 100 m (a) (b) Figure 4: Wear scars of (a) 20CrMnTi pins against chroming T10 disc and (b) 20CrMnTi pins against nonchroming T10 disc aer ft dry sliding. the nonchroming coating has reached 0.9 at 400 seconds sliding direction [14]. eTh matrix has deformed due to the andthendroppedtoaround 0.6inthefirst 600seconds of friction which may be caused by plastic wave, ploughing, the friction time. Table 1 shows wear loss and wear rate of shearing, and cutting [16]. As a result, the detachment of par- chroming/nonchroming T10 discs against 20CrMnTi pin. ticles that form wear debris occurs and the scratched surface Wear-scar morphologies of the chroming and non- (Figure 3(b)) with cracked subsurface (Figure 5(b)) has been chroming T10 steel discs against 20CrMnTi pins aer ft dry observed. friction test are shown in Figure 3. The visible slight char- acteristics of plastic deformation are found, which may be 3.3. Microstructure of 20CrMnTi against Chroming and Non- attributed to the chromium coating of T10 steel in Figure 3(a). chroming T10 Steel. Figure 6 shows the microstructure of The chroming layer is involved in friction and is crushed 20CrMnTi against chroming and nonchroming T10 steel by into small grinding particles, resulting in abrasion wear [15]. SEM. eTh local plastic deformation zone of the nonchromium T10 Figure 6(a) reveals three distinct layers versus the dis- steel and abrasion wear caused by 20CrMnTi is revealed in tance from the surface. Figure 3(b). Wear scars of 20CrMnTi pins against chroming (i)>150𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh matrix was hardly affected T10 disc and 20CrMnTi pins against nonchroming T10 disc by the friction shear force. aer ft dry friction test are shown in Figure 4. The SEM cross-section micrographs of the chroming and (ii) 150∼20𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh deformation layer (DL) nonchroming T10 discs against 20CrMnTi steel pins after dry consisted of structures induced by considerable plastic and sliding are shown in Figure 5. It exhibits the microstructural shear deformation. changes from the worn surface into the matrix with the (iii) 20∼0𝜇mfromtheSurface .Thesurfacelayer(SL)hadbeen different wear mechanisms. Figure 5(a) indicates that there mechanically damaged. was a severely damaged chroming layer on the T10 steel disc. Note that Figure 6(b) shows only two layers of the The matrix was not destroyed under the protection of the 20CrMnTi pin against the nonchroming T10 steel disc. chroming layer [14]. The plasticflow linesofnonchroming T10 steel disc in the SFIDL are exhibited in Figure 5(b). eTh (i)>150𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh matrix was hardly affected deformation direction of microstructure is consistent with by the friction shear force. 4 Advances in Tribology Table 1: Wear loss and wear rate of chroming/nonchroming T10 discs against 20CrMnTi pin. Mass losses (g) Wear rate (g/m) −3 −3 −6 −6 Chroming T10 disc/20CrMnTi pin 10.63× 10 /46.28× 10 4.92× 10 /21.43× 10 −3 −3 −6 −6 Nonchroming T10 disc/20CrMnTi pin 16.72× 10 /23.68× 10 7.74× 10 /10.96× 10 (a) (b) Figure 5: SEM cross-section micrographs of the (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs. (a) (b) Figure 6: SEM images of the worn subsurface layers of 20CrMnTi pins against the (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs. (ii) 100∼20𝜇mfromtheSurface. eTh deformation layer (DL) decreased sharply to 300 HV; (iii) and finally, aer ft the depth makes the ferrite+pearlite microstructure gradually incline to reached 25𝜇m, the microhardness became around 300 HV be parallel to the surface, which is similar to those structures without variation. deformed by particle bombardment such as rolling [17] and shot peening [18]. 4. Discussion u Th s, the chroming layer made its counterpart go through more severe and deeper plastic deformation than the non- 4.1. Wear Mechanism of Chroming and Nonchroming Friction chroming one. In other words, the chroming layer might pro- Pairs. According to the above experimental results, the tect its matrix materials much better than the nonchroming chroming and nonchroming T10 discs have different hard- one. ness and microstructures. u Th s, they present different wear mechanisms for the 20CrMnTi steel pins. The wear mecha- 3.4. Microhardness of 20CrMnTi against Chroming and Non- nism of the chroming T10 steel disc is mild oxidation wear chroming T10. For the 20CrMnTi against the chroming T10 [19–21]. This might be judged from the shallow wear surface in Figure 7, (i) for 0–20𝜇m, the microhardness gradually scratches. The chroming T10 steel disc is able to withstand increased to 1100 HV; (ii) for 20–25𝜇m, the microhardness severe plastic deformation for a long worn period [22, 23]. decreased sharply to 300 HV; (iii) and finally, aer ft the depth In contrast, the wear mechanism of the nonchroming T10 reached 25𝜇m, the microhardness went around 300 HV steel disc is delamination wear, owing to plastic deformation without variation. [22, 23]. The dominance of delamination wear is due to the For the 20CrMnTi against the nonchroming T10 in slightly higher hardness of the original 20CrMnTi steel pin Figure 7, (i) for 0–10𝜇m, the microhardness gradually increased to 1200 HV; (ii) for 10–25𝜇m, the microhardness relative to nonchroming T10 steel disc. Unlike the chroming Advances in Tribology 5 chrome-plating layer have a strong influence on the surface chroming layer. (2) Three layers, which corresponded to matrix, DL, and SL, were observed beneath the worn surface in the 20CrMnTi against the chroming T10. Matrix and DL were observed in the 20CrMnTi against the nonchrom- ing T10. (3) eTh mechanism of the outstanding wear resistance in the chroming friction pair is considered to be the formationoftheSFIDLinthe 20CrMnTi.TheSFIDL help them undergo less severe shear deformation than the nonchroming friction pair. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Distance from worn surface to the interior (m) Conflicts of Interest 20CrMnTi pin against chroming T10 disc 20CrMnTi pin against nonchroming T10 disc eTh authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Figure 7: Microhardness profiles of 20CrMnTi pins against (a) chroming and (b) nonchroming T10 discs as a function of the depth beneath worn surface. Acknowledgments eTh present work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11372226), the friction pair, the nonchroming T10 disc could only be Outstanding Young Teachers’ Special Funding of Shanghai divided into two distinct layers beneath aer ft the worn test Municipal Education Commission (ZZSDJ14007), the Sci- (Figure 5(b)). er Th e was no mechanical mixing layer (MML) enticR fi esearch Innovation ProjectofShanghaiMunicipal beneath the worn surface. It is speculated that the MML has Education Commission (15ZZ104), and the Science and also been formed, but it was quickly worn out, owing to the Technology Sail Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology higher shear stresses. Commission (15YF1404400). 4.2. Mechanism of Wear Resistance in Chroming T10 Steel Disc. The 20CrMiTi pin against nonchroming T10 disc would be References more softened and worn than the pin against the chroming [1] Z. B. Wang, J. Lu, and K. 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