Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Evaluation of Botanical Powders for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Rupandehi, Nepal

Evaluation of Botanical Powders for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.... Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2021, Article ID 8878525, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8878525 Research Article Evaluation of Botanical Powders for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Rupandehi, Nepal 1 1 2 2 Dipak Khanal , Subin Babu Neupane, Archana Bhattarai, Swarnima Khatri-Chhetri, 2 2 2 1 Nisha Nakarmi, Sarita Sapkota, Bivekananda Mahat, Pushpa Pandey, and Vinita Sharma Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal Correspondence should be addressed to Dipak Khanal; dipakbabu@hotmail.com Received 24 July 2020; Accepted 17 December 2020; Published 20 January 2021 Academic Editor: Ga´bor Kocsy Copyright © 2021 Dipak Khanal et al. (is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. An experiment to manage rice weevil (Sitophilusoryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in wheat (Triticumaestivum L. Gramineae) was carried out at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, Nepal. (e experiment was conducted under completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments viz. neem leaf dust (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) 15 g/kg, tobacco leaf dust (Nicotianatabacum L.) 10 g/kg, ginger rhizome powder (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe) 20 g/kg, garlic cloves powder (Alliumsativum L.) 20 g/kg, Sichuan pepper seed powder (Zanthoxylumarmatum Roxb.) 10 g/kg, sweet flag rhizome dust (Acoruscalamus L.) 5 g/kg, and control with three replication. Result revealed that the highest mortality of weevils was observed in the wheat seed treated with A. calamus (98.33%), followed by N. tabacum (85.67%), A. sativum (73.34%), A. indica (70.67%), Z.armatum (70.34%), andZ.officinale (58.34%). Similarly, the lowest percent weight loss (3.32%) and damage of seed (4.0%) were observed in wheat treated with A. calamus. Moreover, the highest germination (89%) was observed in seeds treated with A. calamus rhizome powder when tested at 90 days after treatment application. Based on weevil mortality and the germination test, it is found that sweet flag rhizome powder is the best treatment against rice weevil followed by tobacco leaf dust and garlic clove powder. (erefore, these botanicals could be one of the effective alternatives for the management of weevil especially to the farmers who do not use chemical insecticides in the rural areas of Nepal. has a relatively high amount of amino acids [3]. Insects such 1. Introduction as Sitophilus spp, Tribolium spp, Rhizopertha spp, and In Nepal, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the third ranking Sitotrogacerealella are major stored grain pests in Nepal. It is cereal crop after rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays reported that the loss due to different insect pests and L.) in terms of area of production and productivity. Wheat postharvest handling is around 15–20% of total grain pro- occupies about 22.58% of the total area in the cereal pro- duction in Nepal [4]. (e estimated postharvest loss of food duction and contributes 20.13% of the total cereal pro- grains due to insect pests in Nepal in traditional storage duction [1]. (is crop is grown in most of the agroclimatic conditions is 5.5% [5]. Among these insects, rice weevil regions from Terai (tropical plain area) to foothills of Sitophilus oryzae L. is the most ubiquitous, and it severely mountains in Nepal [1]. Wheat is believed to be originated in damages a range of cereals such as wheat, maize, and rice [6]. southwestern Asia [2]. Wheat is considered nutritionally When wheat is stored for long time for human consumption better than other cereals as it contains more protein, and it or seed, it is prone to get infested byS.oryzae that eventually 2 Advances in Agriculture encouraged us to conduct research for a pest management leads to severe economic loss as the quantity and quality of stored wheat are largely compromised. Both larva and adult program that is safer, economical, and scientifically justi- fiable. In rural Nepal, farmers lack proper knowledge on of the weevil are capable of damaging the wheat by boring and feeding on the grains. Such damage is often accelerated techniques of grain protection in storage, and they often along with high grain moisture content (>12%), high relative practice other risky methods of protection of stored grains. humidity (>70%), and high temperature (>27%) by favoring (ey use synthetic pesticides such as malathion and alu- the growth and development of the weevils. minium phosphide to protect their stored grains which can (e study of the efficacy of some botanicals against cause health hazards. Hence, the plant products which have various insects has been carried out by many researchers insecticidal properties present within them are a very good alternative to protect stored grains instead of these haz- [7, 8]. In Nepal, Bhusal and Sharma used different combi- nation and concentrations of botanicals of which some are ardous synthetic pesticides [15]. (e major objective of our study is to devise an effective and ecofriendly alternative of effective against this pest [8, 9]. (e botanicals used for these studies are traditionally popular for their culinary as well as chemical insecticides to control rice weevil in stored grains in Nepal. medicinal purpose in Nepal. Although the mechanism of these botanicals in controlling the insects and pests are not very clear, efforts have been made to estimate their efficacy in 2. Materials and Methods controlling the insects in various experiments in Nepal. As these plants have antifeedant, repellent, and pesticidal (e research was conducted at the laboratory of the De- properties against insects, various local products made from partment of Entomology, Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, such plants are found to be very effective in controlling Nepal, in 2015. (e laboratory is located at the geographical ° ° stored grain pests especially in small scale. While some of coordinates of 27 30′ 0″ North, 83 27′ 0″ East. (e average these plants have growth disrupting properties as well [10]. temperature and relative humidity during the experiment ° ° ° period was 32 C (ranging from 29 C to 35 C) and 70± 5%, Among the common botanicals used as pesticides, the Zanthoxylum armatum DC, Timur in Nepalese language, is respectively. (e room was well ventilated to allow enough air circulation throughout the room. grown extensively in the hills of Nepal and is also a common plant in southeast Asia. Its seed is popular for its strong volatile smell; so, it is used for culinary purposes and is 2.1. Materials. Plastic made insect rearing box (one liter known to be traditionally used as a repellent against different capacity), with a perforated lid was used to store 250 g of insect pests. Similarly,Acoruscalamus L. is grown in marshy wheat. (e plastic container was covered with a muslin cloth land from the Terai (topical plain area) to the hills of Nepal. to ensure air circulation and to prevent the escape of in- It is popularly used as medicine for sore throat and cold oculated weevil from the box. An aspirator was used to traditionally. Similarly,A.calamus powder is used to control collect insects into the vial. maximum and minimum digital stored grain pests on various cereals in Nepal. Paneru et al. thermometer was used to detect the temperature of the reviewed about properties of A. calamus and stated that laboratory during the study period. A digital RH meter was β-asarone found in stolons has an insecticidal property, used to measure humidity in the lab. An electronic weight whereas dried rhizome possesses antifeedant property scale (Changzhoo Accurate Weight Co., Ltd.) of measuring [11, 12]. Garlic (Allium sativum L) and Zinger (Zingiber capacity up to 350 g and 3 digits more behind decimal point officinale Roscoe) are popular herbs grown from plains to was used to weight the test seeds. high hills of Nepal. Garlic and zinger own an important place in the Nepalese kitchen, and these are also traditionally used as medicine for abdominal pain, several digestive health 2.2.SamplingofWheatGrains. Gautam (BL 1887) variety of issues, and common cold and in some cases used for pest wheat (released by Nepal Agriculture Research Council in management. Likewise, neem (Azadirachtaindica A. Juss) is 2002) was used in the entire test. Gautam is a high yielding another popular plant of subtropical and tropical regions of variety recommended for the Terai, tars, and lower valleys of Nepal. (e leaves of this plant are popular for insect control Nepal to grow in irrigated land as a timely or late sown since a long period of time. Moreover, the nicotine, extract variety. Using the results from a preliminary survey, this from the tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.), is being used as an variety was found as most popular among farmers in insecticide against many pest since a long. (e nicotine is Rupandehi because of its bold grain, taste, flour quality, and very effective against insects causing the uncontrolled nerve milling quality for making “chapatti” (local bread). (us, the firing and masking acetylcholine [13]. Complete reliance on seed was collected from local farmers for this research. (e a chemical has led to insecticide resistance within the insects, sample wheat was disinfected by hot air treatment, and and insects have become more and more adapted to these infestation free grains were used in the experiment. chemicals [14]. On the other hand, the issues related to the persistence of chemical on the treated grains and also their toxicity to natural enemies of these insects are equally 2.3.PreparationofBotanicals. All the botanicals used in the dangerous in many ways. Similarly, other problems caused experiment viz. leaf of neem and tobacco, rhizomes of sweet by chemical pesticides are insect resurgence, secondary pest flag and zinger, garlic cloves, and Sichuan pepper seed were outbreak, health hazard to human beings, and the envi- collected from farmers field, dried in the shade, and pow- ronment. (is led us to refocus the way we think and dered using a grinder. (ose botanicals were applied in the Advances in Agriculture 3 following dosage: Nicotiana tabacum L. 10 g/kg, Zingiber 3. Results and Discussion officinale Roscoe 20 g/kg, Allium sativum L. 20 g/kg, Aza- 3.1.EffectofBotanicalsonMortalityofS.oryzae. Among the dirachta indica A. Juss 15 g/kg, Zanthoxylum armatum DC. six different botanicals tested for the mortality test of rice 10 g/kg, Acorus calamus L. 5 g/kg, and control (not treated weevil, rhizome powder (5 g/kg) was found to cause the with any materials). (e digital balance was used in weighing highest mortality (98.33%) at 14 days after treatment (DAT) purpose. which was followed by tobacco leaf powder (10 g/kg) (85.67%), neem leaf powder (15 g/kg) (70.67%), garlic clove 2.4. Collection, Mass Rearing, and Inoculation of S. oryzae. powder (20 g/kg) (73.34%), Sichuan pepper seed powder (e initial stock of adult weevils was collected from local (20 g/kg) (70.34%), and the ginger powder (58.34%). While, farmers of Bhairahawa. (e weevils were later identified as lowest weevil mortalities were obtained in control which was theS.oryzae L. in the laboratory. Mass rearing of weevils was only 3.66% (Table 1). Even in previous experiments, it was evident that the performed to achieve uniform aged weevil stock of the second generation under controlled lab environment at powder of A. calamus was very effective to maize weevil at 2 g, 1 g, and 0.5 g/100 g of maize grain in which 100% 27 C, 85% RH, and 14 :10 day night ratio in the Entomology th th lab of Paklihawa Campus for three weeks. Two hundred and mortality was seen at 8 and 10 days after treatment application [17]. Similar results were obtained in another fifty grams of the sample wheat were treated with botanical powder at 5–20 g/kg of grain, taken in a small plastic experiment where 100% mortality of S. oryzae L. was ob- container (capacity 500 g), and 50 pairs/treatment of tained when weevil was treated with A. calamus at 3 g/kg of S.oryzae belonging to the second generation were released in wheat grain [18]. Similarly, in another test conducted against the wheat, as the new stock of weevils would be more active, Angoumois grain moth, (Sitotroga cerealella O.), it was vigorous, and prolific, and they would be more liable to found that 100% mortality was resulted when rhizome dust damage more wheat than the old stock. of A. calamus was used at 10 g/kg of rice grain [19]. A. calamus dust was also found to have excellent efficacy in controlling Callosobruchus chinensis L. [20]. In another 2.5. Germination Test. (e germination of seeds was made experiment, A. calamus was even found more effective than using a random sample of hundred grains of each treatment malathion at 1 g/kg in controlling pulses beetle C. chinensis and replication before and after treatment application. (e for up to two generations [21]. (is indicates that A.calamus seeds were cleaned properly and distributed homogeneously could be used as a safer alternative to commonly used in well-soaked blotting paper in Petri dishes (8.8 cm di- commercial pesticides. ameter). All Petri dishes were then placed in a germination chamber at a normal room temperature of 27 C. Blotting paper was used as a germination medium because it has a 3.2.EffectofBotanicalsonPercentGermination,SeedDamage, lower risk of getting mold infestation, it is easier to handle Weight Loss, and Live Weevil Population at 90 DAT. (e than sand and soil, but it still permits penetration of the mean germination of wheat was 95% before the seeds were radical that provides a better evaluation of abnormal ger- treated in the experiment. When the germination test was mination. Moreover, moisture also does not stratify within performed at 90 DAT, the germination percent was sig- the paper medium as it might do so if sand or soil was used. nificantly higher in A. calamus (89%) treated wheat than in Finally, the germinated seeds were counted, and the ger- control (23.66%) (Table 2). Apart from germination, the mination percentage was calculated using the following physical damage of wheat seed was quantified by counting equation: the weevil bored seeds and intact seeds in a randomly sampled 100 grains from all the treated wheat stock. (e (number of germinated seeds) germination percentage � 􏼢 􏼣 × 100. physical damage percentage was lowest in wheat treated with (total number of seeds) A.calamus (4%) which was followed byN.tabacum (14.33%) (1) treated wheat seed. Furthermore, the percentage of seed damage was recorded highest in the control, i.e., 83% Additionally, counts were also taken for physically (Table 2). On quantifying the percent weight loss of wheat, damaged grains and intact grains for 100 randomly sampled the highest percentage of weight loss was recorded in control seeds, and weight loss comparison was also made for the (50.95) and lowest was recorded in A. calamus (3.32%) seeds used in the experiment both before and after treating treated wheat seed (Table 2). with botanicals in these seeds. Most of the findings of this study lie closely in accor- dance with the finding of some previously conducted ex- periments. For example, extracts of N. tabacum were found 2.6. Statistical Analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of effective in controlling the various stages of maize weevil variance (ANOVA) and significant differences existed; (Sitophilus zeamays M.) [22]. A. sativum demonstrated to treatment means were compared at 0.05 significant level have great potential at reducing the population of S. oryzae using the DMRT test. Arcsine data transformation was in some cereals [23]. Similarly, the progeny emergence of conducted whenever required to satisfy the assumptions of maize weevil and cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculates ANOVA [16]. Data were analyzed using MS-EXCEL 2007 F.) was low in A. sativum treated grains as compared to the and R-Stat 3.5.0 (R core team 2013). 4 Advances in Agriculture Table 1: Effect of botanicals on mortality of S. oryzae in wheat tested at Rupandehi, Nepal, in 2015. Percent mortality of weevil at Treatments 3 DAT 7 DAT 10 DAT 14 DAT c c c c Azadirachta indica, 15 g/kg 46.67 (43.09)± 1.20 61.34 (51.55)± 0.67 66.67 (54.74)± 0.88 70.67 (57.21)± 0.88 b b b b Nicotiana tabacum, 10 g/kg 61.00 (51.35)± 0.58 76.67 (61.12)± 0.67 81.67 (64.65)± 0.67 85.67 (67.75)± 0.33 d d d d Zingiber officinale, 20 g/kg 40.67 (39.61)± 2.19 51.00 (45.57)± 1.53 55.34 (48.06)± 1.33 58.34 (49.80)± 1.20 c c c c Allium sativum, 20 g/kg 49.67 (44.80)± 2.40 64.67 (53.53)± 1.33 69.67 (56.59)± 1.45 73.34 (58.92)± 1.45 c c c c Zanthoxylum armatum, 10 g/kg 50.34 (45.19)± 2.40 62.00 (51.95)± 2.08 66.67 (54.75)± 2.03 70.34 (56.80)± 1.45 a a a a Acorus calamus, 5 g/kg 68.67 (55.98)± 2.03 88.34 (70.05)± 0.88 94.00 (75.85)± 0.58 98.33 (82.66)± 0.33 e e e e Control 1.34 (6.53)± 0.33 2.67 (9.35)± 0.33 3.00 (9.88)± 0.58 3.66 (11.01)± 0.33 Mean 45.47 (40.93) 58.09 (49.02) 62.42 (52.07) 65.76 (54.88) P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 CV (%) 4.49 2.51 2.33 2.18 LSD 3.27 2.19 2.16 2.13 Mean in the same column with same letter is not significantly different at P< 0.05. Figures in parentheses represent arcsine transformed data. Table 2: Effect of botanicals on percent germination, seed damage, weight loss, and live weevil population in 90 DATat Rupandehi in 2015. Treatments % germination % seed damage % weight loss Weevil population b e c b Azadirachta indica, 15 g/kg 80.66 ± 1.45 21.66 ± 0.88 19.78 ± 1.10 391.33 ± 9.86 b f d d Nicotiana tabacum, 10 g/kg 80.66 ± 1.76 14.33 ± 0.88 15.62 ± 0.42 205.00 ± 7.77 d b b b Zingiber officinale, 20 g/kg 58.33 ± 2.03 39.00 ± 2.08 25.18 ± 1.44 394.33 ± 6.23 b c cd c Allium sativum, 20 g/kg 80.33 ± 0.88 32.66 ± 0.67 16.70 ± 0.52 281.66 ± 4.41 c d d c Zanthoxylum armatum, 10 g/kg 66.00 ± 1.53 26.66 ± 0.88 13.79 ± 0.71 255.00 ± 7.64 a g e e Acorus calamus, 5 g/kg 89.00 ± 0.58 04.00 ± 0.58 3.32 ± 0.58 51.33 ± 5.55 e a a a Control 23.66 ± 0.88 83.00 ± 2.08 50.95 ± 2.20 646.66 ± 10.64 Mean 68.38 31.61905 20.76 306.19 P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 CV (%) 3.59 5.62 9.23 5.42 LSD 4.37 3.081307 3.41 29.53 grains without any protectant used [24]. Garlic also per- laboratory research is slightly inadequate in drawing con- formed better in reducing the number of holes per seed, clusions about the effectiveness of these botanical powders. number of damaged seeds, percentage damaged seeds, and So, they must be evaluated under different climatic condi- weight loss of beans infected withPhaseolusvulgaris L. tested tions and different ecological zones as per need to expand against bean bruchid (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh) compared their uses in a wide variety of stored seeds. to no pesticide application treatment [25]. Botanicals are easily available herbal plants, which have almost no adverse Data Availability effects on human health and the environment. We agree that some traditionally used botanicals can be an excellent al- (e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. ternative to chemical pesticides in stored grains if used in the correct dose and method. (e ease in availability and simplicity in these botanicals are most likely to be accepted Conflicts of Interest and adopted by the farmers in Nepal [26]. Apart from sweet (e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. flag, most other herbs used in this experiment have been found to be very effective in controlling various other stored insect pests and which has been mentioned in many reports. Acknowledgments (e authors acknowledge the Institute of Agriculture and 4. Conclusion Animal Science, Paklihawa Campus, Nepal, for providing technical and financial support for this study. Among botanical materials tested, it is found that three safe botanical materials such as A. calamus rhizome dust, References A. sativum clove powder, and N. tabacum leaf dust can be explored as excellent alternatives over the poisonous pes- [1] ABPSD, Statistical Year Book Nepal, Central Bureau of Sta- ticides for the management of rice weevil in wheat grain tistics, National Planning Commission, Government of storage. (ese ecofriendly treatments could be accessible and Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2015. economically viable alternatives to hazardous chemical [2] L. Gibson and G. Benson, Origin, History, and Uses of Oat pesticides in integrated insect pest management in rural (Avena sativa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Iowa State Nepal. However, testing over three generations’ weevils in University, Department of Agronomy, Ames, IA, USA, 2002. Advances in Agriculture 5 [3] P. Kumar, R. Yadava, B. Gollen, S. Kumar, R. K. Verma, and (Sitophilus spp. Linn) in farmers’ storage condition,” in S. Yadav, “Nutritional contents and medicinal properties of Proceedings ofTwenty-FifthNational SummerCropWorkshop wheat: a review,” Life Sciences and Medicine Research, vol. 22, on Maize Research and Production, pp. 263–267, Kathmandu, Nepal, June 2007. pp. 1–10, 2011. [4] F. P. Neupane, “Agricultural entomology in Nepal,” Review of [20] H. Regmi and Y. G. C. Dhoj, “Eco-friendly management of Agricultural Entomology, vol. 83, no. 12, pp. 1291–1304, 1995. pulse beetle,” Ae Journal of Agriculture and Environment, [5] P. S. Tyler, Misconception of Food Losses, Tropical Stored vol. 12, pp. 60–82, 2011. Products Centre, Tropical Products Institute, Berkshire, UK, [21] H. Regmi, L. Kafle, G. C. Y. Dhoj, and C. J. Shih, “Efficacy of 1985. natural products againstCallosobruchuschinensis (Coleoptera: [6] S. K. Bhatia, V. S. Singh, and M. G. Bansal, “Varietal resistance Bruchidae) in Nepal,” Journal of Economic Entomology, in barley grain to laboratory infestation of rice weevil and vol. 105, no. 3, pp. 1095–1099, 2012. lesser grain borer,”Bulletinof GrainTechnology, vol. 13, no. 2, [22] J. E. Idoko and R. A. Adebayo, “Efficacy of single and pp. 69–72, 1975. combined leaf powder of Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanales: [7] Y. Huang, S.-H. Ho, H.-C. Lee, and Y.-L. Yap, “Insecticidal Solanaceae with reduced rates of pirimiphos-methyl in properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and management of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky [Coleoptera: their effects on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Curculionidae],” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 276–280, 2011. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae),” Journal of Stored [23] N. Abhijith, S. Mohan, and S. J. Nelson, “Bioassay to detect the Products Research, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 403–412, 2002. toxicity of sweet flag (Acorus calamus) 6 EC formulation [8] V. Sharma, R. B. (apa, Y. G. C. Dhoj, and L. P. Amagain, against pests of stored spices viz., rusty grain beetle, “Screening of different wheat varieties against rice weevil, C. ferrugineus (Stephens) cigarette beetle, L. serricorne (F.) Sitophilusoryzae L., (Coleoptera: Curculionidae),” Journal of and red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst),” Journal of En- Plant Protection Society, vol. 1, pp. 23–29, 2008. tomology and Zoology Studies, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1921–1924, [9] P. Bhusal, “Eco-friendly management of potato tuber moth, 2018. Phthorimaea operculella (zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) in [24] E. F. Asawalam and L. Onu, “Evaluation of some plant rustic stores,” IAAS Journal, vol. 4, pp. 90–110, 2013. powders against Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium [10] N. Kulkarni and K. C. Joshi, “Antifeedant properties of some Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut,” botanical extracts against Maharukha webworm, Attevafab- Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research, vol. 2, no. 2, riciella Swed. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae),” Journal of pp. 27–33, 2014. [25] L. S. Mulungu, E. N. Luwondo, S. O. W. M. Reuben, and Tropical Forest Products, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–16, 1998. [11] R. B. Paneru, G. N. J. Le Patourel, and S. H. Kennedy, R. N. Misangu, “Effectiveness of local botanicals as protectants “Toxicity of Acorus calamus rhizome powder from Eastern of stored beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against bean bruchid Nepal to Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh) (Genera: Zabrotes. Family Bru- (Coleoptera, Curculionidae),” Crop Protection, vol. 16, no. 8, chidae),” Journal of Entomology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 210–217, pp. 759–763, 1997. 2007. [12] H. P. Chen, K. Yang, L. S. Zheng, C. X. You, Q. Cai, and [26] D. Pimentel, “World resource and food losses to pests,” in C. F. Wang, “Repellant and insecticidal activities of shyo- Ecology and Management of Food-Industry Pests, bunone and isoshyobunone derived from the essential oil of J. R. Gorham, Ed., AOAC, pp. 5–11, Rockville, MD, USA, Acorus calamus rhizomes,” Pharmacognosy Magazine, vol. 11, 1991. no. 44, pp. 675–681, 2015. [13] I. Ujvary, ´ “Nicotine and other insecticidal alkaloids,” in Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Re- ceptor, I. Yamamoto and J. E. Casida, Eds., Springer, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 29–69, 1999. [14] W. Brogdon and J. C. McAllister, “Insecticide resistance and vector control,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 605–613, 1998. [15] R. Rajapakse, S. G. J. N. Senanayake, and D. Ratnasekera, “Effect of five botanicals on oviposition, adult emergence and mortality of Callosobruchusmaculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infesting cowpea, Vignaunguiculata L. Walp,” Journal of Entomological Research, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 117–122, [16] K. A. Gomez and A. A. Gomez, Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Willey and Sons. Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1984. [17] NARC, “Entomology division,” Annual Report, Nepal Ag- riculture Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1996. [18] S. Bala and A. Vyas, “Biology and ecofriendly management of rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (LIN.) in stored sorghum,” Journal of Sciences-Life Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 976–7436, 2016. [19] G. P. Timsina, A. S. R. Bajracharya, Y. P. Sah, D. L. Mandal, and S. N. Mehta, “Assessment of storage losses of maize by angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella oliver) and weevil http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Advances in Agriculture Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Evaluation of Botanical Powders for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Rupandehi, Nepal

Download PDF
5 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/hindawi-publishing-corporation/evaluation-of-botanical-powders-for-the-management-of-rice-weevil-PX905AB90h

References (31)

Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 2021 Dipak Khanal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ISSN
2356-654X
eISSN
2314-7539
DOI
10.1155/2021/8878525
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2021, Article ID 8878525, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8878525 Research Article Evaluation of Botanical Powders for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Rupandehi, Nepal 1 1 2 2 Dipak Khanal , Subin Babu Neupane, Archana Bhattarai, Swarnima Khatri-Chhetri, 2 2 2 1 Nisha Nakarmi, Sarita Sapkota, Bivekananda Mahat, Pushpa Pandey, and Vinita Sharma Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal Correspondence should be addressed to Dipak Khanal; dipakbabu@hotmail.com Received 24 July 2020; Accepted 17 December 2020; Published 20 January 2021 Academic Editor: Ga´bor Kocsy Copyright © 2021 Dipak Khanal et al. (is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. An experiment to manage rice weevil (Sitophilusoryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in wheat (Triticumaestivum L. Gramineae) was carried out at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, Nepal. (e experiment was conducted under completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments viz. neem leaf dust (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) 15 g/kg, tobacco leaf dust (Nicotianatabacum L.) 10 g/kg, ginger rhizome powder (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe) 20 g/kg, garlic cloves powder (Alliumsativum L.) 20 g/kg, Sichuan pepper seed powder (Zanthoxylumarmatum Roxb.) 10 g/kg, sweet flag rhizome dust (Acoruscalamus L.) 5 g/kg, and control with three replication. Result revealed that the highest mortality of weevils was observed in the wheat seed treated with A. calamus (98.33%), followed by N. tabacum (85.67%), A. sativum (73.34%), A. indica (70.67%), Z.armatum (70.34%), andZ.officinale (58.34%). Similarly, the lowest percent weight loss (3.32%) and damage of seed (4.0%) were observed in wheat treated with A. calamus. Moreover, the highest germination (89%) was observed in seeds treated with A. calamus rhizome powder when tested at 90 days after treatment application. Based on weevil mortality and the germination test, it is found that sweet flag rhizome powder is the best treatment against rice weevil followed by tobacco leaf dust and garlic clove powder. (erefore, these botanicals could be one of the effective alternatives for the management of weevil especially to the farmers who do not use chemical insecticides in the rural areas of Nepal. has a relatively high amount of amino acids [3]. Insects such 1. Introduction as Sitophilus spp, Tribolium spp, Rhizopertha spp, and In Nepal, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the third ranking Sitotrogacerealella are major stored grain pests in Nepal. It is cereal crop after rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays reported that the loss due to different insect pests and L.) in terms of area of production and productivity. Wheat postharvest handling is around 15–20% of total grain pro- occupies about 22.58% of the total area in the cereal pro- duction in Nepal [4]. (e estimated postharvest loss of food duction and contributes 20.13% of the total cereal pro- grains due to insect pests in Nepal in traditional storage duction [1]. (is crop is grown in most of the agroclimatic conditions is 5.5% [5]. Among these insects, rice weevil regions from Terai (tropical plain area) to foothills of Sitophilus oryzae L. is the most ubiquitous, and it severely mountains in Nepal [1]. Wheat is believed to be originated in damages a range of cereals such as wheat, maize, and rice [6]. southwestern Asia [2]. Wheat is considered nutritionally When wheat is stored for long time for human consumption better than other cereals as it contains more protein, and it or seed, it is prone to get infested byS.oryzae that eventually 2 Advances in Agriculture encouraged us to conduct research for a pest management leads to severe economic loss as the quantity and quality of stored wheat are largely compromised. Both larva and adult program that is safer, economical, and scientifically justi- fiable. In rural Nepal, farmers lack proper knowledge on of the weevil are capable of damaging the wheat by boring and feeding on the grains. Such damage is often accelerated techniques of grain protection in storage, and they often along with high grain moisture content (>12%), high relative practice other risky methods of protection of stored grains. humidity (>70%), and high temperature (>27%) by favoring (ey use synthetic pesticides such as malathion and alu- the growth and development of the weevils. minium phosphide to protect their stored grains which can (e study of the efficacy of some botanicals against cause health hazards. Hence, the plant products which have various insects has been carried out by many researchers insecticidal properties present within them are a very good alternative to protect stored grains instead of these haz- [7, 8]. In Nepal, Bhusal and Sharma used different combi- nation and concentrations of botanicals of which some are ardous synthetic pesticides [15]. (e major objective of our study is to devise an effective and ecofriendly alternative of effective against this pest [8, 9]. (e botanicals used for these studies are traditionally popular for their culinary as well as chemical insecticides to control rice weevil in stored grains in Nepal. medicinal purpose in Nepal. Although the mechanism of these botanicals in controlling the insects and pests are not very clear, efforts have been made to estimate their efficacy in 2. Materials and Methods controlling the insects in various experiments in Nepal. As these plants have antifeedant, repellent, and pesticidal (e research was conducted at the laboratory of the De- properties against insects, various local products made from partment of Entomology, Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, such plants are found to be very effective in controlling Nepal, in 2015. (e laboratory is located at the geographical ° ° stored grain pests especially in small scale. While some of coordinates of 27 30′ 0″ North, 83 27′ 0″ East. (e average these plants have growth disrupting properties as well [10]. temperature and relative humidity during the experiment ° ° ° period was 32 C (ranging from 29 C to 35 C) and 70± 5%, Among the common botanicals used as pesticides, the Zanthoxylum armatum DC, Timur in Nepalese language, is respectively. (e room was well ventilated to allow enough air circulation throughout the room. grown extensively in the hills of Nepal and is also a common plant in southeast Asia. Its seed is popular for its strong volatile smell; so, it is used for culinary purposes and is 2.1. Materials. Plastic made insect rearing box (one liter known to be traditionally used as a repellent against different capacity), with a perforated lid was used to store 250 g of insect pests. Similarly,Acoruscalamus L. is grown in marshy wheat. (e plastic container was covered with a muslin cloth land from the Terai (topical plain area) to the hills of Nepal. to ensure air circulation and to prevent the escape of in- It is popularly used as medicine for sore throat and cold oculated weevil from the box. An aspirator was used to traditionally. Similarly,A.calamus powder is used to control collect insects into the vial. maximum and minimum digital stored grain pests on various cereals in Nepal. Paneru et al. thermometer was used to detect the temperature of the reviewed about properties of A. calamus and stated that laboratory during the study period. A digital RH meter was β-asarone found in stolons has an insecticidal property, used to measure humidity in the lab. An electronic weight whereas dried rhizome possesses antifeedant property scale (Changzhoo Accurate Weight Co., Ltd.) of measuring [11, 12]. Garlic (Allium sativum L) and Zinger (Zingiber capacity up to 350 g and 3 digits more behind decimal point officinale Roscoe) are popular herbs grown from plains to was used to weight the test seeds. high hills of Nepal. Garlic and zinger own an important place in the Nepalese kitchen, and these are also traditionally used as medicine for abdominal pain, several digestive health 2.2.SamplingofWheatGrains. Gautam (BL 1887) variety of issues, and common cold and in some cases used for pest wheat (released by Nepal Agriculture Research Council in management. Likewise, neem (Azadirachtaindica A. Juss) is 2002) was used in the entire test. Gautam is a high yielding another popular plant of subtropical and tropical regions of variety recommended for the Terai, tars, and lower valleys of Nepal. (e leaves of this plant are popular for insect control Nepal to grow in irrigated land as a timely or late sown since a long period of time. Moreover, the nicotine, extract variety. Using the results from a preliminary survey, this from the tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.), is being used as an variety was found as most popular among farmers in insecticide against many pest since a long. (e nicotine is Rupandehi because of its bold grain, taste, flour quality, and very effective against insects causing the uncontrolled nerve milling quality for making “chapatti” (local bread). (us, the firing and masking acetylcholine [13]. Complete reliance on seed was collected from local farmers for this research. (e a chemical has led to insecticide resistance within the insects, sample wheat was disinfected by hot air treatment, and and insects have become more and more adapted to these infestation free grains were used in the experiment. chemicals [14]. On the other hand, the issues related to the persistence of chemical on the treated grains and also their toxicity to natural enemies of these insects are equally 2.3.PreparationofBotanicals. All the botanicals used in the dangerous in many ways. Similarly, other problems caused experiment viz. leaf of neem and tobacco, rhizomes of sweet by chemical pesticides are insect resurgence, secondary pest flag and zinger, garlic cloves, and Sichuan pepper seed were outbreak, health hazard to human beings, and the envi- collected from farmers field, dried in the shade, and pow- ronment. (is led us to refocus the way we think and dered using a grinder. (ose botanicals were applied in the Advances in Agriculture 3 following dosage: Nicotiana tabacum L. 10 g/kg, Zingiber 3. Results and Discussion officinale Roscoe 20 g/kg, Allium sativum L. 20 g/kg, Aza- 3.1.EffectofBotanicalsonMortalityofS.oryzae. Among the dirachta indica A. Juss 15 g/kg, Zanthoxylum armatum DC. six different botanicals tested for the mortality test of rice 10 g/kg, Acorus calamus L. 5 g/kg, and control (not treated weevil, rhizome powder (5 g/kg) was found to cause the with any materials). (e digital balance was used in weighing highest mortality (98.33%) at 14 days after treatment (DAT) purpose. which was followed by tobacco leaf powder (10 g/kg) (85.67%), neem leaf powder (15 g/kg) (70.67%), garlic clove 2.4. Collection, Mass Rearing, and Inoculation of S. oryzae. powder (20 g/kg) (73.34%), Sichuan pepper seed powder (e initial stock of adult weevils was collected from local (20 g/kg) (70.34%), and the ginger powder (58.34%). While, farmers of Bhairahawa. (e weevils were later identified as lowest weevil mortalities were obtained in control which was theS.oryzae L. in the laboratory. Mass rearing of weevils was only 3.66% (Table 1). Even in previous experiments, it was evident that the performed to achieve uniform aged weevil stock of the second generation under controlled lab environment at powder of A. calamus was very effective to maize weevil at 2 g, 1 g, and 0.5 g/100 g of maize grain in which 100% 27 C, 85% RH, and 14 :10 day night ratio in the Entomology th th lab of Paklihawa Campus for three weeks. Two hundred and mortality was seen at 8 and 10 days after treatment application [17]. Similar results were obtained in another fifty grams of the sample wheat were treated with botanical powder at 5–20 g/kg of grain, taken in a small plastic experiment where 100% mortality of S. oryzae L. was ob- container (capacity 500 g), and 50 pairs/treatment of tained when weevil was treated with A. calamus at 3 g/kg of S.oryzae belonging to the second generation were released in wheat grain [18]. Similarly, in another test conducted against the wheat, as the new stock of weevils would be more active, Angoumois grain moth, (Sitotroga cerealella O.), it was vigorous, and prolific, and they would be more liable to found that 100% mortality was resulted when rhizome dust damage more wheat than the old stock. of A. calamus was used at 10 g/kg of rice grain [19]. A. calamus dust was also found to have excellent efficacy in controlling Callosobruchus chinensis L. [20]. In another 2.5. Germination Test. (e germination of seeds was made experiment, A. calamus was even found more effective than using a random sample of hundred grains of each treatment malathion at 1 g/kg in controlling pulses beetle C. chinensis and replication before and after treatment application. (e for up to two generations [21]. (is indicates that A.calamus seeds were cleaned properly and distributed homogeneously could be used as a safer alternative to commonly used in well-soaked blotting paper in Petri dishes (8.8 cm di- commercial pesticides. ameter). All Petri dishes were then placed in a germination chamber at a normal room temperature of 27 C. Blotting paper was used as a germination medium because it has a 3.2.EffectofBotanicalsonPercentGermination,SeedDamage, lower risk of getting mold infestation, it is easier to handle Weight Loss, and Live Weevil Population at 90 DAT. (e than sand and soil, but it still permits penetration of the mean germination of wheat was 95% before the seeds were radical that provides a better evaluation of abnormal ger- treated in the experiment. When the germination test was mination. Moreover, moisture also does not stratify within performed at 90 DAT, the germination percent was sig- the paper medium as it might do so if sand or soil was used. nificantly higher in A. calamus (89%) treated wheat than in Finally, the germinated seeds were counted, and the ger- control (23.66%) (Table 2). Apart from germination, the mination percentage was calculated using the following physical damage of wheat seed was quantified by counting equation: the weevil bored seeds and intact seeds in a randomly sampled 100 grains from all the treated wheat stock. (e (number of germinated seeds) germination percentage � 􏼢 􏼣 × 100. physical damage percentage was lowest in wheat treated with (total number of seeds) A.calamus (4%) which was followed byN.tabacum (14.33%) (1) treated wheat seed. Furthermore, the percentage of seed damage was recorded highest in the control, i.e., 83% Additionally, counts were also taken for physically (Table 2). On quantifying the percent weight loss of wheat, damaged grains and intact grains for 100 randomly sampled the highest percentage of weight loss was recorded in control seeds, and weight loss comparison was also made for the (50.95) and lowest was recorded in A. calamus (3.32%) seeds used in the experiment both before and after treating treated wheat seed (Table 2). with botanicals in these seeds. Most of the findings of this study lie closely in accor- dance with the finding of some previously conducted ex- periments. For example, extracts of N. tabacum were found 2.6. Statistical Analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of effective in controlling the various stages of maize weevil variance (ANOVA) and significant differences existed; (Sitophilus zeamays M.) [22]. A. sativum demonstrated to treatment means were compared at 0.05 significant level have great potential at reducing the population of S. oryzae using the DMRT test. Arcsine data transformation was in some cereals [23]. Similarly, the progeny emergence of conducted whenever required to satisfy the assumptions of maize weevil and cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculates ANOVA [16]. Data were analyzed using MS-EXCEL 2007 F.) was low in A. sativum treated grains as compared to the and R-Stat 3.5.0 (R core team 2013). 4 Advances in Agriculture Table 1: Effect of botanicals on mortality of S. oryzae in wheat tested at Rupandehi, Nepal, in 2015. Percent mortality of weevil at Treatments 3 DAT 7 DAT 10 DAT 14 DAT c c c c Azadirachta indica, 15 g/kg 46.67 (43.09)± 1.20 61.34 (51.55)± 0.67 66.67 (54.74)± 0.88 70.67 (57.21)± 0.88 b b b b Nicotiana tabacum, 10 g/kg 61.00 (51.35)± 0.58 76.67 (61.12)± 0.67 81.67 (64.65)± 0.67 85.67 (67.75)± 0.33 d d d d Zingiber officinale, 20 g/kg 40.67 (39.61)± 2.19 51.00 (45.57)± 1.53 55.34 (48.06)± 1.33 58.34 (49.80)± 1.20 c c c c Allium sativum, 20 g/kg 49.67 (44.80)± 2.40 64.67 (53.53)± 1.33 69.67 (56.59)± 1.45 73.34 (58.92)± 1.45 c c c c Zanthoxylum armatum, 10 g/kg 50.34 (45.19)± 2.40 62.00 (51.95)± 2.08 66.67 (54.75)± 2.03 70.34 (56.80)± 1.45 a a a a Acorus calamus, 5 g/kg 68.67 (55.98)± 2.03 88.34 (70.05)± 0.88 94.00 (75.85)± 0.58 98.33 (82.66)± 0.33 e e e e Control 1.34 (6.53)± 0.33 2.67 (9.35)± 0.33 3.00 (9.88)± 0.58 3.66 (11.01)± 0.33 Mean 45.47 (40.93) 58.09 (49.02) 62.42 (52.07) 65.76 (54.88) P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 CV (%) 4.49 2.51 2.33 2.18 LSD 3.27 2.19 2.16 2.13 Mean in the same column with same letter is not significantly different at P< 0.05. Figures in parentheses represent arcsine transformed data. Table 2: Effect of botanicals on percent germination, seed damage, weight loss, and live weevil population in 90 DATat Rupandehi in 2015. Treatments % germination % seed damage % weight loss Weevil population b e c b Azadirachta indica, 15 g/kg 80.66 ± 1.45 21.66 ± 0.88 19.78 ± 1.10 391.33 ± 9.86 b f d d Nicotiana tabacum, 10 g/kg 80.66 ± 1.76 14.33 ± 0.88 15.62 ± 0.42 205.00 ± 7.77 d b b b Zingiber officinale, 20 g/kg 58.33 ± 2.03 39.00 ± 2.08 25.18 ± 1.44 394.33 ± 6.23 b c cd c Allium sativum, 20 g/kg 80.33 ± 0.88 32.66 ± 0.67 16.70 ± 0.52 281.66 ± 4.41 c d d c Zanthoxylum armatum, 10 g/kg 66.00 ± 1.53 26.66 ± 0.88 13.79 ± 0.71 255.00 ± 7.64 a g e e Acorus calamus, 5 g/kg 89.00 ± 0.58 04.00 ± 0.58 3.32 ± 0.58 51.33 ± 5.55 e a a a Control 23.66 ± 0.88 83.00 ± 2.08 50.95 ± 2.20 646.66 ± 10.64 Mean 68.38 31.61905 20.76 306.19 P value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 CV (%) 3.59 5.62 9.23 5.42 LSD 4.37 3.081307 3.41 29.53 grains without any protectant used [24]. Garlic also per- laboratory research is slightly inadequate in drawing con- formed better in reducing the number of holes per seed, clusions about the effectiveness of these botanical powders. number of damaged seeds, percentage damaged seeds, and So, they must be evaluated under different climatic condi- weight loss of beans infected withPhaseolusvulgaris L. tested tions and different ecological zones as per need to expand against bean bruchid (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh) compared their uses in a wide variety of stored seeds. to no pesticide application treatment [25]. Botanicals are easily available herbal plants, which have almost no adverse Data Availability effects on human health and the environment. We agree that some traditionally used botanicals can be an excellent al- (e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. ternative to chemical pesticides in stored grains if used in the correct dose and method. (e ease in availability and simplicity in these botanicals are most likely to be accepted Conflicts of Interest and adopted by the farmers in Nepal [26]. Apart from sweet (e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. flag, most other herbs used in this experiment have been found to be very effective in controlling various other stored insect pests and which has been mentioned in many reports. Acknowledgments (e authors acknowledge the Institute of Agriculture and 4. Conclusion Animal Science, Paklihawa Campus, Nepal, for providing technical and financial support for this study. Among botanical materials tested, it is found that three safe botanical materials such as A. calamus rhizome dust, References A. sativum clove powder, and N. tabacum leaf dust can be explored as excellent alternatives over the poisonous pes- [1] ABPSD, Statistical Year Book Nepal, Central Bureau of Sta- ticides for the management of rice weevil in wheat grain tistics, National Planning Commission, Government of storage. (ese ecofriendly treatments could be accessible and Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2015. economically viable alternatives to hazardous chemical [2] L. Gibson and G. Benson, Origin, History, and Uses of Oat pesticides in integrated insect pest management in rural (Avena sativa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Iowa State Nepal. However, testing over three generations’ weevils in University, Department of Agronomy, Ames, IA, USA, 2002. Advances in Agriculture 5 [3] P. Kumar, R. Yadava, B. Gollen, S. Kumar, R. K. Verma, and (Sitophilus spp. Linn) in farmers’ storage condition,” in S. Yadav, “Nutritional contents and medicinal properties of Proceedings ofTwenty-FifthNational SummerCropWorkshop wheat: a review,” Life Sciences and Medicine Research, vol. 22, on Maize Research and Production, pp. 263–267, Kathmandu, Nepal, June 2007. pp. 1–10, 2011. [4] F. P. Neupane, “Agricultural entomology in Nepal,” Review of [20] H. Regmi and Y. G. C. Dhoj, “Eco-friendly management of Agricultural Entomology, vol. 83, no. 12, pp. 1291–1304, 1995. pulse beetle,” Ae Journal of Agriculture and Environment, [5] P. S. Tyler, Misconception of Food Losses, Tropical Stored vol. 12, pp. 60–82, 2011. Products Centre, Tropical Products Institute, Berkshire, UK, [21] H. Regmi, L. Kafle, G. C. Y. Dhoj, and C. J. Shih, “Efficacy of 1985. natural products againstCallosobruchuschinensis (Coleoptera: [6] S. K. Bhatia, V. S. Singh, and M. G. Bansal, “Varietal resistance Bruchidae) in Nepal,” Journal of Economic Entomology, in barley grain to laboratory infestation of rice weevil and vol. 105, no. 3, pp. 1095–1099, 2012. lesser grain borer,”Bulletinof GrainTechnology, vol. 13, no. 2, [22] J. E. Idoko and R. A. Adebayo, “Efficacy of single and pp. 69–72, 1975. combined leaf powder of Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanales: [7] Y. Huang, S.-H. Ho, H.-C. Lee, and Y.-L. Yap, “Insecticidal Solanaceae with reduced rates of pirimiphos-methyl in properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and management of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky [Coleoptera: their effects on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Curculionidae],” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 276–280, 2011. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae),” Journal of Stored [23] N. Abhijith, S. Mohan, and S. J. Nelson, “Bioassay to detect the Products Research, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 403–412, 2002. toxicity of sweet flag (Acorus calamus) 6 EC formulation [8] V. Sharma, R. B. (apa, Y. G. C. Dhoj, and L. P. Amagain, against pests of stored spices viz., rusty grain beetle, “Screening of different wheat varieties against rice weevil, C. ferrugineus (Stephens) cigarette beetle, L. serricorne (F.) Sitophilusoryzae L., (Coleoptera: Curculionidae),” Journal of and red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst),” Journal of En- Plant Protection Society, vol. 1, pp. 23–29, 2008. tomology and Zoology Studies, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1921–1924, [9] P. Bhusal, “Eco-friendly management of potato tuber moth, 2018. Phthorimaea operculella (zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) in [24] E. F. Asawalam and L. Onu, “Evaluation of some plant rustic stores,” IAAS Journal, vol. 4, pp. 90–110, 2013. powders against Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium [10] N. Kulkarni and K. C. Joshi, “Antifeedant properties of some Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut,” botanical extracts against Maharukha webworm, Attevafab- Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research, vol. 2, no. 2, riciella Swed. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae),” Journal of pp. 27–33, 2014. [25] L. S. Mulungu, E. N. Luwondo, S. O. W. M. Reuben, and Tropical Forest Products, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–16, 1998. [11] R. B. Paneru, G. N. J. Le Patourel, and S. H. Kennedy, R. N. Misangu, “Effectiveness of local botanicals as protectants “Toxicity of Acorus calamus rhizome powder from Eastern of stored beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against bean bruchid Nepal to Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh) (Genera: Zabrotes. Family Bru- (Coleoptera, Curculionidae),” Crop Protection, vol. 16, no. 8, chidae),” Journal of Entomology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 210–217, pp. 759–763, 1997. 2007. [12] H. P. Chen, K. Yang, L. S. Zheng, C. X. You, Q. Cai, and [26] D. Pimentel, “World resource and food losses to pests,” in C. F. Wang, “Repellant and insecticidal activities of shyo- Ecology and Management of Food-Industry Pests, bunone and isoshyobunone derived from the essential oil of J. R. Gorham, Ed., AOAC, pp. 5–11, Rockville, MD, USA, Acorus calamus rhizomes,” Pharmacognosy Magazine, vol. 11, 1991. no. 44, pp. 675–681, 2015. [13] I. Ujvary, ´ “Nicotine and other insecticidal alkaloids,” in Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Re- ceptor, I. Yamamoto and J. E. Casida, Eds., Springer, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 29–69, 1999. [14] W. Brogdon and J. C. McAllister, “Insecticide resistance and vector control,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 605–613, 1998. [15] R. Rajapakse, S. G. J. N. Senanayake, and D. Ratnasekera, “Effect of five botanicals on oviposition, adult emergence and mortality of Callosobruchusmaculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infesting cowpea, Vignaunguiculata L. Walp,” Journal of Entomological Research, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 117–122, [16] K. A. Gomez and A. A. Gomez, Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Willey and Sons. Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1984. [17] NARC, “Entomology division,” Annual Report, Nepal Ag- riculture Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1996. [18] S. Bala and A. Vyas, “Biology and ecofriendly management of rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (LIN.) in stored sorghum,” Journal of Sciences-Life Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 976–7436, 2016. [19] G. P. Timsina, A. S. R. Bajracharya, Y. P. Sah, D. L. Mandal, and S. N. Mehta, “Assessment of storage losses of maize by angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella oliver) and weevil

Journal

Advances in Agriculture – Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: Jan 20, 2021

There are no references for this article.