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Development of Health Digital GIS Map for Tuberculosis Disease Distribution Analysis in Sudan

Development of Health Digital GIS Map for Tuberculosis Disease Distribution Analysis in Sudan Hindawi Journal of Healthcare Engineering Volume 2023, Article ID 6479187, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6479187 Research Article Development of Health Digital GIS Map for Tuberculosis Disease Distribution Analysis in Sudan 1 2 3 Mohamed Sidahmed M. Siddik , Thowiba E. Ahmed , Fatima Rayan Awad Ahmed , 4 5,6 4 Rania A. Mokhtar , Elmustafa Sayed Ali , and Rashid A. Saeed Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan Computer Science Department, College of Science and Humanities-Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail 35811, Saudi Arabia Computer Science Department, College of Computer Engineering and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia Computer Engineering Department, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Port-Sudan, Sudan Electronics Engineering School, College of Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST), Khartoum, Sudan Correspondence should be addressed to Elmustafa Sayed Ali; elmustafasayed@gmail.com Received 18 May 2022; Revised 17 June 2022; Accepted 30 January 2023; Published 13 February 2023 Academic Editor: Dinesh Rokaya Copyright © 2023 Mohamed Sidahmed M. Siddik et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Health digital GIS map provides a great solution for medical geographical distribution to efciently explore diseases and health services. In Sudan, tuberculosis disease is expanding in diferent areas, which requires a digital GIS map to collect information about the patients and support medical institutions by geographical distribution based on health services, drug supply, and consumption. Tis paper developed a health digital GIS map to provide a fair geographical distribution of tuberculosis health centers and control the drug supply according to medical reports. Te proposed approach extracts the unfair distribution of medicine, as some centers receive medicine but do not receive patients, while others receive a large number of patients but limited amounts of medicine. Te analysis results show that there is a defect in some states representing the distribution of tuberculosis centers. In the Northern State, there are 15 tuberculosis centers distributed over all localities, serving about 84 tuberculosis- infected patients only. Te great importance of medical geography is derived 1. Introduction from its ability to mix advanced geographical technologies Geography is a science that emerged with the existence of with health information to study the health situation and human beings on the Earth attempting to explore the explore the efciency of the geographical distribution of characteristics and features of the place we are living. With health services. Te digital geographic information system the advent of the information revolution, geography plays an (GIS) technology allows for the efcient acquisition, man- important role in the integration of information technology agement, processing, and analysis of distributed medical and with various applications related to geographical sciences health data. Te diseases and medical reports in a country [1]. Geography has been branched into so many sub- can be analyzed to obtain the current condition of medical specialized sciences, one of the most reputed being “medical issues and the distribution of hospitals and drugs as well. geography” or “health geography” [2]. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of a digital GIS map. 2 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Sudan is located in the middle part of the Nile valley, located on the latitudes 8.45–22.8 and longitudes System Hardware 21.49–38.34 [3], it occupies a central location between Africa and the Middle East, with an area estimated at 1,865,813 square kilometers, ranking as the 3rd largest land area in Database Africa after Algeria and Democratic Republic of Congo, and Application th GIS GUI management 16 largest country in the world. Model systems (DBMS) Sudan borders seven African countries, which are Egypt, Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Chad, the Central African Republic, and the Republic of South Sudan [4]. Most of the countries System bordering Sudan are sufering from the burden of poverty, Sofware armed conficts, and civil wars [5]. Te people of these countries are classifed below the poverty line according to Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the GIS digital map. the annual World Bank reports [6]. Te total population of th Sudan is estimated at 33,419,652 persons, occupying the 38 th rank in the world and the 9 rank in Africa [7]. tuberculosis cases in Sudan during the year 2013, according According to the sources reviewed by the researchers to the World Health Organization (WHO) report [13]. during their interviews, the relationship between Sudan and Medicine consumption is a human phenomenon that tuberculosis dates back to the Turkish period, when some of lasts as long as life exists, and it will be far away from market the Sudanese soldiers were sent abroad to fght among the theories, which are based on supply and demand; medicines ranks of the Turkish fghting groups [8]. Tey brought tu- are never liable to postponement or waiting regardless of the berculosis infection when they returned to Sudan. Tis is patient’s place or economic condition [14]. Te problems, supported by the fact that no single case had been reported in which this study attempts to explore and reach acceptable Sudan before 1885, despite the spread of other infectious solutions, are summed up in the following: diseases such as sleeping sickness and cholera. Te objective (i) Te absence of a digital map for tuberculosis disease of this research is to tackle the creation of a digital GIS map in Sudan shows clearly the real number of TB pa- for tuberculosis disease in Sudan by using the GIS connected tients in Sudan and their geographical location, as with the databases that link the data with its spatial well as the quantity of circulated medicine and the location [9]. relationship between this disease and diferent de- Te aim of this paper is to describe the development of mographic factors [15]. a digital GIS map for TB disease analysis in Sudan which will (ii) Te absence of a geographic database for the health provide a fair geographical distribution of tuberculosis health centers and control the drug supply according to sector and its institutions concerned with the treatment of tuberculosis in Sudan. medical reports. Te remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presented the problem statement and formulation. 3. Related Works Section 3 presented related works. In Section 4, the material and methods were presented. In Section 5, the results and Te geographical information system is a computerized discussion were discussed. In Section 6, the paper is con- system for capturing, managing, and processing spatial data. cluded and some recommendations and future works were Te spatial means the geographical features on the Earth’s stated. surface or any other industrial features such as buildings, roads, or other natural phenomenon features [16]. Te GIS is used in the process of planning and supporting strategic 2. Problem Formulation and Statement decisions and policy-making. Researchers defned the GIS Transmitted diseases are considered a difcult health from a geographical and technical perspective as a mixture of problem that poses a threat to a large part of the population. geographic data and cognitive expertise of the geographical Recently, GIS has been used in many applications, such as experts and the modern digital technologies that have greatly natural resource management and agriculture. Recently, contributed to the development and upgrading of human life institutions have turned to using GIS to assess and model the as an efective tool for collecting information, storage, relationships between environmental factors and cases of processing, analysis, and displaying the results in diferent ways depending on the desired goal. viral diseases [10]. In Sudan, a number of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis are considered as the Kurland [17] reviewed the research of geographical most serious threat to human health and the economy. Te patterns of diseases as an important support for the in- use of GIS and remote sensing enables to provide a com- vestigation of outbreaks; analyzing the geographic nature of prehensive system of public health care and epidemiology. disease cases has been a key factor in fnding out the source At present, tuberculosis is spread all over Sudan without of many outbreaks. exception, and unfortunately, the highest infection rates are In [18], Koch provides that the feld of medical geo- in the capital, Khartoum, between productive age groups graphic information systems (medical GIS) has become from age 15 to 44 [11, 12]. Table 1 shows the number of extremely useful in understanding the bigger picture of Journal of Healthcare Engineering 3 Table 1: Total number of TB patients undergoing treatment through the National Tuberculosis Control Program. Sputum positive Sputum negative No of Year New cases Extrapulmonary TB cases cases HIV/TB 2010 47,643 9958 9144 6217 7532 2011 42,348 7266 6746 4624 3082 2012 41,775 6587 6948 4561 3070 2013 40,388 7708 6088 4915 3056 2014 37,392 9734 6106 4571 3762 2015 35,006 9888 6190 4578 3789 2017 30,674 9912 6671 4708 3811 2018 28,410 10002 7201 4850 3899 2019 26,801 10272 8698 4901 4016 2020 25,215 10453 8761 5409 4112 public health. Te discipline holds a substantial capacity to 4. Material and Methodologies understand not only diferences but also similarities in Te methodology is based on data collection on the TB population health around the world. medicine consumption at Sudanese states, municipalities, Oirba in [19] presented radar data for the main valleys of specialized tuberculosis treatment centers, and then feld all the rivers that were mapped and contrasted with those work to cover the shortfall of unavailable information. Tis identifed by the hydrological GIS procedures. In the past, shall be done through a remote sensing technique and the banks of these river courses, which are now devoid of predictions through four phases as shown in Figure 2. groundwater, may have hosted a substantial amount of available water and played an important role in recharging the region’s natural stone groundwater aquifers. 4.1. Data Collections. We collected the available data from its In [20], a new technique that has been developed for basic sources, the Federal Ministry of Health [26], Central determining the preliminary optimal general position of the Medical supply [27], National Medicines and Poisons Board route using GIS is discussed. Tere are two key phases of the [28], National Medical Supplies Fund [29], United Nations established process. In the frst step, using efective contour Development Program, Sudan [30], and National TB (snakes) algorithms based on satellite picture gray values, an Control Program, Sudan [31]. Tese data helped researchers initial set of required action locations is independently for general understanding and created a fundamental per- optimized [21]. Linear programming (LP) is used by the ception of the number of TB patients who take regular built (path tools) as an evolutionary algorithm to calculate an treatment, disease linkage with the location, and assessing overall provisional optimal route position using a rough the efectiveness of the TB control program, and then re- estimate based on three factors: distance traveled of the searchers linked these data with the location data, which route, levels of the route section, and degree of curvature include the following: between conditions required of the route. (i) Topographic maps for each state scale 1100.000 In [22], a GIS of tuberculosis in Mombasa County in 2015–2017 is discovered in the study. Te paper employed (ii) Improved satellite images, ETM + 7 type [32], and a survey approach acquired from government secondary data. eight optical bundles of 15-meter accuracy Te community was registered at 30 centers for all patients (iii) High accuracy images, 0.61 meters, for cities where suspected of having tuberculosis, and the measurements were health services are available in each state, Quickbird done by tuberculosis clinicians with phlegm (+) and (−) exams. type in addition to radar images According to Musa et al. in [23], the main goal was to (iv) Sudan map, scale 1100.000 [33] examine the spatial distribution of TB cases in Kuala Lumpur municipal area and recognize spatial trends. A location GIS map was used to highlight the high-risk and 4.2. Remote Sensing Data. We used remote sensing and GIS spatial areas of the TB outbreak in KL. Mean K-nearest data for map drawing from extracted satellite images. Te distance and spatial autocorrelation spatial statistical GIS was used as a spatial data visualization tool to help methods were also used. develop a model to study all potential scenarios for the In [24], research on a business model for the advance- relation between TB medicine consumption and a number ment of medical techniques in the Soviet Union for the of infected persons in the area. period leading up to 2025 is conducted. With the support of Maps, images, and other data shall be interpreted by applied resources, it is clear that it is necessary to stimulate linking drug distribution and consumption with spatial and the growth of phthisiology in particular and to improve the temporal data to beneft from the GIS capacities to provide efcacy of the use of the fndings in the clinical and in- the best method to combine the various types of data to stitutional treatment of antituberculosis and associated produce a map that supports the decision-makers on the Russian organizations [25]. actual health level to contribute in achieving the eforts in all 4 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Descriptive & Remote Sensing GIS Output Data Collection Interpretational Data Analysis Data Report Data Figure 2: Development of digital GIS map for tuberculosis disease analysis phases. W E 0 20 40 80 120 160 Miles Hospitals PHCC Figure 3: Distribution of tuberculosis centers in the Northern State. health sectors, international organizations, and civil com- because they are unstable due to security issues. ArcGIS is an munity organizations to defeat this disease. analysis and mapping solution based on online cloud. Re- searchers are utilizing it to illustrate and represent data, analyse, collaborate, and share map-based data. GIS ARC 4.3. Descriptive and Interpretational Data. Te descriptive 10.3 has the capability to access workfow-specifc applica- and interpretational data in the frst and second stages are tions, data, and maps from around the world and is a tool for liable to statistical analysis at this stage, the outputs of which being shared and collaborated on in the area of this are the main source of the target database through this research [34]. research. Tis phase also contains the mapping of all health Trough an analysis of the obtained information and facilities providing tuberculosis treatment in Sudan. based on the population census of each state, the researcher has discovered the defect in some states representing the distribution of tuberculosis centers, for example, the 4.4. Data Analysis. Te analyzed data contain information Northern State has 15 tuberculosis centers distributed over related to the distribution of hospitals and health centers all localities serving about 84 tuberculosis-infected patients specialized in TB treatment. Te researcher has used the GIS only (Figures 3–5). ARC 10.3 application to represent the (X, Y) coordinates of the health centers concerned with the TB treatments, which we are working on in 11 states out of 17 states. Te re- 4.5. GIS Reports. One of the main objectives of this study is searcher failed to make feld visits to the remaining states to provide accurate reports helping the decision-makers by Journal of Healthcare Engineering 5 W E 0 20 40 80 120 160 Miles Export_Output_4 over_18_inf ch_inf Figure 4: Distribution of tuberculosis patients in Northern State. making available the required fgures and information based 5. GIS Database Results and Discussion on and extracted by scientifc methods [35]. Terefore, we Te geographic database for the health sector and its in- fnd out that the system has provided the stakeholders and stitutions concerned with the treatment of tuberculosis concerned authorities with the possibility of accessing the includes (339) specialized centers for examination and system site through the Internet and generating the required treatment of tuberculosis revealed as shown in Table 2 and reports based on the processed data. Figures 6–8 are reports Figure 9. Te results of the distribution of tuberculosis drugs showing the number of tuberculosis-infected persons in to the health institutions concerned with the treatment of the each state compared with the existing population of the state, disease are shown in Table 3. distribution of patients, and distribution of drugs. 6 Journal of Healthcare Engineering W E 0 20 40 80 120 160 Miles Export_Output_4 RH 150/75 mg RHZ 60/30/150 RH 60/30 mg RHZE 150/75/400/275 RHE 150/75/275 Figure 5: Distribution of tuberculosis drugs in Northern State. Sudan belongs to a third-world country that receives receive a large number of patients and limited amounts of humanitarian aid from donor countries, and because of medicine, which can beneft from the quantities of drugs corruption and lack of scientifc information and proper distributed randomly. Unfortunately, the World Health planning, most of these aids do not reach those who need Organization (WHO) has announced the closure of several them, especially in the health feld. health centers due to a lack of funds and an increase in the Te results of the research showed that there is an unfair number of displaced and afected people in confict areas, distribution of medicine, as some centers receive medicine although the research showed that there is a surplus in drug but do not receive patients. On the contrary, some centers resources. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 7 Figure 6: Comparison between states according to the number of patients. Figure 7: Distribution of patients. 8 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Figure 8: Distribution of drugs. Table 2: Number of centers that received patients. No. No. of centers Patients 1 111 0 2 148 50 3 33 50 to 100 4 14 100 to 150 5 15 150 to 200 6 3 200 to 250 7 4 350 to 400 8 4 400 to 450 9 4 450 to 500 10 2 500 to 550 11 2 600 to 650 12 One center in the capital city of Khartoum 2544 Tis value represents the patients in Khartoum city. Te bold does not make additive sense to the value but is used just to indicate the largest number of patients. 600 to 650 500 to 550 450 to 500 400 to 450 350 to 400 200 to 250 150 to 200 100 to 150 50 to 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 No. of Centers Figure 9: Number of centers that received patients. No. of Patients Journal of Healthcare Engineering 9 Table 3: Te results of the distribution of tuberculosis drugs to the health institutions concerned with the treatment of the disease. 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Development of Health Digital GIS Map for Tuberculosis Disease Distribution Analysis in Sudan

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Hindawi Journal of Healthcare Engineering Volume 2023, Article ID 6479187, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6479187 Research Article Development of Health Digital GIS Map for Tuberculosis Disease Distribution Analysis in Sudan 1 2 3 Mohamed Sidahmed M. Siddik , Thowiba E. Ahmed , Fatima Rayan Awad Ahmed , 4 5,6 4 Rania A. Mokhtar , Elmustafa Sayed Ali , and Rashid A. Saeed Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan Computer Science Department, College of Science and Humanities-Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail 35811, Saudi Arabia Computer Science Department, College of Computer Engineering and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia Computer Engineering Department, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Port-Sudan, Sudan Electronics Engineering School, College of Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST), Khartoum, Sudan Correspondence should be addressed to Elmustafa Sayed Ali; elmustafasayed@gmail.com Received 18 May 2022; Revised 17 June 2022; Accepted 30 January 2023; Published 13 February 2023 Academic Editor: Dinesh Rokaya Copyright © 2023 Mohamed Sidahmed M. Siddik et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Health digital GIS map provides a great solution for medical geographical distribution to efciently explore diseases and health services. In Sudan, tuberculosis disease is expanding in diferent areas, which requires a digital GIS map to collect information about the patients and support medical institutions by geographical distribution based on health services, drug supply, and consumption. Tis paper developed a health digital GIS map to provide a fair geographical distribution of tuberculosis health centers and control the drug supply according to medical reports. Te proposed approach extracts the unfair distribution of medicine, as some centers receive medicine but do not receive patients, while others receive a large number of patients but limited amounts of medicine. Te analysis results show that there is a defect in some states representing the distribution of tuberculosis centers. In the Northern State, there are 15 tuberculosis centers distributed over all localities, serving about 84 tuberculosis- infected patients only. Te great importance of medical geography is derived 1. Introduction from its ability to mix advanced geographical technologies Geography is a science that emerged with the existence of with health information to study the health situation and human beings on the Earth attempting to explore the explore the efciency of the geographical distribution of characteristics and features of the place we are living. With health services. Te digital geographic information system the advent of the information revolution, geography plays an (GIS) technology allows for the efcient acquisition, man- important role in the integration of information technology agement, processing, and analysis of distributed medical and with various applications related to geographical sciences health data. Te diseases and medical reports in a country [1]. Geography has been branched into so many sub- can be analyzed to obtain the current condition of medical specialized sciences, one of the most reputed being “medical issues and the distribution of hospitals and drugs as well. geography” or “health geography” [2]. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of a digital GIS map. 2 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Sudan is located in the middle part of the Nile valley, located on the latitudes 8.45–22.8 and longitudes System Hardware 21.49–38.34 [3], it occupies a central location between Africa and the Middle East, with an area estimated at 1,865,813 square kilometers, ranking as the 3rd largest land area in Database Africa after Algeria and Democratic Republic of Congo, and Application th GIS GUI management 16 largest country in the world. Model systems (DBMS) Sudan borders seven African countries, which are Egypt, Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Chad, the Central African Republic, and the Republic of South Sudan [4]. Most of the countries System bordering Sudan are sufering from the burden of poverty, Sofware armed conficts, and civil wars [5]. Te people of these countries are classifed below the poverty line according to Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the GIS digital map. the annual World Bank reports [6]. Te total population of th Sudan is estimated at 33,419,652 persons, occupying the 38 th rank in the world and the 9 rank in Africa [7]. tuberculosis cases in Sudan during the year 2013, according According to the sources reviewed by the researchers to the World Health Organization (WHO) report [13]. during their interviews, the relationship between Sudan and Medicine consumption is a human phenomenon that tuberculosis dates back to the Turkish period, when some of lasts as long as life exists, and it will be far away from market the Sudanese soldiers were sent abroad to fght among the theories, which are based on supply and demand; medicines ranks of the Turkish fghting groups [8]. Tey brought tu- are never liable to postponement or waiting regardless of the berculosis infection when they returned to Sudan. Tis is patient’s place or economic condition [14]. Te problems, supported by the fact that no single case had been reported in which this study attempts to explore and reach acceptable Sudan before 1885, despite the spread of other infectious solutions, are summed up in the following: diseases such as sleeping sickness and cholera. Te objective (i) Te absence of a digital map for tuberculosis disease of this research is to tackle the creation of a digital GIS map in Sudan shows clearly the real number of TB pa- for tuberculosis disease in Sudan by using the GIS connected tients in Sudan and their geographical location, as with the databases that link the data with its spatial well as the quantity of circulated medicine and the location [9]. relationship between this disease and diferent de- Te aim of this paper is to describe the development of mographic factors [15]. a digital GIS map for TB disease analysis in Sudan which will (ii) Te absence of a geographic database for the health provide a fair geographical distribution of tuberculosis health centers and control the drug supply according to sector and its institutions concerned with the treatment of tuberculosis in Sudan. medical reports. Te remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presented the problem statement and formulation. 3. Related Works Section 3 presented related works. In Section 4, the material and methods were presented. In Section 5, the results and Te geographical information system is a computerized discussion were discussed. In Section 6, the paper is con- system for capturing, managing, and processing spatial data. cluded and some recommendations and future works were Te spatial means the geographical features on the Earth’s stated. surface or any other industrial features such as buildings, roads, or other natural phenomenon features [16]. Te GIS is used in the process of planning and supporting strategic 2. Problem Formulation and Statement decisions and policy-making. Researchers defned the GIS Transmitted diseases are considered a difcult health from a geographical and technical perspective as a mixture of problem that poses a threat to a large part of the population. geographic data and cognitive expertise of the geographical Recently, GIS has been used in many applications, such as experts and the modern digital technologies that have greatly natural resource management and agriculture. Recently, contributed to the development and upgrading of human life institutions have turned to using GIS to assess and model the as an efective tool for collecting information, storage, relationships between environmental factors and cases of processing, analysis, and displaying the results in diferent ways depending on the desired goal. viral diseases [10]. In Sudan, a number of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis are considered as the Kurland [17] reviewed the research of geographical most serious threat to human health and the economy. Te patterns of diseases as an important support for the in- use of GIS and remote sensing enables to provide a com- vestigation of outbreaks; analyzing the geographic nature of prehensive system of public health care and epidemiology. disease cases has been a key factor in fnding out the source At present, tuberculosis is spread all over Sudan without of many outbreaks. exception, and unfortunately, the highest infection rates are In [18], Koch provides that the feld of medical geo- in the capital, Khartoum, between productive age groups graphic information systems (medical GIS) has become from age 15 to 44 [11, 12]. Table 1 shows the number of extremely useful in understanding the bigger picture of Journal of Healthcare Engineering 3 Table 1: Total number of TB patients undergoing treatment through the National Tuberculosis Control Program. Sputum positive Sputum negative No of Year New cases Extrapulmonary TB cases cases HIV/TB 2010 47,643 9958 9144 6217 7532 2011 42,348 7266 6746 4624 3082 2012 41,775 6587 6948 4561 3070 2013 40,388 7708 6088 4915 3056 2014 37,392 9734 6106 4571 3762 2015 35,006 9888 6190 4578 3789 2017 30,674 9912 6671 4708 3811 2018 28,410 10002 7201 4850 3899 2019 26,801 10272 8698 4901 4016 2020 25,215 10453 8761 5409 4112 public health. Te discipline holds a substantial capacity to 4. Material and Methodologies understand not only diferences but also similarities in Te methodology is based on data collection on the TB population health around the world. medicine consumption at Sudanese states, municipalities, Oirba in [19] presented radar data for the main valleys of specialized tuberculosis treatment centers, and then feld all the rivers that were mapped and contrasted with those work to cover the shortfall of unavailable information. Tis identifed by the hydrological GIS procedures. In the past, shall be done through a remote sensing technique and the banks of these river courses, which are now devoid of predictions through four phases as shown in Figure 2. groundwater, may have hosted a substantial amount of available water and played an important role in recharging the region’s natural stone groundwater aquifers. 4.1. Data Collections. We collected the available data from its In [20], a new technique that has been developed for basic sources, the Federal Ministry of Health [26], Central determining the preliminary optimal general position of the Medical supply [27], National Medicines and Poisons Board route using GIS is discussed. Tere are two key phases of the [28], National Medical Supplies Fund [29], United Nations established process. In the frst step, using efective contour Development Program, Sudan [30], and National TB (snakes) algorithms based on satellite picture gray values, an Control Program, Sudan [31]. Tese data helped researchers initial set of required action locations is independently for general understanding and created a fundamental per- optimized [21]. Linear programming (LP) is used by the ception of the number of TB patients who take regular built (path tools) as an evolutionary algorithm to calculate an treatment, disease linkage with the location, and assessing overall provisional optimal route position using a rough the efectiveness of the TB control program, and then re- estimate based on three factors: distance traveled of the searchers linked these data with the location data, which route, levels of the route section, and degree of curvature include the following: between conditions required of the route. (i) Topographic maps for each state scale 1100.000 In [22], a GIS of tuberculosis in Mombasa County in 2015–2017 is discovered in the study. Te paper employed (ii) Improved satellite images, ETM + 7 type [32], and a survey approach acquired from government secondary data. eight optical bundles of 15-meter accuracy Te community was registered at 30 centers for all patients (iii) High accuracy images, 0.61 meters, for cities where suspected of having tuberculosis, and the measurements were health services are available in each state, Quickbird done by tuberculosis clinicians with phlegm (+) and (−) exams. type in addition to radar images According to Musa et al. in [23], the main goal was to (iv) Sudan map, scale 1100.000 [33] examine the spatial distribution of TB cases in Kuala Lumpur municipal area and recognize spatial trends. A location GIS map was used to highlight the high-risk and 4.2. Remote Sensing Data. We used remote sensing and GIS spatial areas of the TB outbreak in KL. Mean K-nearest data for map drawing from extracted satellite images. Te distance and spatial autocorrelation spatial statistical GIS was used as a spatial data visualization tool to help methods were also used. develop a model to study all potential scenarios for the In [24], research on a business model for the advance- relation between TB medicine consumption and a number ment of medical techniques in the Soviet Union for the of infected persons in the area. period leading up to 2025 is conducted. With the support of Maps, images, and other data shall be interpreted by applied resources, it is clear that it is necessary to stimulate linking drug distribution and consumption with spatial and the growth of phthisiology in particular and to improve the temporal data to beneft from the GIS capacities to provide efcacy of the use of the fndings in the clinical and in- the best method to combine the various types of data to stitutional treatment of antituberculosis and associated produce a map that supports the decision-makers on the Russian organizations [25]. actual health level to contribute in achieving the eforts in all 4 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Descriptive & Remote Sensing GIS Output Data Collection Interpretational Data Analysis Data Report Data Figure 2: Development of digital GIS map for tuberculosis disease analysis phases. W E 0 20 40 80 120 160 Miles Hospitals PHCC Figure 3: Distribution of tuberculosis centers in the Northern State. health sectors, international organizations, and civil com- because they are unstable due to security issues. ArcGIS is an munity organizations to defeat this disease. analysis and mapping solution based on online cloud. Re- searchers are utilizing it to illustrate and represent data, analyse, collaborate, and share map-based data. GIS ARC 4.3. Descriptive and Interpretational Data. Te descriptive 10.3 has the capability to access workfow-specifc applica- and interpretational data in the frst and second stages are tions, data, and maps from around the world and is a tool for liable to statistical analysis at this stage, the outputs of which being shared and collaborated on in the area of this are the main source of the target database through this research [34]. research. Tis phase also contains the mapping of all health Trough an analysis of the obtained information and facilities providing tuberculosis treatment in Sudan. based on the population census of each state, the researcher has discovered the defect in some states representing the distribution of tuberculosis centers, for example, the 4.4. Data Analysis. Te analyzed data contain information Northern State has 15 tuberculosis centers distributed over related to the distribution of hospitals and health centers all localities serving about 84 tuberculosis-infected patients specialized in TB treatment. Te researcher has used the GIS only (Figures 3–5). ARC 10.3 application to represent the (X, Y) coordinates of the health centers concerned with the TB treatments, which we are working on in 11 states out of 17 states. Te re- 4.5. GIS Reports. One of the main objectives of this study is searcher failed to make feld visits to the remaining states to provide accurate reports helping the decision-makers by Journal of Healthcare Engineering 5 W E 0 20 40 80 120 160 Miles Export_Output_4 over_18_inf ch_inf Figure 4: Distribution of tuberculosis patients in Northern State. making available the required fgures and information based 5. GIS Database Results and Discussion on and extracted by scientifc methods [35]. Terefore, we Te geographic database for the health sector and its in- fnd out that the system has provided the stakeholders and stitutions concerned with the treatment of tuberculosis concerned authorities with the possibility of accessing the includes (339) specialized centers for examination and system site through the Internet and generating the required treatment of tuberculosis revealed as shown in Table 2 and reports based on the processed data. Figures 6–8 are reports Figure 9. Te results of the distribution of tuberculosis drugs showing the number of tuberculosis-infected persons in to the health institutions concerned with the treatment of the each state compared with the existing population of the state, disease are shown in Table 3. distribution of patients, and distribution of drugs. 6 Journal of Healthcare Engineering W E 0 20 40 80 120 160 Miles Export_Output_4 RH 150/75 mg RHZ 60/30/150 RH 60/30 mg RHZE 150/75/400/275 RHE 150/75/275 Figure 5: Distribution of tuberculosis drugs in Northern State. Sudan belongs to a third-world country that receives receive a large number of patients and limited amounts of humanitarian aid from donor countries, and because of medicine, which can beneft from the quantities of drugs corruption and lack of scientifc information and proper distributed randomly. Unfortunately, the World Health planning, most of these aids do not reach those who need Organization (WHO) has announced the closure of several them, especially in the health feld. health centers due to a lack of funds and an increase in the Te results of the research showed that there is an unfair number of displaced and afected people in confict areas, distribution of medicine, as some centers receive medicine although the research showed that there is a surplus in drug but do not receive patients. On the contrary, some centers resources. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 7 Figure 6: Comparison between states according to the number of patients. Figure 7: Distribution of patients. 8 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Figure 8: Distribution of drugs. Table 2: Number of centers that received patients. No. No. of centers Patients 1 111 0 2 148 50 3 33 50 to 100 4 14 100 to 150 5 15 150 to 200 6 3 200 to 250 7 4 350 to 400 8 4 400 to 450 9 4 450 to 500 10 2 500 to 550 11 2 600 to 650 12 One center in the capital city of Khartoum 2544 Tis value represents the patients in Khartoum city. Te bold does not make additive sense to the value but is used just to indicate the largest number of patients. 600 to 650 500 to 550 450 to 500 400 to 450 350 to 400 200 to 250 150 to 200 100 to 150 50 to 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 No. of Centers Figure 9: Number of centers that received patients. No. of Patients Journal of Healthcare Engineering 9 Table 3: Te results of the distribution of tuberculosis drugs to the health institutions concerned with the treatment of the disease. 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Published: Feb 13, 2023

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