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Hindawi Advances in Meteorology Volume 2019, Article ID 2149357, 15 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2149357 Research Article Cloud Features of Tibetan Plateau Vortex Category Cloud Cluster over Different Regions along the Eastward-Moving Path in Summer 1 1 1 1 2 Chao Li , Xiaofang Wang , Lingli Zhou, Chunguang Cui, Xingwen Jiang, and Guirong Xu Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan, China Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaofang Wang; tiaotiao98@163.com Received 10 November 2018; Revised 7 January 2019; Accepted 6 February 2019; Published 7 March 2019 Academic Editor: Harry D. Kambezidis Copyright © 2019 Chao Li et al. 0is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Using the data of CloudSat satellite, FY series satellite, CMORPH hourly precipitation, and ERA-interim reanalysis products, this paper aims to reveal the cloud features of Tibetan Plateau Vortex (TPV) category cloud clusters over its eastward-moving regions. 107 cases of eastward-moving TPV category that occurred in the summer half-year (April to September) are picked out, and then the cloud features of them are further analyzed by statistics. 0e results show that the eastward-moving TPV category occurs mostly in May and June, but leastly in July and September. With consecutive enhancement of precipitation intensity and convection intensity, an increasing trend is found in the proportions of deep convection clouds and multiple layer clouds during the TPV category eastward movement. In order to reveal the inner connection among the precipitation intensity, the convection intensity, and the microphysical characteristics of TPV category cloud clusters, the TPV category cloud clusters are classified into different categories by the criteria of the precipitation intensity and the convection intensity separately. Consequently, the two different criteria share the commonality that the number concentration of both ice crystal and cloud droplets increases obviously with the enhancement of precipitation intensity or convection intensity. However, the discrepancy of conclusions also exists between the two classification criteria. A notable stretching upward trend is found in the number concentration distribution of the ice crystal and downward trend in the number concentration distribution of the cloud droplet. 0e same increasing trend is also discovered in the effective average radius of the ice crystal and cloud droplet. But the TPV category cloud clusters with severe convection do not present the similar variation trend both in the number concentration and the effective average radius. Hence, although the above findings confirm that the precipitation intensity, the convection intensity, and the distribution of cloud hydrometers are associated and interacting mutually, the closed function relationship among them cannot be established, and other meteorology factors related to the ambient conditions should also be taken into consideration as a complete cloud microphysical system. pattern [1] but also exert a profound influence on the 1. Introduction weather and climate in the downstream of the Tibetan As known as the third pole on the Earth, the Tibetan Plateau Plateau when they are accompanied by an eastward-moving plays an extremely important role in research on global weather system [2]. It has been confirmed that the majority climate change. A vast number of precipitation cloud of Tibetan Plateau Vortexes (TPV), acting as a kind of typical clusters or cloud bands originate from the Tibetan Plateau or weather systems that generate in complex terrain on TP, are its surrounding areas, and these cloud clusters or cloud born in the central and western areas of the Tibetan Plateau, bands, as well as their radiation effects, not only change the and finally they vanish in the east of the Tibetan Plateau in Tibetan Plateau’s local weather conditions and climate summer [3], while the minority of TPV continues to develop 2 Advances in Meteorology convective cloud clusters over the Tibetan Plateau [9]. Re- and move outward from the Tibetan Plateau, and conse- quently, mesoscale convective precipitation cloud clusters cently, Wu revealed the evolution characteristics of cloud clusters accompanied by eastward-moving TPV, based on attached by these eastward-moving TPV then often trigger heavy storms at the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze millimeter wave radar observation data, showing that the River [4]. horizontal structure the TPV embody as a major pre- Previous study on the eastward-moving TPV cloud cipitation band and several precipitation cloud clusters, clusters mainly focus on the mechanism of TPV’ generation while a spiral cloud band becomes incorporated into the and development, and as early as 1970s, Ye and Gao, the center of the vortex from the south [10]. In addition, me- associated meteorologists, noted that, under favorable cir- soscale convective systems (MCSs) exhibit fluctuating dis- tributions with eastward transmission along 30 culation conditions, a few cases of TPV could move out of N in China, the Tibetan Plateau to the east of China, causing disastrous according to an analysis of the movement and transmission weather events such as rainstorms and thunderstorms characteristics of MCSs by Zheng et al. [11]. widely in the downstream area afterwards [5]. From then on, CloudSat is a polar orbit satellite launched by NASA in numerous meteorologists and forecasters continued to re- 2006, aiming at detecting the global distribution and vertical search on the mechanisms of the development and migra- structural features of clouds. Because of the profile radar tion of TPV, as well as the mechanism that how TPV induce onboard, CloudSat has advantages in detecting the vertical rainstorms. For example, Yu and Gao once pointed out that structures of clouds, and thus its associated data products two major categories of influencing systems, namely, a low has been widely used to study macroscopic characteristics trough category and a wind shear category accompanied and hydrometers distribution in different categories of with eastward-moving TPV, which determines the devel- clouds in recent years. 0us, CloudSat data products are opment and migration of TPV [6]. When TPV moves out of applied not only to analyze different categories of clouds in the Tibetan Plateau, the major influencing weather system different regions under climatic statistics [12–15],but also to consisting of “trough in the north and vortex in the south” research on microstructure features of different categories of may trigger heavy rainstorms in northwest China. Moreover, clouds for specified weather systems [16, 17]. when eastward-moving TPV are intruded by cold air on the Although previous research relevant to the eastward- ground, regional rainstorms are triggered in Sichuan moving TPV and its accessory clouds originated from the Province [2]. Other view point is also proposed by Zhang Tibetan Plateau has acquired a great deal of highly significant et al. When TPV move outward from the main body of the discoveries, there are still many deficiencies. Due to the Tibetan Plateau in the summer time, Southwest Vortex (SV) absence of observation and study on the distribution of a is sometimes triggered in the lower level of troposphere hydrometer in these clouds and the characteristics of evo- under favorable topographical conditions in the west of lution, it leads to incomprehension in the mechanism of how Sichuan Province; meanwhile, these Southwest Vortexes these clouds trigger heavy rainstorm. As a result, the ability continue to develop and move eastward and subsequently to predict these extreme weather events inevitably remains at interact with the Meiyu front system on the middle and a relatively low level. Accounting for all the reasons above, lower reaches of the Yangtze River and trigger persistent this paper attempts to reveal the cloud feature of the rainstorms therein [7]. eastward-moving TPV cloud clusters by comparing the When time comes to the beginning of the 21 century, difference of TPV cloud clusters over different regions along with further enrichment of satellite and radar data, research the eastward-moving path, based on CloudSat products. 0is focus was shifted to analyze the feature of clouds accom- paper adopts the research route above mainly taking the panied the by eastward-moving TPV. In particular, scientists following factors into consideration. First, CloudSat has an began to conduct investigation into the mechanisms that excellent ability to detect the vertical structure of clouds, so it how the eastward-moving Tibetan Plateau cloud clusters is advantageous for scientists to discover much more mi- trigger disastrous weather in the downstream area based on crostructural feature with regard to different categories of the analysis of the cloud microscopic structure. For example, clouds. Second, hitherto, CloudSat data product was applied Shi et al. counted the frequency and analyzed the charac- in the climatic statistical analysis and the analysis of mi- teristics of the activities of mesoscale convective cloud crostructural feature of clouds for specified weather system clusters within the Yangtze River basin and discovered a separately, and this paper attempts to combine the two close relationship between the large floods that occur in the aspects above together, namely, adapting the method that Yangtze River basin and more than 300 meso-α and meso-β integrates the statistical analysis with diagnoses of cloud convective clouds originating from Tibetan Plateau [8]. microphysics to research the TPV cloud clusters. However, Zhou et al. studied the feature of the ambient instability CloudSat, acting as a global polar orbiting satellite, rather influenced by the eastward-moving Tibetan Plateau con- than geostationary satellite, cannot provide consecutive vective cloud clusters, and the research revealed that the observation for the eastward-moving TPV cloud clusters in a vertical structure is composed of the airflow divergence in specified area. So this paper further optimizes the research the higher layer and the airflow convergence in the lower route. First, the eastward-moving path was divided into layer, the high-low-level jets acting as the guiding roles, the three different key regions based on topography differences, abundant moisture conditions within the Yangtze River namely, the Tibetan Plateau, the eastern slope of the Tibetan basin, and the instability of the atmospheric layer, which are Plateau and its surrounding areas, and the middle and lower prerequisites for the formation of the eastward movement of reaches of Yangtze River. 0en, the cloud feature was Advances in Meteorology 3 analyzed and compared by the statistical results that orig- eastward-moving TPV category that moved along the inated from the three different key regions. eastward migration path, which trigger a series of heavy precipitation in the Yangtze River basin. 0e eastward migration path could be divided into three different key 2. Initial Data and Methodology regions listed above, namely, the Tibetan Plateau region, the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau and its peripheral region, 2.1. Initial Data. 0e initial datum applied in this paper and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River mainly contains four categories of data, which consist of region. 0e scope of longitude and latitude for the three European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts different regions above was set as the following (Figure 1): (ECMWF-Interim), Six hourly global reanalysis data the scope of the Tibetan Plateau region was limited to the (including geopotential field, humidity field, and wind ° ° ° ° rectangular area of 83 –100 E and 27 –40 N (represented by field with a horizontal resolution of 0.75 degrees × 0.75 A1, short for TP), the scope of the eastern slope of the degrees), CloudSat 2B series and 2C series data products Tibetan Plateau and its peripheral region was limited to the (including 2B-CWC-RO, 2B-GEOPROF, 2B-CLDCLASS, ° ° ° ° rectangular area of 101 –110 E and 25 –37 N (represented by and 2C-PRECIPITATION), temperature of black body A2, short for ESTP), and the scope of the middle and lower (TBB) data inversed from the FY (Fengyun) stationary reaches of the Yangtze River region was limited to the satellite series, and climate prediction center morphing ° ° ° ° rectangular area of 111 –120 E and 25 –35 N (represented by technique (CMORPH) hourly fusion precipitation data A3, short for MYR). Considering that the CloudSat is a polar from the National Meteorological Information Center. orbiting satellite rather than a stationary satellite, the east- 0en, the valuable information is extracted from initial ward migration of the TPV category is a consecutive weather data to carry out further research through the following process, so the effective observation window is crucial for the methodology. detection of the cloud clusters affiliated with the TPV cat- egory. Hence, the criteria of the effective observation win- 2.2. Definition of TPV Category and Selection Criteria. dow were set as the following: first, the time when an First, the eastward-moving TPV category cases that would eastward-moving TPV category entered each key area was reach the eastern coast of China were picked out based on set as the benchmark time. 0en, accounting for the the 4 times daily circulation field in the summer half-year translation speed of eastward-moving TPV category and the (i.e., from April to September) during both 2007 and 2016. scope of cloud clusters affiliated to it, the effective period was 0e selection criteria were as follows: (1) a closed cyclonic windowed to six hours before or after the benchmark time. circulation presented within geopotential field or wind Next, whether the CloudSat star trajectory is passing field at the 500 hPa isobaric surface (the circulation circle through each key region within an effective observation was closed or exceeded 3/4 of a circle within the prescribed window had been validated. If it was confirmed, the area at the geopotential height field; the cyclonic circu- CloudSat data products within it was considered to be the lation was presented in wind field), and the diameter of the effective detection to eastward-moving TPV category cloud circulation satisfied the criteria of a meso-α scale vortex clusters; otherwise, it was treated as ineffective. Finally, the (i.e., the length of the short axis diameter ranged from whole effective observation data were collected through the 2 3 10 km∼10 km). (2) A part of nascent TPV was moved procedure above. outward from the Tibetan Plateau and continued to de- velop and move eastward, until arriving at the lower 2.3. Verification of CloudSat Data Accuracy. Owing to the reaches of the Yangtze River in the east direction. (3) For the circulation pattern of the TPV that moved outward excellent ability of the CloudSat to detect the vertical mi- from the Tibetan Plateau, either the closed cyclonic cir- crostructure of clouds, it has been widely applied to research culation continued to persist at the 500 hPa isobaric in different clouds. However, the credibility of CloudSat data surface, or the closed cyclonic circulation evolved into a has always been a concern for scientists. Barker et al. ex- deep trough but lead the formation of Southwest Vortex amined the discrepancy between CloudSat data and aircraft (SV) at the 700 hPa isobaric surface, and the latter weather platform-based observation data for a series of the evolution system configuration was similar with the coupling form process of cloud systems in the southern part of Quebec between TPV and SV proposed in [18], which could also Province, Canada. 0e results show that the cloud extinction coefficient data inverted by CloudSat are reliable in the migrate to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the east direction, and subsequently may triggered heavy upper troposphere. Liquid cloud content and ice cloud rainstorm in the downstream area as the former one. content data are more reliable in the lower troposphere [19]. 0erefore, these two different weather processes above Qiu et al. investigated the discrepancy in cloud micro- were integrated into a whole group called the eastward- physical characteristics of mixed-phase cloud layers between moving TPV category in this paper. weakly convective clouds and stratus clouds, detected by 0e cloud clusters affiliated with the eastward-moving both CloudSat and aircraft, and the study reveals that the TPV category move to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River two categories of clouds have the same variation tendency along three different paths (i.e., the northeastward migration with regard to the cloud microphysical characteristics. Al- path, the eastward migration path, and the southeastward though 20% bias of value existed between these two plat- migration path) [3]. But this paper only researched the forms, CloudSat observation data are still effective for 4 Advances in Meteorology 45°N 6000 42°N 39°N 36°N 33°N 30°N 27°N 24°N 21°N 0 75°E 80°E 85°E 90°E 95°E 100°E 105°E 110°E 115°E 120°E 125°E Figure 1: ‹e location of the three key regions along the eastward-moving path (A1 represents the Tibetan Plateau (TP) region, A2 represents the eastern slope of Tibetan Plateau and its peripheral region (ESTP), and A3 represents the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region (MYR)). research on cloud microphysical characteristics. According 40 to the conclusions above, it is possible to apply CloudSat data to analyze the cloud features of the eastward-moving TPV category cloud clusters [20]. 3. Results 3.1. e Variation of Frequency, Precipitation, and TBB with regard to the Eastward-Moving TPV Category. 107 cases of the eastward-moving TPV category that moved in the east direction were picked out totally during the summer half- 5 year (i.e., from April to September) from 2007 to 2016, based on the selection criteria that was set in Section 2.2. To ex- Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep amine whether the statistical results gathered herein were Months exact or not, the statistical results in this paper were made Eastward-moving TPV analogue contrast with the ones reported in [21, 22]. Feng et al. once discovered that approximately 8.7 cases of TPV move Figure 2: ‹e monthly variation of the frequency with regard to the eastward-moving TPV category (X-axis represents the month, and outward from Tibetan Plateau on annual average from 2000 Y-axis represents vortex frequency (unit: case)). to 2009 by statistics [21]. And Zhong et al. pointed out that approximately 1 case of CSW migrate eastward annually from 1979 to 2008 by statistics [22]. It means that the change with the alternation of month, and thus the ad- frequency of the TPV category picked out in this paper is vantageous circulation ’eld dominates the monthly varia- approximately equal to the summation of the frequency of tion trend [23, 24]. As shown in Figure 3, the intensity of the the eastward-moving TPV and SV selected by Feng and acreage-average precipitation triggered by the eastward- Zhong on annual average. ‹erefore, the statistical results in moving TPV category successively strengthens when the this paper are reliable. eastward-moving TPV category passes through each key ‹e variation of eastward-moving TPV category is region. And as shown in Figure 4, the TBB on cloudtop of shown in Figure 2. ‹e frequency of the eastward-moving the TPV category cloud clusters is mainly distributed in the TPV reaches a maximum during May and June, compared scope of negative 60 degrees centigrade to negative 45 degree with a minimum during July and September. Obviously, it centigrade. ‹e relatively high value (i.e., value above demonstrates a tendency of ascending ’rst and descending negative 65 degree centigrade) of TBB approximately shows later, and this conclusion is consistent with the statistical an descending tendency, meanwhile the relatively low value results drawn by Yu and Gao [3]. In addition, the circulation (i.e., value below negative 65 degree centigrade) of TBB factors including both the interaction between westerly belt approximately shows an ascending tendency. ‹e variation synoptic system, subtropical synoptic system, and tropical discipline indicates that the height of cloudtop may elevate synoptic system in the midlevel of troposphere and the with regard to the TPV category cloud clusters or the coordination of divergence of wind, the front zone, and the convection intensity within them enhanced during their downward transmission of potential vorticity in the upper eastward migration. Generally speaking, the statistical re- level of the troposphere play a dominant role of in–uencing sults of basic feature with regard to the TPV category in this paper are consistent with the conclusion drawn in the the generation and development of TPV. However, the condition of the circulation factors mentioned above will previous reference. Frequency Advances in Meteorology 5 41°N 37°N 36°N 34°N 34°N 38°N 32°N 35°N 31°N 30°N 32°N 28°N 28°N 29°N 25°N 26°N 85°E 88°E 91°E 94°E 97°E 98°E 101°E 104°E 107°E 110°E 108°E 110°E 112°E 114°E 116°E 118°E 2468 10 2468 10 2468 10 (a) (b) (c) Figure 3: ‹e distribution of the area-average precipitation triggered by the eastward-moving TPV category over diŸerent key regions: (a) TP; (b) ESTP; (c) MYR (shaded color represents precipitation (unit: mm)). 35 updraft structure with intense convergence in the midlow level (500 hPa) and intense divergence in the upper level (200 hPa), and thus it leads the preservation of deep con- vection. Furthermore, the consecutively enhancing pre- cipitation triggered by TPV category cloud clusters ensures the reinforcement of latent heat release, and the thermal energy generated by that is crucial for the preservation of deep thermal-forcing updraft and then leads the promotion 10 of convergence in the lower level and divergence in the upper level consequently. ‹us, the above advantageous ambient ’eld is likely to trigger more deep convection practically and inevitably the proportion of deep convection clouds for the TPV category exceeding that one under the climatological background state. In addition, nimbostratus clouds (i.e., NS) proportion in the statistical results of the TPV category cloud clusters is fewer than that one under the TBB (°C) climatological background state over the TP region, but TP more in the downstream area of TP (i.e., the ESTP and MYR ESTP region), and stratocumulus clouds (i.e., ST) proportion in MYR the TPV category cloud clusters is fewer than that one under Figure 4: ‹e distribution of TBB on cloudtop with regard to the the climatological background state at the lower level, but eastward-moving TPV category cloud clusters over diŸerent key more in the middle and higher level in the downstream area regions (light yellow represents TP, light green represents ESTP, of TP (i.e., the ESTP and MYR region). Besides, the pro- light red represents MYR, the X-axis represents TBB (unit: C), and portion of deep convection clouds and other stratus clouds the Y-axis represents frequency (unit: case)). over the three diŸerent key regions is also obviously dif- ferent, namely, the proportion of convection clouds almost 3.2. Comparison of Cloud Features of the TPV Category over presents an ascending tendency, while the proportion of stratus clouds almost presents an ascending tendency during Each Key Region. Enormous diŸerences of the cloud clas- si’cation exist among each key region with regard to TPV the eastward movement of the TPV category. Although the statistical results of both the TPV category cluster clouds and cloud clusters. As shown in Figure 5, the most signi’cant diŸerence of the statistical results between the TPV category all categories of clouds under climatic state shared some cloud clusters and all categories of clouds under climato- similarities among the three diŸerent key regions, the severe logical background state lies in the proportion of deep convection feature is more outstanding in the TPV category convection clouds at diŸerent high levels, especially in the cloud clusters, rather than other clouds. With further low level. It is owing to the diversity between TPV category analysis of cloud thickness and precipitation cloud attributes and other eastward-moving synoptic systems initiated from (as shown in Figure 6), more cloud features are revealed, the proportion of single-layer clouds in TPV category cloud Tibetan Plateau under the climatological background state, the eastward-moving TPV category possesses the deep clusters is less than that one under the climatic state, and Frequency >–40 [–45, –40] [–50, –45] [–55, –50] [–60, –55] [–65, –60] [–70, –65] [–75, –70] <–75 6 Advances in Meteorology 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 TP ESTP MYR TP ESTP MYR TP ESTP MYR Region Region Region Cirrus SC Cirrus SC Cirrus SC Altostratus Cumulus Altostratus Cumulus Altostratus Cumulus Altocumulus NS Altocumulus NS Altocumulus NS ST Deep ST Deep ST Deep convection convection convection (a) (b) (c) 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 TP ESTP MYR TP ESTP MYR TP ESTP MYR Region Region Region Cirrus SC Cirrus SC Cirrus SC Altostratus Cumulus Altostratus Cumulus Altostratus Cumulus Altocumulus NS Altocumulus NS Altocumulus NS ST Deep ST Deep ST Deep convection convection convection (d) (e) (f) Figure 5: ‹e statistical results of the clouds classi’cation at diŸerent altitude levels over each key region. TPV clouds in the (a) lower level (1–5 km), (b) middle level (5–10 km), and (c) higher level (10–15 km).Climatological clouds in the (d) lower level, (e) middle level, and (f) higher level (X-axis represents diŸerent key regions; and Y-axis represents percentage of frequency (unit: %)). correspondingly, the proportions of double layers and clusters is limited within the TP area, the supply of water multiple layers clouds in TPV category cloud clusters are vapor transportation for satisfying the further development more than those ones under the climatic state. Moreover, the of cloud clusters is in shortage. However, when TPV cate- proportion of convective precipitation clouds in the TPV gory cloud clusters enters the ESTP area, the abundant water category cloud clusters is more than all categories of clouds vapor transportation carried by the westerly jet of the Ti- under the climatic statistics, and correspondingly, the betan Plateau southern branch adds the supply, and thus the proportion of shallow precipitation clouds in them is less. development of cloud clusters is boosted. In addition, the ‹e ascending tendency of cloud layer quantity and the favorable topography in the leeward side of Tibetan Plateau as well as the enhancement of vertical –ow supported by the enhancement of convection precipitation are presented during the eastward movement of TPV category cloud upper level trough or vortex promote the convergence of wind in the lower level, and all these above factors result in clusters. Although the statistical results under climatological background state share a part of similar discipline in the the increase of cloud layer quantity and the enhancement of aspects of layer quantity and convection precipitation at- convection precipitation over the ESTP area accordingly. tributes over the three key regions, these two attributes in Finally, when TPV category cloud clusters enters the MYR TPV category cloud clusters are more outstanding. Ana- area, excepting the more adequate supply of water vapor lyzing the causes for variation tendency shown in Figure 6, it transportation carried by the low-level southwest jet along is revealed that the water vapor transportation and the local the western edge of subtropic high, the cyclonic low-level atmosphere circulation are the key factors; that is to say, convergence located in the left side of the jet is advantageous when the activity of eastward-moving TPV category cloud for the further development of cloud clusters, and these Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Advances in Meteorology 7 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 TP TP- ESTP ESTP- MYR MYR- TP TP- ESTP ESTP- MYR MYR- climatic climatic climatic climatic climatic climatic Category Category Single layer Stratiform Double layer Convective Multilayer Shallow (a) (b) Figure 6: ‹e statistical results of cloud layer quantity and cloud precipitational attribute over each key region ((a) cloud layer quantity; (b) precipitational cloud attribute for vertical wind motion. X-axis represents diŸerent key areas, and Y-axis represents percentage of frequency (unit: %)). that the weather conditions aŸecting the variation of cloud above factors ensure the consecutive increase of cloud layer quantity and the enhancement of convection precipitation microparticles is complex, mainly including the diŸerence of over the MYR area. Anyhow, the statistical results above are the precipitation e¨ciency, the convection intensity, the approximately consistent with the ones in Gao’s dissertation topography eŸect, the water vapor transportation, and the focusing on the macroscopic characteristics of precipitation interaction among them [26]. cloud bands located in the same latitudinal zone with Ti- In brief, the statistical results of cloud hydrometer betan Plateau [25]. particles in both TPV category cloud clusters and all clouds Making further research on the distribution of cloud under the climatological background state have some sim- hydrometer particles in the eastward-moving TPV category ilarities likewise, but the former ones are more outstanding. It is connected to the macroscopic feature of clouds in cloud clusters is essential to make deeper comprehension of microstructure of them (as shown in Figure 7), it revealed microscopic perspective. ‹e eastward-moving TPV cate- gory cloud clusters as a kind of a typical mesoscale con- that the average eŸective radius of ice crystal particles for the TPV category cloud clusters is more than all categories vective system is clearly distinct from other clouds under the of clouds under the climatic state within the main distri- climatological background state in the precipitation e¨- bution level (6 km–12 km in the troposphere) in each key ciency and the convection intensity mentioned in Section regions, and the average eŸective radius of ice crystal par- 3.1. Considering that the variation of the cloud hydrometer ticles increases gradually during the eastward movement and macroscopic cloud feature is closely correlated with each (Figure 7(a)). ‹e variation of them is closely related to the other, the precipitation e¨ciency, the convection intensity, enhanced convective precipitation properties and vertical and the topography eŸect are probably the dominated factor development of cloud clusters. However, the average ef- to aŸect the evolution of the TPV category cloud cluster, and thus it is essential to carry out more investigation on re- fective radius of water droplet particles for the TPV category cloud clusters is almost less than all categories of clouds lationship among them. under the climatological background state in each key re- gions, and the average eŸective radius of water droplet particles within the main distribution height interval for the 3.3. Comparison between Di„erent Types of TPV Category TPV category cloud clusters decreases gradually, especially Cloud Clusters Based on Di„erence in Precipitation Intensity. above the level of 3 km (Figure 7(b)), which is opposite to the ‹e diŸerence in the e¨ciency of transformation between ice crystal particles. As is known to all, the strengthening of the cloud hydrometers and rainwater is signi’cant [27]. vertical wind shear and updraft triggered by the convection ‹erefore, it is necessary to make a contrast among diŸerent is advantageous to the fragmentation of cloud droplets and TPV accompanied with various precipitation intensities. thus disadvantageous to the increase of the average eŸective And it will be contributive to reveal the inner connection between TPV category cloud clusters and precipitation radius for cloud droplets during the eastward movement of TPV category. Guo et al. once pointed out the mechanism e¨ciency. Percentage Percentage 8 Advances in Meteorology 50 30 40 24 30 18 20 12 10 6 0 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 23456 TP TP-climatic TP TP-climatic ESTP ESTP-climatic ESTP ESTP-climatic MYR MYR-climatic MYR MYR-climatic (a) (b) Figure 7: ‹e statistical results of average eŸective radius of hydrometers within TPV category cloud clusters over each key region: (a) eŸective radius of ice crystal particles; (b) eŸective radius of water-droplet particles (black legend represents climatological results, X-axis represents altitude (unit: km), and Y-axis represents average eŸective radius (unit: μm)). Table 1: ‹e classi’cation criteria of TPV category cloud clusters First, the selected cases of TPV category cloud clusters based on the diŸerence of precipitation intensity. were classi’ed into two groups based on the diŸerence in the precipitation intensity. ‹e China Meteorological Admin- Regional mean hourly Classi’cation criterion istration (CMA) has only issued the precipitation intensity precipitation (RMHP) classi’cation standard based on 12 and 24 hours cumulative Light rainfall type 0 mm/hr ≤ RMHP ≤ 1 mm/hr precipitation, but the standard do not involve hourly cu- Heavy rainfall type RMHP > 1 mm/hr mulative precipitation classi’cation criterion. Accounting for the transient variation characteristics of cloud hy- drometers, the classi’cation criterion of hourly cumulative “light rainfall” type) in each key region. Also, the ice crystals precipitation is more appropriate to re–ect the interrelation distributed near the tropopause (12 km–15 km) presented a between TPV category cloud clusters and precipitation ef- tendency of stretching upward with the enhancement of precipitation intensity in each key region. Absolutely, the ’ciency; hence, this paper adopts the similar classi’cation criterion of hourly cumulative precipitation proposed by distribution of ice crystals in either “light rainfall” type or Gao [25] in his doctoral dissertation. Gao classi’ed the “heavy rainfall” type demonstrates a tendency of stretching clouds into three groups based on the diŸerence of hourly upward in the higher level of troposphere and stretching cumulative precipitation as follows: (1) rainless type (area downward in the lower level of troposphere during the TPV and hourly average precipitation 0 mm), (2) light rainfall category eastward movement, and this variation discipline is type (0 mm < area and hourly average precipitation ≤1 mm), in coincidence with the variation of TBB on cloudtop. In and (3) heavy rainfall type (area and hourly average pre- addition, the average eŸective radius of ice crystals likewise cipitation >1 mm). Considering that the eastward-moving shows an ascending tendency in the middle and higher level of the troposphere (7 km–16 km), correspondingly by the TPV category cloud clusters could bring precipitation in most cases, this paper adjusted the classi’cation criterion contrast between the “heavy rainfall” type and “light rainfall” above as follows (as shown in Table 1): (1) light rainfall type type (as shown in Figure 9(a)), and the average eŸective (0 mm < area and hourly average precipitation ≤1 mm) and radius of ice crystals in the “heavy rainfall” type increases (2) heavy rainfall (area and hourly average precipitation obviously in the downstream of TP. >1 mm). ‹en, the vertical distribution of hydrometers is ‹e vertical distribution of cloud droplets is distinct made contrast between the two groups by statistical results. from ice crystals, as shown in Figure 10, and the number ‹e number concentration and the average eŸective concentration of cloud droplets increases in the middle radius of hydrometers is an important index to re–ect the and higher level of troposphere (6 km–9 km) when the microstructure of clouds. As shown in Figure 8, the number precipitation intensity strengthens (i.e., the “heavy rainfall” concentration of ice crystals at the medium of the tropo- type compared with the “light rainfall” type) in each key region. Considering that the ice crystals are also abundantly sphere increases with the enhancement of precipitation intensity (i.e., the “heavy rainfall” type compared with the distributed in the height scope (6 km–9 km) where cloud Advances in Meteorology 9 15 15 15 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 12 12 12 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 9 9 9 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 6 6 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 (a) (b) (c) 15 15 15 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 12 12 12 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 9 9 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 6 6 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 3 3 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 (d) (e) (f) Figure 8: ‹e vertical distribution of the number concentration of ice crystals corresponding to diŸerent types of TPV category cloud clusters over each key region: (a) iwc_TP (LR); (b) iwc_ESTP (LR); (c) iwc_MYR (LR); (d) iwc_TP (HR); (e) iwc_ESTP (HR); (f) iwc_MYR (HR) ((a) TP, (b) ESTP, and (c) MYR represent light rain type, and (d) TP, (e) ESTP, and (f) MYR represent heavy rain; X-axis represents particles number concentration (unit: mg/m ); Y-axis represents altitude (unit: km); shaded color represents the percentage of frequency (unit: %); and red and yellow box represents the signi’cant discrepancy area)). 50 30 40 24 30 18 20 12 10 6 0 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 23456 TP-HR TP-LR TP-HR TP-LR ESTP-HR ESTP-LR ESTP-HR ESTP-LR MYR-HR MYR-LR MYR-HR MYR-LR (a) (b) Figure 9: ‹e vertical distribution of the average eŸective radius of diŸerent hydrometer particles corresponding to diŸerent types of TPV category cloud clusters in each key region: (a) eŸective radius of ice crystal particles; (b) eŸective radius of water-droplet particles ((a) ice crystals, (b) cloud droplets, red legend represents heavy rainfall type, the black legend represents light rainfall type, X-axis represents altitude (unit: km), and Y-axis represents average eŸective radius (unit: μm)). 10 Advances in Meteorology 10 10 10 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 8 8 8 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 6 6 6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 4 4 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 (a) (b) (c) 10 10 10 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 8 8 8 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 6 6 6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 4 4 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 2 2 2 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 (d) (e) (f) Figure 10: ‹e vertical distribution of the number concentration of cloud droplets corresponding to diŸerent types of TPV category cloud clusters over each key region (same as above): (a) lwc_TP (LR); (b) lwc_ESTP (LR); (c) lwc_MYR (LR); (d) lwc_TP (HR); (e) lwc_ESTP (HR); (f) lwc_MYR (HR). droplets abundantly distributed as well, the liquid water is increasing tendency in the lower level, as shown in Figure 10 likely to exist in the form of supercooled water or ice-water likewise. Moreover, previous study [27] has suggested that mixed-phase. ‹us, it can be concluded that the enhance- the increase of number concentration concerning ice crystals ment of the precipitation intensity is advantageous to the and water droplets may result from the reinforcement of icy increase of the concentration of cloud droplets in the ice cloud microphysical process and melting microphysical water mixed layer. Furthermore, the distribution of cloud process separately, and these two microphysical processes are also a part of signi’cant factors to dominate the variation droplets tends to stretch downward rather than upward during the TPV category eastward movement. ‹e average of precipitation intensity [28]. ‹erefore, the attributes of eŸective radius of cloud droplets presents a coincident hydrometeors are closely related with the precipitation in- variation discipline with the number concentration, that is, tensity indeed. Although precipitation intensity is one of the the average eŸective radius of cloud droplets showing in- most important parameter to interact with the hydrometeors creasing tendency near the ground corresponding to each in clouds, convection intensity is another important pa- key region, and meanwhile, the decreasing tendency of rameter to re–ect the ambient meteorological condition in average eŸective radius of cloud droplets is also obvious in clouds. So revealing the inner connection between the midair (Figure 9(b)). It is likely that the fragment and vertical distribution of hydrometeors and convection in- collision of cloud droplets play a dominant role in the tensity is indispensable to make overall comprehension of variation of the average eŸective radius. TPV category. In a word, although the conclusion drawn in this paper is consistent with Gao, this paper has made further supplement to reveal more details about TPV category cloud clusters, 3.4. Comparison between Di„erent Types of TPV Category rather than common clouds located on the same latitude Cloud Clusters Based on the Di„erence of TBB on Cloudtop. zone with TP. But beyond the previous ’ndings [25], the ‹e TBB on cloudtop is an important index for denoting the above results con’rm the inherent association between the convective features of weather systems. In Section 3.1, the hydrometeors (ice crystals and cloud droplets) and pre- eastward-moving TPV category has been con’rmed to be a cipitation intensity as supplementary research. And the typical mesoscale convective vortex (as shown in Figure 4); association is mainly embodied in the synchronous changes moreover, the TBB on cloudtop is an important index for the of the variation tendency. During the eastward movement of inversion of the precipitation [29], and it is extremely the TPV category, the intensity of average precipitation sensitive to the vertical structure of water vapor and con- presents increasing tendency shown in Figure 3, while the vection intensity [30, 31]. ‹is paper adopted a similar number concentration of ice crystals presents the increasing classi’cation criterion for the classi’cation of TPV category tendency in middle and upper level correspondingly, as cloud clusters based on the diŸerence of TBB on cloudtop, shown in Figure 8, and the water droplets presents proposed by Fu et al. [32]. ‹e details of the classi’cation Advances in Meteorology 11 Table 2: 0e classification of TPV category cloud clusters based on criteria are as follows: (1) pure ice phase on cloudtop the phase on cloudtop. (TBB≤ 233 K), (2) ice-water mixed-phase I on cloudtop (233 K< TBB≤ 253 K), (3) ice-water mixed-phase II on Classification Range of threshold for TBB on cloudtop (253 K< TBB< 273 K), and (4) pure water phase at criteria cloudtop and corresponding acreage cloudtop (TBB≥ 273 K). However, considering that the TPV 2 Pure ice-phase type (1) TBB≤ 233 K; (2) S≥ 100000 km category cloud clusters usually possess severe convection (1) 233 K< TBB< 273 K; feature and it dominates the cold cloud microphysics pro- Ice-water mixed-phase type (2) S≥ 100000 km cess, the fourth type of precipitation clouds (water phase on (1) TBB≤ 233 K; (2) S< 100000 km cloudtop) hardly appears practically. And the convection intensity is enhanced gradually during the eastward movement of the TPV category cloud clusters. 0us, this different) corresponds to each key region, as well as the paper integrates the second type and third type into a whole decreasing tendency in the midair (Figure 12(b)). Similarly, one and removes the fourth type entirely. Furthermore, the fragment and collision of cloud droplets likewise play a owing to the fact that the covered acreage spectrum of the dominant role in the variation of the average effective radius. TBB on cloudtop that satisfies different categories of TPV cloud clusters fluctuates widely, this paper prescribed that 4. Conclusion and Discussion the pure ice phase type of the TPV category cloud clusters should satisfy not only the premise of the temperature In order to make overall comprehension towards the cloud threshold but also the covered acreage spectrum threshold of features of the TPV category cloud clusters, first 107 cases of the TBB on cloudtop with reference to Maddox’s criteria for eastward-moving TPV category that occurred in the sum- MCSs [33] (Table 2); otherwise, the TPV category is clas- mer half-year from 2007 to 2016 were picked out, and then sified into the ice-water mixed-phase of the TPV category this paper made further analysis of the clouds affiliated to cloud clusters. this kind of weather system through several aspects, in- 0is paper revealed the correspondence relationship cluding the variation of frequency, convection intensity, between convection intensity and the vertical distribution of precipitation distribution, the macroscopic feature of clouds, cloud hydrometers, as shown in Figure 11, when the con- and the vertical distribution of cloud hydrometers in dif- vection intensity is strengthening (ice-water mixed-phase ferent classification criteria. 0e conclusions are as follows: type shifting to pure ice phase type), the number concen- the monthly variation of frequency for the eastward-moving tration of ice crystals demonstrate an ascending tendency TPV category reaches the peak point during May and June near the tropopause (12 km–15 km) in each key region, and and falls down at the lowest point during July and Sep- the distribution of ice crystals presents a tendency of tember. In addition, the precipitation intensity and the stretching upward. And the tendency of stretching upward convection intensity triggered by the eastward-moving TPV for the distribution of ice crystals is also presented during the category cloud clusters showed an ascending tendency eastward movement of the TPV category. 0is discovery during the eastward movement. 0e eastward-moving TPV validates the previous conclusion that the convection of the category cloud clusters is distinct from other clouds under TPV category shows an ascending tendency during eastward the climatological background state, and the statistical re- movement of the TPV category (Figure 4) otherwise. Be- sults indicate that the proportion of the frequency of deep sides, the feature of stratified distribution for ice crystals convection clouds within TPV category cloud clusters was becomes prominent gradually with the TPV category cloud much higher than other clouds under the climatological clusters moving eastward, especially in the MYR region. In background state, especially in the lower level of tropo- addition, the average effective radius of ice crystals for the sphere, and the proportion of the frequency of multiple layer pure ice-phase type is larger than the ice-water mixed-phase clouds and convective precipitation clouds within TPV type above 8 km height in each key region (Figure 12(a)), category cloud clusters was higher than other clouds under and the discrepancy just corresponds to the distinction climatological background state. 0e same tendency is between the two types of TPV cloud clusters in the number likewise discovered during the eastward movement of TPV concentration. category cloud clusters. Obviously, the vertical distribution 0e difference is also existing between the two types of of different hydrometers exerts profound influence on the TPV category cloud clusters in the cloud droplets, as shown precipitation efficiency; hence, the concentration of ice in Figure 13, and when the convection intensity is crystals showed an ascending tendency in the middle and strengthened (ice-water mixed-phase type shifting to pure higher level of troposphere, and the concentration of cloud ice phase type), the concentration of cloud droplets in the droplets also showed an ascending tendency in the ice-water ice-water mixed layer (near 8 km) presents a descending mixed layer with the enhancement of precipitation intensity. tendency. And the tendency of stretching downward for the 0e notable trend of stretching upward of the distribution of distribution of cloud droplets is also presented during the ice crystals and downward of the distribution of cloud eastward movement of TPV category, which is opposite to droplets was demonstrated in the number concentration the tendency of ice crystals. In addition, the average effective virtually during the eastward movement of the TPV category radius of cloud droplets showing increasing tendency near cloud clusters. 0e increasing tendency is also discovered in the ground (the average terrain height within A1, A2, and A3 the effective average radius of the ice crystals and cloud is different, and thus the baseline altitude of ground is droplets. 0e TBB on cloudtop is the direct parameter to 12 Advances in Meteorology 15 15 15 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 12 12 12 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 9 9 9 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 6 6 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 (a) (b) (c) 15 15 15 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 12 12 12 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 9 9 9 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 6 6 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 0 80 160 240 (d) (e) (f) Figure 11: ‹e vertical distribution of the number concentration of ice crystals corresponding to diŸerent types of TPV category cloud clusters over each key region: (a) iwc_TP (IC); (b) iwc_ESTP (IC); (c) iwc_MYR (IC); (d) iwc_TP (ILC); (e) iwc_ESTP (ILC); (f) iwc_MYR (ILC). ((a) TP, (b) ESTP, and (c) MYR represent the pure ice phase of the TPV category cloud clusters, and panels (d) TP, (e) ESTP. and (f) MYR represent the ice-water mixed-phase of TPV category; X-axis represents particles number concentration (unit: mg/m ); Y-axis represents altitude (unit: km); shaded color represents the percentage of frequency (unit: %); and red and yellow box represents the signi’cant discrepancy area)). 50 30 40 24 30 18 20 12 10 6 0 0 468 10 12 14 123456 TB-ILC TP-IC TB-ILC TP-IC ESTP-ILC ESTP-IC ESTP-ILC ESTP-IC MYR-ILC MYR-IC MYR-ILC MYR-IC (a) (b) Figure 12: ‹e vertical distribution of the average eŸective radius of diŸerent hydrometer particles corresponding to diŸerent types of TPV category cloud clusters in each key region: (a) eŸective radius of ice crystal particles; (b) eŸective radius of water-droplet particles ((a) ice crystals, (b) cloud droplets, the red legend represents the ice-water mixed-phase type, the black legend represents the pure ice phase type, X- axis represents altitude (unit: km), and Y-axis represents average eŸective radius (unit: μm)). Advances in Meteorology 13 10 10 10 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 8 8 8 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 6 6 6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 4 4 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 (a) (b) (c) 10 10 10 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 8 8 8 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 6 6 6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 4 4 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 (d) (e) (f) Figure 13: 0e vertical distribution of the number concentration of cloud droplets corresponding to different types of TPV category cloud clusters over each key region (same as above): (a) lwc_TP (IC); (b) lwc_ESTP (IC); (c) lwc_MYR (IC); (d) lwc_TP (ILC); (e) lwc_ESTP (ILC); (f) lwc_MYR (ILC). describe the convection intensity, and the concentration of function relationship among them cannot be established, ice crystals showed an ascending tendency at the tropopause, and other meteorology factors related to the ambient con- but the concentration of cloud droplets showed the opposite dition should also be taken into account. tendency in ice-water mixed layer with the enhancement of 0is paper has partially revealed cloud features of one convection intensity. 0e discipline that stretching upward typical cloud defined as the eastward-moving TPV category of the distribution of ice crystals and downward of the cloud clusters. Although some significant conclusions have distribution of cloud droplets is the same as the former been drawn, a few defects is retained as follows: above all, the accuracy of CloudSat data is affected by data bias especially classification criterion based on the difference of pre- cipitation intensity, because the precipitation intensity and in the complex terrain region, it is essential to further revise convection intensity truly strengthened during the eastward the results and methods presented herein until satellite movement of the TPV category cloud clusters. Generally remote sensing technology is improved in future. Besides, as speaking, the conclusions drawn from the classification for the conclusions depended on the different classification criterion based on the cloudtop phase share some similarities criteria based on the difference of precipitation intensity and with that one based on precipitation intensity. Actually, convection intensity, it is maybe appropriate to adjust the these two parameters as two notable properties of the cloud scope of classification criteria, in order to conform with the clusters are closely related with each other. Despite some local climate characteristics, but the exact scope of classi- fication criteria of precipitation intensity and convection commonness achieved from these two different classification criteria, the discrepancies also exist practically. For example, intensity over the three different key regions needs further investigation. Finally, his paper just provided statistical when TPV category cloud clusters move eastward in the downstream of the TP area, the average effective radius of results of cloud features for the eastward-moving TPV cloud droplets presents opposite variation tendency shown category cloud clusters, and it hardly compares and analyzes in these two different classification criteria. In spite of a the disparities of the evolution mechanism among different significantly positive correlation between convection in- typical cases of eastward-moving TPV category cloud tensity and precipitation intensity in the cloud clusters [34], clusters, but the mechanism plays an extremely important the discrepancies discussed above indicate that convection role of the comprehension of inducement of heavy rain- intensity and precipitation intensity are not the only storms triggered by the eastward-moving TPV category dominant factors to determine the distribution of cloud cloud clusters in the downstream of Tibetan Plateau. As a result, it is essential to carry out further investigations on hydrometers possibly; in other words, although the three ones are associated and interacting mutually, the closed these scientific issues in future. 14 Advances in Meteorology [11] Y. G. Zheng, J. Chen, and P. J. 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