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Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements

Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { border-color: #260606 transparent transparent transparent; opacity:0.7; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=70)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=70); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg_if div.trangle { border-color: transparent transparent #260606 transparent ; opacity:0.7; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=70)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=70); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { width: 310px; } #banner { background-image: url('http://images.hindawi.com/journals/aot/aot.banner.jpg'); background-position: 50% 0;} Hindawi Publishing Corporation Home Journals About Us Advances in Optical Technologies About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents Journal Menu About this Journal · Abstracting and Indexing · Aims and Scope · Article Processing Charges · Articles in Press · Author Guidelines · Bibliographic Information · Citations to this Journal · Contact Information · Editorial Board · Editorial Workflow · Free eTOC Alerts · Publication Ethics · Reviewers Acknowledgment · Submit a Manuscript · Subscription Information · Table of Contents Open Special Issues · Published Special Issues · Special Issue Guidelines Abstract Full-Text PDF Full-Text HTML Full-Text ePUB Linked References How to Cite this Article Advances in Optical Technologies Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 780142, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/780142 Research Article Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements Abdolrasoul Gharaati 1 and Sayed Hasan Zahraei 2 1 Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran 2 Nanotechnology Research Institute of Salman Farsi University, P.O. Box 73196-73544, Kazerun, Iran Received 6 February 2014; Revised 14 April 2014; Accepted 15 April 2014; Published 12 May 2014 Academic Editor: José Luís Santos Copyright © 2014 Abdolrasoul Gharaati and Sayed Hasan Zahraei. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) waveguides with square lattice composed of dielectric rhombic cross-section elements in air background, by using plane wave expansion (PWE) method, are investigated. In order to study the change of photonic band gap (PBG) by changing of elongation of elements, the band structure of the used structure is plotted. We observe that the size of the PBG changes by variation of elongation of elements, but there is no any change in the magnitude of defect modes. However, the used structure does not have any TE defect modes but it has TM defect mode for any angle of elongation. So, the used structure can be used as optical polarizer. 1. Introduction PhCs are class of media represented by natural or artificial structures with periodic modulation of the refractive index [ 1 – 3 ]. Such optical media have some peculiar properties which gives an opportunity for a number of applications to be implemented on their basis. In 2D PhCs, the periodic modulation of the refractive index occurs in two directions, while in one other direction structure is uniform. When the refractive index contrast between elements of the PhC and background is high enough, a range of frequencies exists for which propagation is forbidden in the PhC and called photonic band gap (PBG). The PBG depends upon the arrangement and shape of elements of the PhC, fill factor, and dielectric contrast of the two mediums used in forming PhC. The most important feature of PhCs is ability to support spatially electromagnetic localized modes when a perfectly periodic PhC has spatial defects [ 4 – 6 ]. In recent years, a lot of researches are devoted to study 2D PhC with circular, square, and elliptic cross-section elements [ 7 , 8 ]. However, less work was devoted to study of PhC with rhombic cross-section elements. In this paper, we study band structure for 2D PhC waveguide with dielectric rhombic cross-section elements with a square lattice and how band structure is affected by elongating of elements. 2. PWE Method and Numerical Analysis We consider 2D PhC waveguide as shown in Figure 1(a) , consisting of a square lattice of GaAs rhombic cross-section elements in air background, having a lattice constant of nm. The rhombuses have side and a refractive index of [ 8 ]. The waveguide core is formed by substitution of a row of rhombuses with a row of different rhombuses with refractive index and side along the direction. Figure 1(b) shows the unit cell for the structure used which is composed of the elements as shown in Figure 1(c) [ 1 ]. Figure 1: (a) 2D PhC waveguide, (b) the unit cell of the 2D PhC waveguide, and (c) the element of the unit cell. To obtain the band structure of the considered 2D PhC waveguide, the PWE method has been employed [ 1 , 5 ]. Based on the symmetry considerations, the general form of the magnetic field vector of a TE-polarized mode and the electric field vector of a TM-polarized mode expanded into plane wave vector with respect to the 2D reciprocal lattice vector , labeled with a Bloch wave number , which is given by [ 1 ]. For TE-polarized mode, For TM-polarized mode, where , , , and are magnetic field vector, electric field vector, 2D reciprocal lattice vector, and plane wave vector, respectively. The sum and integral are taken over the first Brillouin zone of the 2D PhC waveguide used [ 1 , 5 ]. Solving Maxwell’s equations in CGS unit for the magnetic and electric fields leads to the following vector wave equations: where is the dielectric function of the unit cell. Substituting ( 1 ) in the vector wave ( 3 ) and ( 2 ) in the vector wave ( 4 ), we get two eigenvalue problems for the square of frequency for each polarized mode For TE-polarized mode, For TM-polarized mode, That is the Fourier expansion of the inverse dielectric function of 2D PhC waveguide that is written as That integral is taken over the unit cell in Figure 1(b) . For a given value of a Bloch wave number as propagation constant , ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) constitute two eigenvalue problems with respect to the square of frequency . Finally, using a trapezoidal approximation of the 1D integral and the numerical solutions for ( 5 ) and ( 6 ), we get the band structure of the structure used [ 1 ]. The computation method used for implementation of PWE method for 2D PhC waveguide is similar to the one which is used for the computation of the band structure of strictly periodic PhC. There is some essential difference in the structure parameters definitions [ 1 , 2 ]. First in 2D PhC waveguide the unit cell consists of several PhC elements rather than one. The defect of periodic structure is also introduced to form the waveguide core. Also, in case of 2D PhC band structure computation, we set the -path to pass through all high symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. However, as we have considered in this section, computation of the 2D PhC waveguide band structure requires transversal wave vector consideration only. The longitudinal component stays in this case for the propagation constant and the propagation constant is limited by the boundaries of the Brillouin zone. One more difference from strictly periodic PhC is the definition of the reciprocal lattice vectors set [ 1 – 3 ]. 3. Elongation of the Rhombuses According to Figure 2 , we can change the elongation angle that it makes with axis, for transformation of rhombuses. By changing of the elongation angle , when the definition of the unit cell is being made in discrete form by setting values of inversed dielectric function to mesh nodes, we define the borders of rhombuses in each element of the unit cell as function of the elongation angle as Figure 2: Schematic elongation angle that it makes with axis in the unit cell. And we change the elongation angle and get the band structure for any angle . 4. Band Structures First, we plot the band structure for the 2D PhC waveguide composed of square lattice of GaAs rhombic cross-section elements with side nm and refractive index in air background with a row of line defects, for both TE- and TM-polarized modes. The results are shown in Figure 3 for the elongation angle . The filled areas in Figure 3 are the continuum of states of the perfectly periodic 2D PhC which the 2D PhC waveguide is made from. All radiations with frequencies which hit these areas (with red color) will be able to propagate inside the PhC surrounding the waveguide core. But the radiations with frequencies which lie in the PBG (with white color) do not leak into the surrounding periodic media, so that radiations are guided through the waveguide core and are called defect modes [ 1 – 4 ]. Figure 3: Band structures for elongation angle for (a) TE-polarized mode and (b) TM-polarized mode. In order to study how band structure is affected by elongating of elements, we change the angle and plot the band structure for a few important angles of elongations. Figure 4 shows the band structures for the elongation angles for both TE- and TM-polarized modes. From numerical results in Figures 3 and 4 , it is evident that, by increasing the elongation angle, magnitude of defect modes will be constant, but the PBG width increases. Although, for the case TE, there is no defect mode, the structure can be used as optical polarizer waveguide (OPW), which has TM defect mode and does not have TE defect mode. So, the structure transmits one state of polarization and blocks TE defect mode [ 7 – 13 ]. Calculations were performed for two important angles of elongation and all our computational results for any angle confirm these results. Figure 4: Band structure for in (a) TE mode and (b) TM mode and for in (c) TE mode and (d) TM mode. 5. Conclusion Using PWE method, we have studied band structure for 2D PhC waveguide with dielectric rhombic cross-section elements in air background. Less works were devoted to study of PhC with rhombic cross-section elements. So, we considered variations of the elements elongation for the used structure. Numerical results show that, by increasing in the elongation of elements, magnitude of the defect modes remains constant but the size of PBG increases. Also, the used 2D PhC waveguide blocks TE defect mode and transmits TM modes. So, this kind of structure can be used as optical polarizer waveguide. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Acknowledgment This work has been financially supported by Payame Noor University (PNU) I. R. of Iran. References M. Skorobogatiy and J. Yang, Fundamentals of Photonic Crystal Guiding , Cambridge University Press, 2009. K. Sakoda, Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals , Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2001. J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystals Molding the Flow of Light , Princeton University Press, 2008. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonic , Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Y. Kalra and R. K. Sinha, “Photonic band gap engineering in 2D photonic crystals,” Pramana—Journal of Physics , vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 1155–1164, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus S. Robinson and R. Nakkeeran, “PCRR based band pass filter for C and L+U bands of ITU-T G.694.2 CWDM systems,” Optical and Photonic Journal , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 142–149, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar R. Stopper, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, R. M. De Ridder, E. Van Groesen, and F. P. H. Van Beckum, “Numerical studies of 2D photonic crystals: waveguides, coupling between waveguides and filters,” Optical and Quantum Electronics , vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 947–961, 2000. View at Scopus A. V. Dyogtyev, I. A. Sukhoivanov, and R. M. De La Rue, “Photonic band-gap maps for different two dimensionally periodic photonic crystal structures,” Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 107, no. 1, Article ID 013108, 7 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus R. K. Sinha and Y. Kalra, “Design of optical waveguide polarizer using photonic band gap,” Optics Express , vol. 14, no. 22, pp. 10790–10794, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus I. Guryev, I. A. Sukhoivanov, S. Alejandro-Izquierdo et al., “Analysis of integrated optics elements based on photonic crystals,” Revista Mexicana de Fisica , vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 453–458, 2006. View at Scopus T. Liu, A. R. Zakharian, M. Fallahi, J. V. Moloney, and M. Mansuripur, “Design of a compact photonic-crystal-based polarizing beam splitter,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters , vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1435–1437, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus M. Bayindir, E. Cubukcu, I. Bulu, T. Tut, E. Ozbay, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Photonic band gaps, defect characteristics, and waveguiding in two-dimensional disordered dielectric and metallic photonic crystals,” Physical Review B , vol. 64, no. 19, Article ID 195113, 7 pages, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus M. J. A. De Dood, E. Snoeks, A. Moroz, and A. Polman, “Design and optimization of 2D photonic crystal waveguides based on silicon,” Optical and Quantum Electronics , vol. 34, no. 1–3, pp. 145–159, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-8578054-2']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function () { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Advances in Optical Technologies Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements

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Copyright © 2014 Abdolrasoul Gharaati and Sayed Hasan Zahraei.
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Abstract

Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { border-color: #260606 transparent transparent transparent; opacity:0.7; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=70)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=70); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg_if div.trangle { border-color: transparent transparent #260606 transparent ; opacity:0.7; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=70)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=70); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { width: 310px; } #banner { background-image: url('http://images.hindawi.com/journals/aot/aot.banner.jpg'); background-position: 50% 0;} Hindawi Publishing Corporation Home Journals About Us Advances in Optical Technologies About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents Journal Menu About this Journal · Abstracting and Indexing · Aims and Scope · Article Processing Charges · Articles in Press · Author Guidelines · Bibliographic Information · Citations to this Journal · Contact Information · Editorial Board · Editorial Workflow · Free eTOC Alerts · Publication Ethics · Reviewers Acknowledgment · Submit a Manuscript · Subscription Information · Table of Contents Open Special Issues · Published Special Issues · Special Issue Guidelines Abstract Full-Text PDF Full-Text HTML Full-Text ePUB Linked References How to Cite this Article Advances in Optical Technologies Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 780142, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/780142 Research Article Band Structure Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Rhombic Cross-Section Elements Abdolrasoul Gharaati 1 and Sayed Hasan Zahraei 2 1 Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran 2 Nanotechnology Research Institute of Salman Farsi University, P.O. Box 73196-73544, Kazerun, Iran Received 6 February 2014; Revised 14 April 2014; Accepted 15 April 2014; Published 12 May 2014 Academic Editor: José Luís Santos Copyright © 2014 Abdolrasoul Gharaati and Sayed Hasan Zahraei. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) waveguides with square lattice composed of dielectric rhombic cross-section elements in air background, by using plane wave expansion (PWE) method, are investigated. In order to study the change of photonic band gap (PBG) by changing of elongation of elements, the band structure of the used structure is plotted. We observe that the size of the PBG changes by variation of elongation of elements, but there is no any change in the magnitude of defect modes. However, the used structure does not have any TE defect modes but it has TM defect mode for any angle of elongation. So, the used structure can be used as optical polarizer. 1. Introduction PhCs are class of media represented by natural or artificial structures with periodic modulation of the refractive index [ 1 – 3 ]. Such optical media have some peculiar properties which gives an opportunity for a number of applications to be implemented on their basis. In 2D PhCs, the periodic modulation of the refractive index occurs in two directions, while in one other direction structure is uniform. When the refractive index contrast between elements of the PhC and background is high enough, a range of frequencies exists for which propagation is forbidden in the PhC and called photonic band gap (PBG). The PBG depends upon the arrangement and shape of elements of the PhC, fill factor, and dielectric contrast of the two mediums used in forming PhC. The most important feature of PhCs is ability to support spatially electromagnetic localized modes when a perfectly periodic PhC has spatial defects [ 4 – 6 ]. In recent years, a lot of researches are devoted to study 2D PhC with circular, square, and elliptic cross-section elements [ 7 , 8 ]. However, less work was devoted to study of PhC with rhombic cross-section elements. In this paper, we study band structure for 2D PhC waveguide with dielectric rhombic cross-section elements with a square lattice and how band structure is affected by elongating of elements. 2. PWE Method and Numerical Analysis We consider 2D PhC waveguide as shown in Figure 1(a) , consisting of a square lattice of GaAs rhombic cross-section elements in air background, having a lattice constant of nm. The rhombuses have side and a refractive index of [ 8 ]. The waveguide core is formed by substitution of a row of rhombuses with a row of different rhombuses with refractive index and side along the direction. Figure 1(b) shows the unit cell for the structure used which is composed of the elements as shown in Figure 1(c) [ 1 ]. Figure 1: (a) 2D PhC waveguide, (b) the unit cell of the 2D PhC waveguide, and (c) the element of the unit cell. To obtain the band structure of the considered 2D PhC waveguide, the PWE method has been employed [ 1 , 5 ]. Based on the symmetry considerations, the general form of the magnetic field vector of a TE-polarized mode and the electric field vector of a TM-polarized mode expanded into plane wave vector with respect to the 2D reciprocal lattice vector , labeled with a Bloch wave number , which is given by [ 1 ]. For TE-polarized mode, For TM-polarized mode, where , , , and are magnetic field vector, electric field vector, 2D reciprocal lattice vector, and plane wave vector, respectively. The sum and integral are taken over the first Brillouin zone of the 2D PhC waveguide used [ 1 , 5 ]. Solving Maxwell’s equations in CGS unit for the magnetic and electric fields leads to the following vector wave equations: where is the dielectric function of the unit cell. Substituting ( 1 ) in the vector wave ( 3 ) and ( 2 ) in the vector wave ( 4 ), we get two eigenvalue problems for the square of frequency for each polarized mode For TE-polarized mode, For TM-polarized mode, That is the Fourier expansion of the inverse dielectric function of 2D PhC waveguide that is written as That integral is taken over the unit cell in Figure 1(b) . For a given value of a Bloch wave number as propagation constant , ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) constitute two eigenvalue problems with respect to the square of frequency . Finally, using a trapezoidal approximation of the 1D integral and the numerical solutions for ( 5 ) and ( 6 ), we get the band structure of the structure used [ 1 ]. The computation method used for implementation of PWE method for 2D PhC waveguide is similar to the one which is used for the computation of the band structure of strictly periodic PhC. There is some essential difference in the structure parameters definitions [ 1 , 2 ]. First in 2D PhC waveguide the unit cell consists of several PhC elements rather than one. The defect of periodic structure is also introduced to form the waveguide core. Also, in case of 2D PhC band structure computation, we set the -path to pass through all high symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. However, as we have considered in this section, computation of the 2D PhC waveguide band structure requires transversal wave vector consideration only. The longitudinal component stays in this case for the propagation constant and the propagation constant is limited by the boundaries of the Brillouin zone. One more difference from strictly periodic PhC is the definition of the reciprocal lattice vectors set [ 1 – 3 ]. 3. Elongation of the Rhombuses According to Figure 2 , we can change the elongation angle that it makes with axis, for transformation of rhombuses. By changing of the elongation angle , when the definition of the unit cell is being made in discrete form by setting values of inversed dielectric function to mesh nodes, we define the borders of rhombuses in each element of the unit cell as function of the elongation angle as Figure 2: Schematic elongation angle that it makes with axis in the unit cell. And we change the elongation angle and get the band structure for any angle . 4. Band Structures First, we plot the band structure for the 2D PhC waveguide composed of square lattice of GaAs rhombic cross-section elements with side nm and refractive index in air background with a row of line defects, for both TE- and TM-polarized modes. The results are shown in Figure 3 for the elongation angle . The filled areas in Figure 3 are the continuum of states of the perfectly periodic 2D PhC which the 2D PhC waveguide is made from. All radiations with frequencies which hit these areas (with red color) will be able to propagate inside the PhC surrounding the waveguide core. But the radiations with frequencies which lie in the PBG (with white color) do not leak into the surrounding periodic media, so that radiations are guided through the waveguide core and are called defect modes [ 1 – 4 ]. Figure 3: Band structures for elongation angle for (a) TE-polarized mode and (b) TM-polarized mode. In order to study how band structure is affected by elongating of elements, we change the angle and plot the band structure for a few important angles of elongations. Figure 4 shows the band structures for the elongation angles for both TE- and TM-polarized modes. From numerical results in Figures 3 and 4 , it is evident that, by increasing the elongation angle, magnitude of defect modes will be constant, but the PBG width increases. Although, for the case TE, there is no defect mode, the structure can be used as optical polarizer waveguide (OPW), which has TM defect mode and does not have TE defect mode. So, the structure transmits one state of polarization and blocks TE defect mode [ 7 – 13 ]. Calculations were performed for two important angles of elongation and all our computational results for any angle confirm these results. Figure 4: Band structure for in (a) TE mode and (b) TM mode and for in (c) TE mode and (d) TM mode. 5. Conclusion Using PWE method, we have studied band structure for 2D PhC waveguide with dielectric rhombic cross-section elements in air background. Less works were devoted to study of PhC with rhombic cross-section elements. So, we considered variations of the elements elongation for the used structure. Numerical results show that, by increasing in the elongation of elements, magnitude of the defect modes remains constant but the size of PBG increases. Also, the used 2D PhC waveguide blocks TE defect mode and transmits TM modes. So, this kind of structure can be used as optical polarizer waveguide. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Acknowledgment This work has been financially supported by Payame Noor University (PNU) I. R. of Iran. References M. Skorobogatiy and J. Yang, Fundamentals of Photonic Crystal Guiding , Cambridge University Press, 2009. K. Sakoda, Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals , Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2001. J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystals Molding the Flow of Light , Princeton University Press, 2008. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonic , Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Y. Kalra and R. K. Sinha, “Photonic band gap engineering in 2D photonic crystals,” Pramana—Journal of Physics , vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 1155–1164, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus S. Robinson and R. Nakkeeran, “PCRR based band pass filter for C and L+U bands of ITU-T G.694.2 CWDM systems,” Optical and Photonic Journal , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 142–149, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar R. Stopper, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, R. M. De Ridder, E. Van Groesen, and F. P. H. Van Beckum, “Numerical studies of 2D photonic crystals: waveguides, coupling between waveguides and filters,” Optical and Quantum Electronics , vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 947–961, 2000. View at Scopus A. V. Dyogtyev, I. A. Sukhoivanov, and R. M. De La Rue, “Photonic band-gap maps for different two dimensionally periodic photonic crystal structures,” Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 107, no. 1, Article ID 013108, 7 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus R. K. Sinha and Y. Kalra, “Design of optical waveguide polarizer using photonic band gap,” Optics Express , vol. 14, no. 22, pp. 10790–10794, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus I. Guryev, I. A. Sukhoivanov, S. Alejandro-Izquierdo et al., “Analysis of integrated optics elements based on photonic crystals,” Revista Mexicana de Fisica , vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 453–458, 2006. View at Scopus T. Liu, A. R. Zakharian, M. Fallahi, J. V. Moloney, and M. Mansuripur, “Design of a compact photonic-crystal-based polarizing beam splitter,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters , vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1435–1437, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus M. Bayindir, E. Cubukcu, I. Bulu, T. Tut, E. Ozbay, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Photonic band gaps, defect characteristics, and waveguiding in two-dimensional disordered dielectric and metallic photonic crystals,” Physical Review B , vol. 64, no. 19, Article ID 195113, 7 pages, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus M. J. A. De Dood, E. Snoeks, A. Moroz, and A. Polman, “Design and optimization of 2D photonic crystal waveguides based on silicon,” Optical and Quantum Electronics , vol. 34, no. 1–3, pp. 145–159, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-8578054-2']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function () { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })();

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Advances in Optical TechnologiesHindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: May 12, 2014

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