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Augmented Reality Research of Measuring X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Based on Computer Image Analysis System

Augmented Reality Research of Measuring X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Based on Computer Image... Hindawi Journal of Healthcare Engineering Volume 2021, Article ID 5571862, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5571862 Research Article Augmented Reality Research of Measuring X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Based on Computer Image Analysis System 1 1 1 2 Chunfeng Wang, Caigang Peng, Yepo Hou, and Minmin Chen Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China Department of Endodontic, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital Xiangya School of Stomatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China Correspondence should be addressed to Minmin Chen; chenminmin@stu.cpu.edu.cn Received 6 January 2021; Revised 15 February 2021; Accepted 1 March 2021; Published 18 March 2021 Academic Editor: Zhihan Lv Copyright © 2021 Chunfeng Wang et al. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. )e important application of computer imaging technology in the medical field is a necessary auxiliary method for clinical diagnosis and treatment. At present, many people are affected by various factors and have various problems caused by the dental cellular bone. Traditional treatment methods are complex and long, which can cause damage to body tissues. Based on this problem, this paper takes the augmented reality measurement of X-ray dental film as the research object. Based on the in-depth measurement algorithm of the computer image analysis system, two three-dimensional reconstruction methods based on the center of gravity and the matching of the front and side positions are proposed. )ese two methods only need two X-rays of the front and side of the dental film, the three-dimensional parameters are obtained through calculation and analysis of each spine in the X-ray film, and these parameters are used to fit the dental alveolar bone model. )e experimental results prove that the computer-based image analysis system has a great effect on the measurement of X-ray dental film alveolar bone. )e positive correlation coefficient reaches 0.87. Compared with the cerebral infarction caused by other methods, the proportion of people with dental film alveolar bone injury is about 15%; after treatment, the functional recovery rate reaches more than 80%. Studies have found that there is a great difference in the age of the population that needs to be treated for dental slices and alveolar bone. )e grade of patients is generally under 20 and over 60. )is shows that the measurement of X-ray dental film alveolar bone based on computer image analysis system can play an important role in protecting people’s oral health. the three-dimensional visualization of medical images plays 1. Introduction an increasingly important role in measuring the augmented With continued progress and development of computer reality of X-ray dental film alveolar bone and has gradually technology, virtual reality technology [1], graphics tech- become an important auxiliary method for medical diag- nology, and image processing technology, computer imag- nosis and treatment. )rough the computer’s image analysis ing technology has emerged. In the field of image processing, system, the doctor can more sensitively observe the shape, computer image analysis technology is one of the current size, position, and deformation of the cellular bone, which is research points of access and is widely used in many areas suitable for the doctor to make an accurate, scientific, and such as geological research, finite data analysis, and medi- logical diagnosis and treatment, which can improve the cine. Computer imaging technology has changed the tra- efficiency of work [3]. ditional way of displaying things and improved people’s Traditional medical treatment methods are relatively ability of analyzing and understanding complex things. It intuitionistic and are closely related to the doctor’s expe- has important research significance. )e medical field is the rience. Insufficient experience can easily lead to misdiag- earliest application of computer image analysis [2]. With the nosis and serious life threatening [4]. )e family members of continuous advancement of medical imaging technology, patients have difficulty in understanding, which increases 2 Journal of Healthcare Engineering can not only stably increase the accumulation height of the the difficulty of communication between doctors and pa- tients, and to a certain extent restricts the effective diagnosis material for promoting bone regeneration in the vertical direction [12], but also solve the problem that the material and treatment of diseases. People are eagerly seeking a technology that can visually display the effect of lesions to cannot accumulate in the horizontal alveolar bone resorp- assist medical diagnosis. )e rapid development of com- tion and realize the effective filling of the bone defect to puter technology, computer vision, and computer graphics promote the alveolar bone regeneration. has enabled the medical image computer image analysis system to move from vision to reality [5, 6]. 2. Computer Image Analysis System Measures Ying Liang believes that computer imaging plays an the Alveolar Bone Method of X-Ray extremely important role in hospital internships, which can Dental Film truly improve the comprehensive medical skills of doctors in all aspects. Because the traditional medical teaching method 2.1. Computer Imaging. In computer imaging technology, is passed on by word of mouth, all aspects of knowledge are linear filtering and nonlinear filtering are used. Linear filtering extremely complicated, and medical students are more fa- methods include high and low gradient filtering and medium miliar with it. Difficulties lead to high costs, and computer sector filtering [6]. )e principle of this method is simple and images can be displayed in a very three-dimensional and easy to apply, but the edges or details of the image will be intuitive way when teaching, reducing the difficulty of blurred during processing [13]. Commonly used nonlinear learning, improving the learning ability of medical students, filtering methods are median filtering, wavelet transform and comprehensively improving the skills of doctors [7]; filtering, and filtering based on diffusion equation. Median Zhao Ruohan believes that computers have achieved good filtering has a good suppression effect on impulse noise and application effects in various fields and they can also im- can better retain the edge information of the image, but it is a prove the basis for diagnosis and treatment in medical window-based filtering method that requires all pixels to be images. He designed a medical image-assisted analysis sorted, so it is time-consuming and the algorithm execution system based on computer images [8]. )rough relevant efficiency is low [14]. Wavelet transform filtering is to first examinations of patients, comparing the results of other transform the original image into the wavelet domain, then diagnosis and treatment methods, it is concluded that the discard signals of certain scales, and finally makes thorough results of the analysis system are correct. He believes that the inverse transform to remove image noise. Among them, the image analysis system can provide a good assistance to choice of threshold, wavelet basis, and wavelet decomposition doctors in diagnosis and treatment and provide a new idea scale will directly affect the filtering effect of the image [15]. for teaching [9]; Guo Anmin uses computer X-ray pho- For images, it is difficult to choose an appropriate value. tography to count the internal dental films of more than one Filtering based on the diffusion equation takes the original hundred patients and clearly obtains the situation in the image as the initial value and selects the effective diffusion population. For different angles and exposures, the X-ray coefficient according to the image feature information to imaging time is different, and the images can be clearly control the diffusion behavior of the diffusion equation. )is understood after imaging. Compared with the traditional not only smoothens the image, but also preserves the feature diagnosis and treatment methods, it reduces the time and information of the image [16]. money required for the patient’s teeth and is suitable for use in various hospitals [10]. )ese studies have a certain ref- 􏽢 􏽢 I � I + k I − I . (1) 􏼐 􏼑 s s s n n erence basis for this article, but, due to insufficient samples of these studies, too much emphasis on theories, and un- In the formula, s is the two-dimensional coordinates of reasonable practical programs, the research has too many the pixels in the image, I is the filtered image, I is the s s variables and the conclusions are unconvincing. average value of the pixels in the filter window, and k is the )is research provides a new idea for the clinical adaptive filter coefficient obtained according to the local treatment of alveolar bone defects. Based on the computer noise statistics. )e filter is based on the isotropic diffusion image analysis system to measure the alveolar bone of the equation, and the diffusion coefficients in the four directions X-ray dental film, it can fully demonstrate the clinical al- are all k . veolar bone resorption and reduce the alveolar bone caused Medical image analysis technology uses the lighting by the doctor’s empirical simulation of the three-dimen- model to directly display volume data without the need to sional structure diagnosis of defect. Using the computer construct intermediate geometric prototypes and has greater image analysis system, the alveolar bone repair bracket that accuracy. Since the three-dimensional data field is not fully matches the shape of the patient’s defect area and the pore fragmented, the amount of the calculation is large, the real- structure is adjustable and can be quickly formed in a short time performance is low, but completeness is better [17]. )e time to achieve personalized customization [11]. )e ma- image can be cut, displayed, and measured based on voxel terial used in the study is a natural material that is similar in values. In the implementation process, it is necessary to use composition to alveolar bone and biodegradable and pro- an optical model to explain how the three-dimensional motes bone regeneration without the need for secondary discrete data field generates, reflects, blocks, and scatters surgery to remove it, reducing the risk of secondary in- light [18], so the reasonable selection of the optical model is fections in patients. In addition, the design of a bone defect an important factor in determining the effect of image scaffold with a matching shape and good structural strength rendering [19]. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 3 damage, and postoperative recurrence reached 70% [23]. In ΔI ρ∗ E∗Δs∗ β (2) � � ρ∗Δs∗ β. addition, the placement of the intraoral retractor can cause I E discomfort to the patient. In guided tissue regeneration, the When Δs is approaching 0, membrane material is used as a barrier to establish an en- vironment for implant placement and new bone regenera- dI (3) � −ρ(s)∗ β∗ I(s) � −κ(s)∗ I(s). tion. However, accidental exposure of the membrane may ds cause secondary infections, leading to failure of alveolar As the model’s lighting conditions change, the image will bone regeneration. also change with the discovery At present, although many scholars have made various attempts to prepare personalized scaffolds according to the I(s) � I exp􏼒− 􏽚 κ(t)dt􏼓, 0 shape of the patient’s bone defect, they have not yet prepared (4) a scaffold that can truly replicate the patient’s specific al- veolar bone defect [24]. Measuring X-ray dental film alveolar t(s) � exp􏼒− 􏽚 κ(t)dt􏼓. bone is based on a computer image analysis system as a new digital molding technology, based on the principle of dis- From this, we can see crete/stacking, using biological materials or biological units (cells, proteins, etc.) as raw materials to construct a specific z � 1 − t(s) � 1 − exp􏼒− 􏽚 κ(t)dt􏼓. (5) external shape and complex internal structure and func- tional three-dimensional structure. Compared with the When Δs is approaching zero, use the following dif- traditional molding process, it uses computer-aided tech- ferential equation to illustrate the change of light intensity: nology to design personalized implants and realizes the dI control of the pore structure and prepares a three-dimen- � T(s)∗ ρ(s)∗ A � T(s)∗ κ(s), ds sional structure with almost the same macrostructure and (6) defect structure, which provides for personalized defect alveolar bone repair new solution ideas and exploration I(s) � I + 􏽚 g(t)dt. directions [25]. From each pixel of the screen image, a ray of light passes 􏽐 􏼐x ∗ x 􏼑 through the volume data field and intersects it, samples this a,b b,0 ⎢ j�1 ⎥ ⎡ ⎢ ⎤ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ δ � st cos⎣ ⎦, 1/2 1/2 ray according to a reasonable sampling interval to obtain a 3 3 2 2 x ∗ x 􏼐􏽐 􏼑 􏼐􏽐 􏼑 b�1 i,j b�1 j,0 series of sampling points, and then performs processing based on the eight data points closest to this sampling point. W − min W 􏼁 ab b )e color value and opacity value of the sampling point are W � , ab max W − min W 􏼁 b b obtained by interpolation operation [20]; finally, the color value and opacity of all the sampling points on the light are ab accumulated in a front-to-back or back-to-front manner, X � , ab n ∗ 􏽐 S and the emitted light can be obtained, the color of the screen a�1 ab pixels of the light [21]. (7) v � −1nm 􏽘 X ∗1nX , b ab ab a�1 2.2. X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Measurement. Alveolar bone, as the main structure of periodontal support k � 1 − v , b b tissue, plays an important role in the occurrence, develop- ment, and eruption of teeth and daily chewing. For dental p � , implant patients, sufficient bone mass in the implant area is a b n 􏽐 k b�1 b prerequisite for implant placement and it is also a key factor to ensure successful implantation. )erefore, repairing of 1/2 1/2 3 3 2 2 alveolar bone defects caused by severe periodontal disease ⎛ ⎝ ⎞ ⎠ ⎛ ⎝ ⎞ ⎠ G � p ∗ S + 􏽘 x ∗ 􏽘 x . ab b ab i,j j,0 has become an important part of dental implant surgery b�1 b�1 [22]. At present, the commonly used clinical methods to repair the defect of the alveolar bone in the implantation area )e algorithm simulates the projection of light through include autologous bone transplantation, traction osteo- a preset light source, determines the extent to which the genesis, and guided tissue regeneration. Autologous bone light reaches each voxel, and is emitted or absorbed by the transplantation is the gold standard for alveolar bone re- voxel. )en, calculate the meaning of the object that can be generation, but there are problems such as limited sources seen from the current observation point relative to the and poor remodeling. At the same time, studies have shown observation plane position and simulate the light projec- that the complication rate of using combined mandibular tion from the observation point [26]. Determine the grafts is 33%–70%. In the treatment of alveolar bone traction amount of emitted light, the color, and the amount of absorption from the scalar data by using a colormap osteogenesis, complications caused by infection, accidental fractures, soft tissue problems, traction disk tilt, nerve containing alpha values. 4 Journal of Healthcare Engineering philosophical issues generated by augmented reality tech- Periodontal disease is one of the two main types of human oral diseases, with an incidence rate of 80–90% in the nology involve many fields such as practice theory, media theory, epistemology, ethics, and sociology. Its unique population. Mild periodontal disease will have symptoms such as bad mouth odor, bleeding gums, and inflammation. technical characteristics and practical methods have pro- As the disease deepens, periodontal pockets will form duced different depths of effectiveness in multiple chewing weakness or pain and even tooth displacement and disciplines. loss will occur including a serious pathological change, )e characteristics of augmented reality technology namely, alveolar bone resorption [27]. Alveolar bone is the make philosophers start to pay more attention to some protruding part of the upper and lower jaw bone sur- traditional philosophical theories, such as the study of ontology and thinking about the nature of the world. Some rounding the tooth root. It plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and eruption of the tooth body brand-new philosophical ideas have emerged at the historic moment. Aiming at the technical characteristics of aug- and daily chewing. Alveolar bone is a part of human bone tissue, mainly composed of inorganic and organic compo- mented reality that can construct a brand-new virtual environment, some scholars have put forward the idea that nents. Among them, calcium phosphate-based inorganic components accounted for 2/3 of the dry weight of the bone “computing” is the essence of the world [33]. For example, matrix and collagen fibers composed of cellulose, adhesives, the American philosopher Steinhart proposed digital and mucopolysaccharide-based organic components metaphysics; Zhai Zhenming, a philosophy professor at accounted for 1/3. Human bone tissue has the ability of self- Sun Yat-sen University in my country, proposed a new repairing to a certain extent, but the repair of serious bone ethics “world-making ethics” and so on. Facing the con- defects caused by trauma, congenital malformations, bone tinuous innovation of technology, philosophical thinking cannot stop but should lead to and correct the new lesions, etc. requires surgical diagnosis and treatment [28]. Although the existing repair methods for alveolar bone technology [34]. Since the advent of the Internet, virtual practice and defects such as autologous bone grafting, distraction osteogenesis, and membrane-guided tissue regeneration augmented reality technology have attracted much atten- tion [35]. )rough virtual practice and augmented reality have been widely used clinically, they all have certain lim- itations. In recent years, with the expansion of tissue en- technology, mankind has broken through material pro- gineering in the field of stomatology, the construction of duction practice, social practice, and scientific practice, bone tissue engineering scaffolds is expected to become a expanded the scope of practice, increased the objects of new technology for the restoration of alveolar bone defects. knowledge, and improved the practical ability. )e de- velopment of augmented reality technology has added new vitality to virtual practice. If virtual practice is a practice 2.3. Augmented Reality Technology. )e continuous devel- that creates possibilities, then augmented reality practice is opment of augmented reality technology has deepened the a practice that transforms any possibility into reality. In the connotation of virtual practice. In essence, the practice of virtual environment, any condition becomes controllable. augmented reality technology is still transforming things in Human beings are no longer restricted by physiological, objective reality into digital image symbols through pho- natural, and social factors and get rid of the shackles of toelectric and other means and then expressing them in material conditions. )e digital symbols with bits as the virtual space to come out [29]. But different from the usual unit abstract the original concrete things. In reality, the virtual practice is that the practice in augmented reality function of things is separated from the material carrier of makes the practice subject completely immersed in a virtual the thing, and its function can be used alone anytime and environment that can obtain real feelings, and, through anywhere without being restricted by the material carrier. sophisticated sensing technology, people can obtain vision, )is is no exception for humans. Augmented reality pulls hearing, touch, and smell that are the same as reality. And human senses and consciousness out of the body, realizing the comprehensive feeling of kinesiology and then the truly beyond the limits of time and space. motion tracker of each part of the human body will feedback 4 4 t t 1 2 the subject’s feedback into the virtual space [30] and cy- q � β∗ z∗ 􏼢􏼒 􏼓 − 􏼒 􏼓 􏼣, 100 100 clically interact. (8) Augmented reality technology has brought about Q � A T − T 􏼁 . changes in human working life, entertainment and leisure, n m n and practices. It has also brought about social problems such as excessive indulgence, health effects, violence, and value Ian White, the responsible editor of the manufacturing orientation and has spawned the evolution of philosophy. section of the “Engineering” website once said: “Factory )e traditional philosophy of technology tends to study the planning, automation, assembly, maintenance, and training various social effects of technology, but at the same time the can all benefit from augmented reality.” As technology development of technology will also have an impact on the continues to advance, augmented reality has become a philosophy system. Affected by augmented reality tech- practical tool for the manufacturing industry. Goldman nology, branches of philosophical fields such as artificial Sachs Global Investment predicted in a report that, by 2025, intelligence philosophy, virtual reality philosophy, and ar- the revenue of augmented reality technology in the indus- tificial life philosophy continue to appear [31, 32]. )e trial sector will reach approximately US$4.7 billion. )is is Journal of Healthcare Engineering 5 undoubtedly an important contribution to advanced reality Gender technology in the industrial sector. )e use value is the best confirmation. In addition to limiting costs and completing Age of visit construction, the increased reality can also improve the Symptoms at visit impact of industrial planning and the effectiveness of training skills. Increased reality has become the most likely Auxiliary examination one to bring about the fourth industrial revolution. One of the most advanced technologies is that the age of industry Figure 1: Experimental inspection items. 4.0 came to us [36]. 3. Computer Image Analysis System to Measure greater than zero but less than 1, and the sum of the weights of all first-level indicators must be equal to 1; that is, satisfy the Alveolar Bone Experiment of X-Ray conditions 0< a<1 and a −1. Dental Film 3.1. Research Objects. Taking patients with dental film al- 3.4. Statistics. All data analysis in this article uses SPSS19.0, veolar bone problems in a city hospital as the experimental statistical test uses two-sided test, significance is defined as subjects, collect their clinical data (gender, age at diagnosis 0.05, and p<0.05 is considered significant. )e statistical or diagnosis, clinical symptoms and signs at admission, results are displayed as mean±standard deviation (x±SD). auxiliary examinations, etc.) and follow up consultations When the test data follows a normal distribution, the double and outpatient visits. Perform retrospective analysis on the T test is used for comparison within the group, and the collected data and draw conclusions. )e process is shown in independent sample T test is used for comparison between Figure 1. the groups. If the regular distribution is insufficient, two independent samples and two related samples will be used 3.2. Establish a Model Evaluation Index System. Definite for inspection. )e calculation formula is as follows: 􏽶������������������ conclusions can be drawn through actual observation of objects. Generally speaking, the evaluation index system d � 􏽘 w ∗ r − uq 􏼁 , includes three levels of evaluation indexes: they are the n nm m m�1 relationship between gradual decomposition and refine- ment. Among them, the first-level evaluation indicators and the second-level evaluation indicators are relatively abstract 1 d � , (9) and cannot be used as a direct basis for evaluation. )e third- 1 + d r , uq􏼁 level evaluation indicators should be specific, measurable, 􏽶����������������������������� and behavior-oriented and can be used as a direct basis for a�x 2 􏽐 Rf W c 􏼁􏼁 − Rf W c 􏼁􏼁 􏼁 teaching evaluation. a 0 a a�1 P � . a�x 2 Full methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis: 􏽐 RfW c 􏼁􏼁 0 a a�1 quantitative analysis is the analysis of the data of the problem, using the intuition and clear substance of math- ematics to reflect the existence of the problem. )e quality of 4. Computer Image Analysis System to Measure the collection, reading, and organisation of relevant do- X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Experiment mestic and foreign research libraries systematically sum- marise the relevant theoretical results. )e evaluation 4.1. Distribution of Patients. We conducted a survey on criteria of green supply chain performance are complex and patients in 6 plus dental hospitals in this city. )rough on- diverse [37], including not only financial standards but also site interviews with doctors and access to relevant diagnostic other nonfinancial standards. Some standards cannot be data, we conducted relevant statistics on patients. In order to directly analyzed in a quantitative way but can only be facilitate comparison, we grouped patients by age and evaluated by qualitative analysis. Green supply system the gender to make the data more clearly; the specific statistical performance evaluation standard system of the company is results are shown in Table 1. constructed using a model that combines quantitative and From Figure 2, we can see that, in terms of patient’s age, qualitative analysis methods [38]. At the same time, it the majority of patients are under 24 years old and over 60 provides formulas for standard calculation and evaluation years old and this proportion is more than 60%. )is is standards. because the teeth of teenagers and the elderly are not as strong as others. In the first grade, the teeth and alveolar 3.3. Determine the Evaluation Weight. )e index weight is a bone are easily damaged. On the whole, the alveolar bone of numerical index indicating the importance and function of male dental slices is more vulnerable to injury than that of the index. In the indicator system of the evaluation plan, the females. )e ratio of male to female patients in these hos- weight of each indicator is different. Even if the indicator pitals is about 6.5:3.5. We also made relevant statistics on level is the same, the weight is different. Index weight is also the treatment plans adopted by patients (3), as shown in called weight and is usually represented by a. It is a number Table 2. Rheumatoid factor 6 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Table 1: Patient distribution. 0–12 13–24 25–36 37–46 47–60 Over 60 Male Female First hospital 28 24 26 14 17 27 76 60 Second hospital 33 29 23 21 16 31 94 59 )ird hospital 38 25 16 17 13 28 83 54 Fourth hospital 35 24 16 14 11 25 69 56 Fifth hospital 27 29 17 15 13 33 74 60 Sixth hospital 27 25 15 12 15 24 67 51 40 120 35 33 29 29 30 28 27 27 25 25 24 24 20 60 60 59 17 14 14 0 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital Different hospitals 0–12 13–24 25–36 37–46 47–60 Over 60 years old Figure 2: Patient’s age and sex distribution. Number of people 0 102030405060 40 25 20 27 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital Different hospitals Surface tomography Cone beam 3D model Image comparison Computer image CT image Figure 3: Number of different treatment methods. Table 2: Distribution of treatment methods. Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image First hospital 31 36 31 35 23 21 Second hospital 36 28 24 28 22 32 )ird hospital 42 27 44 28 24 34 Fourth hospital 49 44 34 32 29 43 Fifth hospital 29 37 43 45 35 25 Sixth hospital 27 35 39 42 27 24 Number of patients Number of patients Number of male and female patients Journal of Healthcare Engineering 7 Table 3: Treatment efficiency. Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image 0–12 4.36 3.83 3.79 3.82 4.06 4.15 13–24 4.84 4.34 4.82 4.94 4.25 5.22 25–36 4.87 5.19 5.12 5.36 5.07 5.8 37–46 5.22 5.88 5.62 5.79 5.88 6.45 47–60 5.88 5.88 5.99 6.21 6.29 6.06 Over 60 6.44 6.9 6.41 6.87 6.91 7.7 9 9 6.87 6.9 6.41 6.21 5.99 6.44 5.88 5.88 5.79 5.62 6 5.88 5.36 5.19 5.12 4.94 5.22 4.82 4.84 4.87 4.34 4.36 3.79 3.83 3.82 0–12 13–24 25–36 37–46 47–60 Over 60 Years Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image 3D model CT image Cone beam Figure 4: Patient treatment effect. According to Table 3, we can see that patients currently with a leading margin of 18%. In the case of errors and have a variety of options for treatment of alveolar bone underreporting, based on computer imaging, the error of injury and it is not the first choice for patients to measure the measurement is much smaller than other solutions, about alveolar bone based on computer image analysis. )rough 30% lower, which shows that the method based on computer the survey, it is found that the preferred treatment method image measurement can play an important role in dental for patients is CBCT, which accounts for 30% of the sur- diagnosis and treatment. veyed population, and computer image analysis accounts for 12%. )is shows that the method of measuring the alveolar 4.3. Changes in Treatment. We have made statistics on the bone of X-ray dental film based on computer image analysis range of changes in the measurement methods of dental needs to be strengthened. indentation bone in recent years and digitized the data through the model to make the data clear. From it, we can 4.2. Measurement Effect. )rough the comparison of pa- see the changes in the measurement technology over time. tients before and after treatment, we found a treatment plan )e specific data are shown in Table 5. with better treatment effect, and the treatment effect was From Figure 6, we can see that various treatment digitized through the model to facilitate comparison. )e methods are basically showing an upward trend, especially specific value pairs are shown in Table 3. the method based on computer imaging measurement. From Figure 4, we can see that, in most cases, the method From 2010 to 2019, the parameters have nearly doubled, which shows that more and more many people have paid of measuring dental alveolar bone based on computer im- ages is better than other methods. )e efficiency optimi- attention to the important role of computer-based imaging measurement in the measurement of dental indentation. We zation is about 17% and only 0–12. In the treatment plan of the age, the score is slightly lower than that of the CBCTplan, have also conducted related investigations on the evaluation but it is also higher than other treatment plans, which shows of patients and doctors. )e specific data are shown in that the effect of measuring infants and young children based Table 6. on computer imaging is strengthened. We separate the parts From Figure 7 we can see that, for patient satisfaction, in the measurement and calculate each effect separately. For other treatment methods are not as high as measured based the pros and cons of each technology, the specific data is on computer image analysis [39]. )is is because, based on shown in Table 4. computer image analysis, computer intelligent analysis can From Figure 5, we can see that, in the comparison of be performed without disturbing the patient. It can be obtained through related images, pictures for diagnosis and various indicators and parameters, the methods based on computer imaging measurement are leading other solutions, treatment, to improve patient’s satisfaction. Points Index 8 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Table 4: Image analysis effect. Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image Clarity 0.211 0.242 0.207 0.235 0.251 0.292 Check efficiency 0.194 0.215 0.213 0.211 0.203 0.226 Treatment speed 0.195 0.233 0.187 0.228 0.197 0.253 Damage to teeth 0.243 0.189 0.205 0.188 0.215 0.294 False negative rate 0.231 0.215 0.237 0.224 0.241 0.107 Misdiagnosis rate 0.213 0.188 0.225 0.186 0.187 0.136 0.35 0.3 0.292 0.3 0.25 0.241 0.237 0.251 0.253 0.231 0.242 0.225 0.224 0.235 0.25 0.215 0.213 0.213 0.226 0.215 0.211 0.211 0.2 0.207 0.203 0.188 0.187 0.194 0.186 0.2 0.15 0.136 0.15 0.107 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0 Treatment method Damage to teeth False negative rate Treatment speed Check efficiency Clarity Misdiagnosis rate Figure 5: Various indicators. Table 5: Treatment changes. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cone beam 2.01 2.22 2.2 2.47 2.24 2.06 2.19 1.92 1.97 2.41 3D model 2 1.8 2.23 1.8 2.5 2.31 2.16 2.02 2.1 2.36 CT image 1.91 2.3 1.87 2.41 2.09 1.89 2.2 2.09 2.48 2.05 Surface tomography 1.9 1.98 1.86 1.84 2.32 2.39 2.43 2.37 2.2 2.17 Image comparison 1.89 1.85 2.24 2.05 2.13 2.39 2.2 1.94 1.8 2.28 Computer image 1.46 1.38 1.59 1.77 2.09 1.87 2.44 2.47 2.51 2.54 2.5 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.54 2.5 2.512.36 2.47 2.31 2.16 2.43 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.39 2.37 2.2 2.32 2.19 2.1 2.06 2.2 2.01 2.02 2.17 1.97 2.09 1.92 2 1.98 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.86 1.87 1.84 1.77 1.59 1.5 1.46 1.38 0.5 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image Figure 6: Trends in treatment methods. Points Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image Error condition Journal of Healthcare Engineering 9 Table 6: Satisfaction survey. Very dissatisfied Not satisfied General Favorable Basically satisfied Very satisfied Cone beam 3 12 25 33 18 9 3D model 5 7 32 21 24 11 CT image 7 5 39 19 22 8 Surface tomography 11 17 24 22 19 7 Image comparison 9 13 35 19 17 7 Computer image 2 5 23 32 21 16 45 30 required mechanical properties of the alveolar bone in the specific defect area; the biological activity of the alveolar 32 32 bone repair scaffold is still in the stage of in vitro experi- 30 20 ments, and a large number of animal experiments are re- 22 17 21 16 19 19 15 20 quired. )e later clinical application lays the foundation; the 11 13 15 10 relationship between the degradation rate of the alveolar 7 7 77 5 5 5 bone repair scaffold after implantation in the alveolar bone defect area and the rate of new alveolar bone needs further 0 0 study; due to the small structural volume of the defect al- veolar bone, in the case of ensuring the mechanical prop- erties, porosity, and pore structure of the scaffold, it is necessary to further find a suitable printing formula to Very dissatisfied Not satisfied General improve the image accuracy; the use of tissue engineering to Favorable Basically satisfied Very satisfied repair alveolar bone defects is in its infancy, and a large number of experiments are still needed to transform it from Figure 7: Trends in treatment methods. basic research to clinical application. 5. Conclusions Data Availability )e computer image analysis system measures the alveolar No data were used to support this study. bone of X-ray dental film with digital image processing and computer graphics as the research background and recon- Disclosure structs the three-dimensional shape of the oral cavity after filtering and segmentation according to the two-dimensional Chunfeng Wang and Caigang Peng are the co-first authors. tomogram. It is the current medical visualization, one of the main research topics. )ree-dimensional reconstruction can Conflicts of Interest make up for the defect of a certain degree of information loss in two-dimensional planar images. Imaging the same object )e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. from different angles is conducive to data analysis and better recovery of three-dimensional information of the object, Authors’ Contributions which plays a huge role in clinical diagnosis. A more in- tuitive understanding of the structure of the diseased tissue Chunfeng Wang and Caigang Peng contributed equally to in the clinic, reducing the diagnosis deviation caused by the this work. three-dimensional structure simulated by the doctor em- pirically, is conducive for improving the success rate of the Acknowledgments operation; it can be used to guide radiotherapy to reduce the damage to the normal human tissue to a certain extent and )is study was supported by the Research Foundation of make plastic surgery. And the result of prosthesis repair is Education Bureau of Hunan Province, China (Grant no. more ideal, which promotes medical education, research, 16C1148), the Research Foundation of Health Bureau of and even clinical diagnosis into a new era. Hunan Province, China (Grant no. B2014181), and the In short, dental alveolar bone injury is a common disease Research Foundation of Administration of Traditional with a high prevalence rate. 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Augmented Reality Research of Measuring X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Based on Computer Image Analysis System

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Copyright © 2021 Chunfeng Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Hindawi Journal of Healthcare Engineering Volume 2021, Article ID 5571862, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5571862 Research Article Augmented Reality Research of Measuring X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Based on Computer Image Analysis System 1 1 1 2 Chunfeng Wang, Caigang Peng, Yepo Hou, and Minmin Chen Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China Department of Endodontic, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital Xiangya School of Stomatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China Correspondence should be addressed to Minmin Chen; chenminmin@stu.cpu.edu.cn Received 6 January 2021; Revised 15 February 2021; Accepted 1 March 2021; Published 18 March 2021 Academic Editor: Zhihan Lv Copyright © 2021 Chunfeng Wang et al. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. )e important application of computer imaging technology in the medical field is a necessary auxiliary method for clinical diagnosis and treatment. At present, many people are affected by various factors and have various problems caused by the dental cellular bone. Traditional treatment methods are complex and long, which can cause damage to body tissues. Based on this problem, this paper takes the augmented reality measurement of X-ray dental film as the research object. Based on the in-depth measurement algorithm of the computer image analysis system, two three-dimensional reconstruction methods based on the center of gravity and the matching of the front and side positions are proposed. )ese two methods only need two X-rays of the front and side of the dental film, the three-dimensional parameters are obtained through calculation and analysis of each spine in the X-ray film, and these parameters are used to fit the dental alveolar bone model. )e experimental results prove that the computer-based image analysis system has a great effect on the measurement of X-ray dental film alveolar bone. )e positive correlation coefficient reaches 0.87. Compared with the cerebral infarction caused by other methods, the proportion of people with dental film alveolar bone injury is about 15%; after treatment, the functional recovery rate reaches more than 80%. Studies have found that there is a great difference in the age of the population that needs to be treated for dental slices and alveolar bone. )e grade of patients is generally under 20 and over 60. )is shows that the measurement of X-ray dental film alveolar bone based on computer image analysis system can play an important role in protecting people’s oral health. the three-dimensional visualization of medical images plays 1. Introduction an increasingly important role in measuring the augmented With continued progress and development of computer reality of X-ray dental film alveolar bone and has gradually technology, virtual reality technology [1], graphics tech- become an important auxiliary method for medical diag- nology, and image processing technology, computer imag- nosis and treatment. )rough the computer’s image analysis ing technology has emerged. In the field of image processing, system, the doctor can more sensitively observe the shape, computer image analysis technology is one of the current size, position, and deformation of the cellular bone, which is research points of access and is widely used in many areas suitable for the doctor to make an accurate, scientific, and such as geological research, finite data analysis, and medi- logical diagnosis and treatment, which can improve the cine. Computer imaging technology has changed the tra- efficiency of work [3]. ditional way of displaying things and improved people’s Traditional medical treatment methods are relatively ability of analyzing and understanding complex things. It intuitionistic and are closely related to the doctor’s expe- has important research significance. )e medical field is the rience. Insufficient experience can easily lead to misdiag- earliest application of computer image analysis [2]. With the nosis and serious life threatening [4]. )e family members of continuous advancement of medical imaging technology, patients have difficulty in understanding, which increases 2 Journal of Healthcare Engineering can not only stably increase the accumulation height of the the difficulty of communication between doctors and pa- tients, and to a certain extent restricts the effective diagnosis material for promoting bone regeneration in the vertical direction [12], but also solve the problem that the material and treatment of diseases. People are eagerly seeking a technology that can visually display the effect of lesions to cannot accumulate in the horizontal alveolar bone resorp- assist medical diagnosis. )e rapid development of com- tion and realize the effective filling of the bone defect to puter technology, computer vision, and computer graphics promote the alveolar bone regeneration. has enabled the medical image computer image analysis system to move from vision to reality [5, 6]. 2. Computer Image Analysis System Measures Ying Liang believes that computer imaging plays an the Alveolar Bone Method of X-Ray extremely important role in hospital internships, which can Dental Film truly improve the comprehensive medical skills of doctors in all aspects. Because the traditional medical teaching method 2.1. Computer Imaging. In computer imaging technology, is passed on by word of mouth, all aspects of knowledge are linear filtering and nonlinear filtering are used. Linear filtering extremely complicated, and medical students are more fa- methods include high and low gradient filtering and medium miliar with it. Difficulties lead to high costs, and computer sector filtering [6]. )e principle of this method is simple and images can be displayed in a very three-dimensional and easy to apply, but the edges or details of the image will be intuitive way when teaching, reducing the difficulty of blurred during processing [13]. Commonly used nonlinear learning, improving the learning ability of medical students, filtering methods are median filtering, wavelet transform and comprehensively improving the skills of doctors [7]; filtering, and filtering based on diffusion equation. Median Zhao Ruohan believes that computers have achieved good filtering has a good suppression effect on impulse noise and application effects in various fields and they can also im- can better retain the edge information of the image, but it is a prove the basis for diagnosis and treatment in medical window-based filtering method that requires all pixels to be images. He designed a medical image-assisted analysis sorted, so it is time-consuming and the algorithm execution system based on computer images [8]. )rough relevant efficiency is low [14]. Wavelet transform filtering is to first examinations of patients, comparing the results of other transform the original image into the wavelet domain, then diagnosis and treatment methods, it is concluded that the discard signals of certain scales, and finally makes thorough results of the analysis system are correct. He believes that the inverse transform to remove image noise. Among them, the image analysis system can provide a good assistance to choice of threshold, wavelet basis, and wavelet decomposition doctors in diagnosis and treatment and provide a new idea scale will directly affect the filtering effect of the image [15]. for teaching [9]; Guo Anmin uses computer X-ray pho- For images, it is difficult to choose an appropriate value. tography to count the internal dental films of more than one Filtering based on the diffusion equation takes the original hundred patients and clearly obtains the situation in the image as the initial value and selects the effective diffusion population. For different angles and exposures, the X-ray coefficient according to the image feature information to imaging time is different, and the images can be clearly control the diffusion behavior of the diffusion equation. )is understood after imaging. Compared with the traditional not only smoothens the image, but also preserves the feature diagnosis and treatment methods, it reduces the time and information of the image [16]. money required for the patient’s teeth and is suitable for use in various hospitals [10]. )ese studies have a certain ref- 􏽢 􏽢 I � I + k I − I . (1) 􏼐 􏼑 s s s n n erence basis for this article, but, due to insufficient samples of these studies, too much emphasis on theories, and un- In the formula, s is the two-dimensional coordinates of reasonable practical programs, the research has too many the pixels in the image, I is the filtered image, I is the s s variables and the conclusions are unconvincing. average value of the pixels in the filter window, and k is the )is research provides a new idea for the clinical adaptive filter coefficient obtained according to the local treatment of alveolar bone defects. Based on the computer noise statistics. )e filter is based on the isotropic diffusion image analysis system to measure the alveolar bone of the equation, and the diffusion coefficients in the four directions X-ray dental film, it can fully demonstrate the clinical al- are all k . veolar bone resorption and reduce the alveolar bone caused Medical image analysis technology uses the lighting by the doctor’s empirical simulation of the three-dimen- model to directly display volume data without the need to sional structure diagnosis of defect. Using the computer construct intermediate geometric prototypes and has greater image analysis system, the alveolar bone repair bracket that accuracy. Since the three-dimensional data field is not fully matches the shape of the patient’s defect area and the pore fragmented, the amount of the calculation is large, the real- structure is adjustable and can be quickly formed in a short time performance is low, but completeness is better [17]. )e time to achieve personalized customization [11]. )e ma- image can be cut, displayed, and measured based on voxel terial used in the study is a natural material that is similar in values. In the implementation process, it is necessary to use composition to alveolar bone and biodegradable and pro- an optical model to explain how the three-dimensional motes bone regeneration without the need for secondary discrete data field generates, reflects, blocks, and scatters surgery to remove it, reducing the risk of secondary in- light [18], so the reasonable selection of the optical model is fections in patients. In addition, the design of a bone defect an important factor in determining the effect of image scaffold with a matching shape and good structural strength rendering [19]. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 3 damage, and postoperative recurrence reached 70% [23]. In ΔI ρ∗ E∗Δs∗ β (2) � � ρ∗Δs∗ β. addition, the placement of the intraoral retractor can cause I E discomfort to the patient. In guided tissue regeneration, the When Δs is approaching 0, membrane material is used as a barrier to establish an en- vironment for implant placement and new bone regenera- dI (3) � −ρ(s)∗ β∗ I(s) � −κ(s)∗ I(s). tion. However, accidental exposure of the membrane may ds cause secondary infections, leading to failure of alveolar As the model’s lighting conditions change, the image will bone regeneration. also change with the discovery At present, although many scholars have made various attempts to prepare personalized scaffolds according to the I(s) � I exp􏼒− 􏽚 κ(t)dt􏼓, 0 shape of the patient’s bone defect, they have not yet prepared (4) a scaffold that can truly replicate the patient’s specific al- veolar bone defect [24]. Measuring X-ray dental film alveolar t(s) � exp􏼒− 􏽚 κ(t)dt􏼓. bone is based on a computer image analysis system as a new digital molding technology, based on the principle of dis- From this, we can see crete/stacking, using biological materials or biological units (cells, proteins, etc.) as raw materials to construct a specific z � 1 − t(s) � 1 − exp􏼒− 􏽚 κ(t)dt􏼓. (5) external shape and complex internal structure and func- tional three-dimensional structure. Compared with the When Δs is approaching zero, use the following dif- traditional molding process, it uses computer-aided tech- ferential equation to illustrate the change of light intensity: nology to design personalized implants and realizes the dI control of the pore structure and prepares a three-dimen- � T(s)∗ ρ(s)∗ A � T(s)∗ κ(s), ds sional structure with almost the same macrostructure and (6) defect structure, which provides for personalized defect alveolar bone repair new solution ideas and exploration I(s) � I + 􏽚 g(t)dt. directions [25]. From each pixel of the screen image, a ray of light passes 􏽐 􏼐x ∗ x 􏼑 through the volume data field and intersects it, samples this a,b b,0 ⎢ j�1 ⎥ ⎡ ⎢ ⎤ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ δ � st cos⎣ ⎦, 1/2 1/2 ray according to a reasonable sampling interval to obtain a 3 3 2 2 x ∗ x 􏼐􏽐 􏼑 􏼐􏽐 􏼑 b�1 i,j b�1 j,0 series of sampling points, and then performs processing based on the eight data points closest to this sampling point. W − min W 􏼁 ab b )e color value and opacity value of the sampling point are W � , ab max W − min W 􏼁 b b obtained by interpolation operation [20]; finally, the color value and opacity of all the sampling points on the light are ab accumulated in a front-to-back or back-to-front manner, X � , ab n ∗ 􏽐 S and the emitted light can be obtained, the color of the screen a�1 ab pixels of the light [21]. (7) v � −1nm 􏽘 X ∗1nX , b ab ab a�1 2.2. X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Measurement. Alveolar bone, as the main structure of periodontal support k � 1 − v , b b tissue, plays an important role in the occurrence, develop- ment, and eruption of teeth and daily chewing. For dental p � , implant patients, sufficient bone mass in the implant area is a b n 􏽐 k b�1 b prerequisite for implant placement and it is also a key factor to ensure successful implantation. )erefore, repairing of 1/2 1/2 3 3 2 2 alveolar bone defects caused by severe periodontal disease ⎛ ⎝ ⎞ ⎠ ⎛ ⎝ ⎞ ⎠ G � p ∗ S + 􏽘 x ∗ 􏽘 x . ab b ab i,j j,0 has become an important part of dental implant surgery b�1 b�1 [22]. At present, the commonly used clinical methods to repair the defect of the alveolar bone in the implantation area )e algorithm simulates the projection of light through include autologous bone transplantation, traction osteo- a preset light source, determines the extent to which the genesis, and guided tissue regeneration. Autologous bone light reaches each voxel, and is emitted or absorbed by the transplantation is the gold standard for alveolar bone re- voxel. )en, calculate the meaning of the object that can be generation, but there are problems such as limited sources seen from the current observation point relative to the and poor remodeling. At the same time, studies have shown observation plane position and simulate the light projec- that the complication rate of using combined mandibular tion from the observation point [26]. Determine the grafts is 33%–70%. In the treatment of alveolar bone traction amount of emitted light, the color, and the amount of absorption from the scalar data by using a colormap osteogenesis, complications caused by infection, accidental fractures, soft tissue problems, traction disk tilt, nerve containing alpha values. 4 Journal of Healthcare Engineering philosophical issues generated by augmented reality tech- Periodontal disease is one of the two main types of human oral diseases, with an incidence rate of 80–90% in the nology involve many fields such as practice theory, media theory, epistemology, ethics, and sociology. Its unique population. Mild periodontal disease will have symptoms such as bad mouth odor, bleeding gums, and inflammation. technical characteristics and practical methods have pro- As the disease deepens, periodontal pockets will form duced different depths of effectiveness in multiple chewing weakness or pain and even tooth displacement and disciplines. loss will occur including a serious pathological change, )e characteristics of augmented reality technology namely, alveolar bone resorption [27]. Alveolar bone is the make philosophers start to pay more attention to some protruding part of the upper and lower jaw bone sur- traditional philosophical theories, such as the study of ontology and thinking about the nature of the world. Some rounding the tooth root. It plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and eruption of the tooth body brand-new philosophical ideas have emerged at the historic moment. Aiming at the technical characteristics of aug- and daily chewing. Alveolar bone is a part of human bone tissue, mainly composed of inorganic and organic compo- mented reality that can construct a brand-new virtual environment, some scholars have put forward the idea that nents. Among them, calcium phosphate-based inorganic components accounted for 2/3 of the dry weight of the bone “computing” is the essence of the world [33]. For example, matrix and collagen fibers composed of cellulose, adhesives, the American philosopher Steinhart proposed digital and mucopolysaccharide-based organic components metaphysics; Zhai Zhenming, a philosophy professor at accounted for 1/3. Human bone tissue has the ability of self- Sun Yat-sen University in my country, proposed a new repairing to a certain extent, but the repair of serious bone ethics “world-making ethics” and so on. Facing the con- defects caused by trauma, congenital malformations, bone tinuous innovation of technology, philosophical thinking cannot stop but should lead to and correct the new lesions, etc. requires surgical diagnosis and treatment [28]. Although the existing repair methods for alveolar bone technology [34]. Since the advent of the Internet, virtual practice and defects such as autologous bone grafting, distraction osteogenesis, and membrane-guided tissue regeneration augmented reality technology have attracted much atten- tion [35]. )rough virtual practice and augmented reality have been widely used clinically, they all have certain lim- itations. In recent years, with the expansion of tissue en- technology, mankind has broken through material pro- gineering in the field of stomatology, the construction of duction practice, social practice, and scientific practice, bone tissue engineering scaffolds is expected to become a expanded the scope of practice, increased the objects of new technology for the restoration of alveolar bone defects. knowledge, and improved the practical ability. )e de- velopment of augmented reality technology has added new vitality to virtual practice. If virtual practice is a practice 2.3. Augmented Reality Technology. )e continuous devel- that creates possibilities, then augmented reality practice is opment of augmented reality technology has deepened the a practice that transforms any possibility into reality. In the connotation of virtual practice. In essence, the practice of virtual environment, any condition becomes controllable. augmented reality technology is still transforming things in Human beings are no longer restricted by physiological, objective reality into digital image symbols through pho- natural, and social factors and get rid of the shackles of toelectric and other means and then expressing them in material conditions. )e digital symbols with bits as the virtual space to come out [29]. But different from the usual unit abstract the original concrete things. In reality, the virtual practice is that the practice in augmented reality function of things is separated from the material carrier of makes the practice subject completely immersed in a virtual the thing, and its function can be used alone anytime and environment that can obtain real feelings, and, through anywhere without being restricted by the material carrier. sophisticated sensing technology, people can obtain vision, )is is no exception for humans. Augmented reality pulls hearing, touch, and smell that are the same as reality. And human senses and consciousness out of the body, realizing the comprehensive feeling of kinesiology and then the truly beyond the limits of time and space. motion tracker of each part of the human body will feedback 4 4 t t 1 2 the subject’s feedback into the virtual space [30] and cy- q � β∗ z∗ 􏼢􏼒 􏼓 − 􏼒 􏼓 􏼣, 100 100 clically interact. (8) Augmented reality technology has brought about Q � A T − T 􏼁 . changes in human working life, entertainment and leisure, n m n and practices. It has also brought about social problems such as excessive indulgence, health effects, violence, and value Ian White, the responsible editor of the manufacturing orientation and has spawned the evolution of philosophy. section of the “Engineering” website once said: “Factory )e traditional philosophy of technology tends to study the planning, automation, assembly, maintenance, and training various social effects of technology, but at the same time the can all benefit from augmented reality.” As technology development of technology will also have an impact on the continues to advance, augmented reality has become a philosophy system. Affected by augmented reality tech- practical tool for the manufacturing industry. Goldman nology, branches of philosophical fields such as artificial Sachs Global Investment predicted in a report that, by 2025, intelligence philosophy, virtual reality philosophy, and ar- the revenue of augmented reality technology in the indus- tificial life philosophy continue to appear [31, 32]. )e trial sector will reach approximately US$4.7 billion. )is is Journal of Healthcare Engineering 5 undoubtedly an important contribution to advanced reality Gender technology in the industrial sector. )e use value is the best confirmation. In addition to limiting costs and completing Age of visit construction, the increased reality can also improve the Symptoms at visit impact of industrial planning and the effectiveness of training skills. Increased reality has become the most likely Auxiliary examination one to bring about the fourth industrial revolution. One of the most advanced technologies is that the age of industry Figure 1: Experimental inspection items. 4.0 came to us [36]. 3. Computer Image Analysis System to Measure greater than zero but less than 1, and the sum of the weights of all first-level indicators must be equal to 1; that is, satisfy the Alveolar Bone Experiment of X-Ray conditions 0< a<1 and a −1. Dental Film 3.1. Research Objects. Taking patients with dental film al- 3.4. Statistics. All data analysis in this article uses SPSS19.0, veolar bone problems in a city hospital as the experimental statistical test uses two-sided test, significance is defined as subjects, collect their clinical data (gender, age at diagnosis 0.05, and p<0.05 is considered significant. )e statistical or diagnosis, clinical symptoms and signs at admission, results are displayed as mean±standard deviation (x±SD). auxiliary examinations, etc.) and follow up consultations When the test data follows a normal distribution, the double and outpatient visits. Perform retrospective analysis on the T test is used for comparison within the group, and the collected data and draw conclusions. )e process is shown in independent sample T test is used for comparison between Figure 1. the groups. If the regular distribution is insufficient, two independent samples and two related samples will be used 3.2. Establish a Model Evaluation Index System. Definite for inspection. )e calculation formula is as follows: 􏽶������������������ conclusions can be drawn through actual observation of objects. Generally speaking, the evaluation index system d � 􏽘 w ∗ r − uq 􏼁 , includes three levels of evaluation indexes: they are the n nm m m�1 relationship between gradual decomposition and refine- ment. Among them, the first-level evaluation indicators and the second-level evaluation indicators are relatively abstract 1 d � , (9) and cannot be used as a direct basis for evaluation. )e third- 1 + d r , uq􏼁 level evaluation indicators should be specific, measurable, 􏽶����������������������������� and behavior-oriented and can be used as a direct basis for a�x 2 􏽐 Rf W c 􏼁􏼁 − Rf W c 􏼁􏼁 􏼁 teaching evaluation. a 0 a a�1 P � . a�x 2 Full methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis: 􏽐 RfW c 􏼁􏼁 0 a a�1 quantitative analysis is the analysis of the data of the problem, using the intuition and clear substance of math- ematics to reflect the existence of the problem. )e quality of 4. Computer Image Analysis System to Measure the collection, reading, and organisation of relevant do- X-Ray Dental Film Alveolar Bone Experiment mestic and foreign research libraries systematically sum- marise the relevant theoretical results. )e evaluation 4.1. Distribution of Patients. We conducted a survey on criteria of green supply chain performance are complex and patients in 6 plus dental hospitals in this city. )rough on- diverse [37], including not only financial standards but also site interviews with doctors and access to relevant diagnostic other nonfinancial standards. Some standards cannot be data, we conducted relevant statistics on patients. In order to directly analyzed in a quantitative way but can only be facilitate comparison, we grouped patients by age and evaluated by qualitative analysis. Green supply system the gender to make the data more clearly; the specific statistical performance evaluation standard system of the company is results are shown in Table 1. constructed using a model that combines quantitative and From Figure 2, we can see that, in terms of patient’s age, qualitative analysis methods [38]. At the same time, it the majority of patients are under 24 years old and over 60 provides formulas for standard calculation and evaluation years old and this proportion is more than 60%. )is is standards. because the teeth of teenagers and the elderly are not as strong as others. In the first grade, the teeth and alveolar 3.3. Determine the Evaluation Weight. )e index weight is a bone are easily damaged. On the whole, the alveolar bone of numerical index indicating the importance and function of male dental slices is more vulnerable to injury than that of the index. In the indicator system of the evaluation plan, the females. )e ratio of male to female patients in these hos- weight of each indicator is different. Even if the indicator pitals is about 6.5:3.5. We also made relevant statistics on level is the same, the weight is different. Index weight is also the treatment plans adopted by patients (3), as shown in called weight and is usually represented by a. It is a number Table 2. Rheumatoid factor 6 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Table 1: Patient distribution. 0–12 13–24 25–36 37–46 47–60 Over 60 Male Female First hospital 28 24 26 14 17 27 76 60 Second hospital 33 29 23 21 16 31 94 59 )ird hospital 38 25 16 17 13 28 83 54 Fourth hospital 35 24 16 14 11 25 69 56 Fifth hospital 27 29 17 15 13 33 74 60 Sixth hospital 27 25 15 12 15 24 67 51 40 120 35 33 29 29 30 28 27 27 25 25 24 24 20 60 60 59 17 14 14 0 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital Different hospitals 0–12 13–24 25–36 37–46 47–60 Over 60 years old Figure 2: Patient’s age and sex distribution. Number of people 0 102030405060 40 25 20 27 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital hospital Different hospitals Surface tomography Cone beam 3D model Image comparison Computer image CT image Figure 3: Number of different treatment methods. Table 2: Distribution of treatment methods. Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image First hospital 31 36 31 35 23 21 Second hospital 36 28 24 28 22 32 )ird hospital 42 27 44 28 24 34 Fourth hospital 49 44 34 32 29 43 Fifth hospital 29 37 43 45 35 25 Sixth hospital 27 35 39 42 27 24 Number of patients Number of patients Number of male and female patients Journal of Healthcare Engineering 7 Table 3: Treatment efficiency. Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image 0–12 4.36 3.83 3.79 3.82 4.06 4.15 13–24 4.84 4.34 4.82 4.94 4.25 5.22 25–36 4.87 5.19 5.12 5.36 5.07 5.8 37–46 5.22 5.88 5.62 5.79 5.88 6.45 47–60 5.88 5.88 5.99 6.21 6.29 6.06 Over 60 6.44 6.9 6.41 6.87 6.91 7.7 9 9 6.87 6.9 6.41 6.21 5.99 6.44 5.88 5.88 5.79 5.62 6 5.88 5.36 5.19 5.12 4.94 5.22 4.82 4.84 4.87 4.34 4.36 3.79 3.83 3.82 0–12 13–24 25–36 37–46 47–60 Over 60 Years Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image 3D model CT image Cone beam Figure 4: Patient treatment effect. According to Table 3, we can see that patients currently with a leading margin of 18%. In the case of errors and have a variety of options for treatment of alveolar bone underreporting, based on computer imaging, the error of injury and it is not the first choice for patients to measure the measurement is much smaller than other solutions, about alveolar bone based on computer image analysis. )rough 30% lower, which shows that the method based on computer the survey, it is found that the preferred treatment method image measurement can play an important role in dental for patients is CBCT, which accounts for 30% of the sur- diagnosis and treatment. veyed population, and computer image analysis accounts for 12%. )is shows that the method of measuring the alveolar 4.3. Changes in Treatment. We have made statistics on the bone of X-ray dental film based on computer image analysis range of changes in the measurement methods of dental needs to be strengthened. indentation bone in recent years and digitized the data through the model to make the data clear. From it, we can 4.2. Measurement Effect. )rough the comparison of pa- see the changes in the measurement technology over time. tients before and after treatment, we found a treatment plan )e specific data are shown in Table 5. with better treatment effect, and the treatment effect was From Figure 6, we can see that various treatment digitized through the model to facilitate comparison. )e methods are basically showing an upward trend, especially specific value pairs are shown in Table 3. the method based on computer imaging measurement. From Figure 4, we can see that, in most cases, the method From 2010 to 2019, the parameters have nearly doubled, which shows that more and more many people have paid of measuring dental alveolar bone based on computer im- ages is better than other methods. )e efficiency optimi- attention to the important role of computer-based imaging measurement in the measurement of dental indentation. We zation is about 17% and only 0–12. In the treatment plan of the age, the score is slightly lower than that of the CBCTplan, have also conducted related investigations on the evaluation but it is also higher than other treatment plans, which shows of patients and doctors. )e specific data are shown in that the effect of measuring infants and young children based Table 6. on computer imaging is strengthened. We separate the parts From Figure 7 we can see that, for patient satisfaction, in the measurement and calculate each effect separately. For other treatment methods are not as high as measured based the pros and cons of each technology, the specific data is on computer image analysis [39]. )is is because, based on shown in Table 4. computer image analysis, computer intelligent analysis can From Figure 5, we can see that, in the comparison of be performed without disturbing the patient. It can be obtained through related images, pictures for diagnosis and various indicators and parameters, the methods based on computer imaging measurement are leading other solutions, treatment, to improve patient’s satisfaction. Points Index 8 Journal of Healthcare Engineering Table 4: Image analysis effect. Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image Clarity 0.211 0.242 0.207 0.235 0.251 0.292 Check efficiency 0.194 0.215 0.213 0.211 0.203 0.226 Treatment speed 0.195 0.233 0.187 0.228 0.197 0.253 Damage to teeth 0.243 0.189 0.205 0.188 0.215 0.294 False negative rate 0.231 0.215 0.237 0.224 0.241 0.107 Misdiagnosis rate 0.213 0.188 0.225 0.186 0.187 0.136 0.35 0.3 0.292 0.3 0.25 0.241 0.237 0.251 0.253 0.231 0.242 0.225 0.224 0.235 0.25 0.215 0.213 0.213 0.226 0.215 0.211 0.211 0.2 0.207 0.203 0.188 0.187 0.194 0.186 0.2 0.15 0.136 0.15 0.107 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0 Treatment method Damage to teeth False negative rate Treatment speed Check efficiency Clarity Misdiagnosis rate Figure 5: Various indicators. Table 5: Treatment changes. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cone beam 2.01 2.22 2.2 2.47 2.24 2.06 2.19 1.92 1.97 2.41 3D model 2 1.8 2.23 1.8 2.5 2.31 2.16 2.02 2.1 2.36 CT image 1.91 2.3 1.87 2.41 2.09 1.89 2.2 2.09 2.48 2.05 Surface tomography 1.9 1.98 1.86 1.84 2.32 2.39 2.43 2.37 2.2 2.17 Image comparison 1.89 1.85 2.24 2.05 2.13 2.39 2.2 1.94 1.8 2.28 Computer image 1.46 1.38 1.59 1.77 2.09 1.87 2.44 2.47 2.51 2.54 2.5 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.54 2.5 2.512.36 2.47 2.31 2.16 2.43 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.39 2.37 2.2 2.32 2.19 2.1 2.06 2.2 2.01 2.02 2.17 1.97 2.09 1.92 2 1.98 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.86 1.87 1.84 1.77 1.59 1.5 1.46 1.38 0.5 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image Figure 6: Trends in treatment methods. Points Cone beam 3D model CT image Surface tomography Image comparison Computer image Error condition Journal of Healthcare Engineering 9 Table 6: Satisfaction survey. Very dissatisfied Not satisfied General Favorable Basically satisfied Very satisfied Cone beam 3 12 25 33 18 9 3D model 5 7 32 21 24 11 CT image 7 5 39 19 22 8 Surface tomography 11 17 24 22 19 7 Image comparison 9 13 35 19 17 7 Computer image 2 5 23 32 21 16 45 30 required mechanical properties of the alveolar bone in the specific defect area; the biological activity of the alveolar 32 32 bone repair scaffold is still in the stage of in vitro experi- 30 20 ments, and a large number of animal experiments are re- 22 17 21 16 19 19 15 20 quired. )e later clinical application lays the foundation; the 11 13 15 10 relationship between the degradation rate of the alveolar 7 7 77 5 5 5 bone repair scaffold after implantation in the alveolar bone defect area and the rate of new alveolar bone needs further 0 0 study; due to the small structural volume of the defect al- veolar bone, in the case of ensuring the mechanical prop- erties, porosity, and pore structure of the scaffold, it is necessary to further find a suitable printing formula to Very dissatisfied Not satisfied General improve the image accuracy; the use of tissue engineering to Favorable Basically satisfied Very satisfied repair alveolar bone defects is in its infancy, and a large number of experiments are still needed to transform it from Figure 7: Trends in treatment methods. basic research to clinical application. 5. Conclusions Data Availability )e computer image analysis system measures the alveolar No data were used to support this study. bone of X-ray dental film with digital image processing and computer graphics as the research background and recon- Disclosure structs the three-dimensional shape of the oral cavity after filtering and segmentation according to the two-dimensional Chunfeng Wang and Caigang Peng are the co-first authors. tomogram. It is the current medical visualization, one of the main research topics. )ree-dimensional reconstruction can Conflicts of Interest make up for the defect of a certain degree of information loss in two-dimensional planar images. Imaging the same object )e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. from different angles is conducive to data analysis and better recovery of three-dimensional information of the object, Authors’ Contributions which plays a huge role in clinical diagnosis. A more in- tuitive understanding of the structure of the diseased tissue Chunfeng Wang and Caigang Peng contributed equally to in the clinic, reducing the diagnosis deviation caused by the this work. three-dimensional structure simulated by the doctor em- pirically, is conducive for improving the success rate of the Acknowledgments operation; it can be used to guide radiotherapy to reduce the damage to the normal human tissue to a certain extent and )is study was supported by the Research Foundation of make plastic surgery. And the result of prosthesis repair is Education Bureau of Hunan Province, China (Grant no. more ideal, which promotes medical education, research, 16C1148), the Research Foundation of Health Bureau of and even clinical diagnosis into a new era. Hunan Province, China (Grant no. B2014181), and the In short, dental alveolar bone injury is a common disease Research Foundation of Administration of Traditional with a high prevalence rate. 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Published: Mar 18, 2021

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