Application of Aporrectodea caliginosa to Mitigate the Waste and the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris

Rouf Ahmad Mir; Sarita Shrivastava; Pragya Singh Pawaiya; Hemant Samadhiya

doi:10.1155/2021/8363203

Application of Aporrectodea caliginosa to Mitigate the Waste and the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris

Mir, Rouf Ahmad;Shrivastava, Sarita;Pawaiya, Pragya Singh;Samadhiya, Hemant 2021-09-01 00:00:00 Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2021, Article ID 8363203, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8363203 Research Article Applicationof Aporrectodea caliginosatoMitigatetheWasteand the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris 1 1 2 3 RoufAhmadMir , SaritaShrivastava, PragyaSinghPawaiya, andHemantSamadhiya Department of Zoology, Government Model Science College, Gwalior, 474011 MP, India Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011 MP, India School of Studies Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India Correspondence should be addressed to Rouf Ahmad Mir; roufbio24@gmail.com Received 15 April 2021; Accepted 30 July 2021; Published 1 September 2021 Academic Editor: Suhaib Bandh Copyright © 2021 Rouf Ahmad Mir et al. (is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vermin biotechnology is an eco-friendly technique and economically beneﬁcent process to mitigate organic waste. India’s agro- industrial sector contributes colossal wealth of plant materials in the form of compost. (e present study aims to publicize soil healthiness and its plant growth supplying possessions further corroborating the use of organic amendments instead of fertilizers. Plastic replicates investigation is an exercise in eighteen replicates in which ﬁfteen were soil amendment treatments: one triplicate- control, 0% vermicompost, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% vermicompost of soil. Containers contained 2 kg soil each, in which seeds are sown, and the measurement of studied traits (length of shoot, length of internodes, ﬂowers, leaves number and number of branches, and rate of germination) was noticed. (e earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae and Aporrectodea caliginosa) feed on waste like broiler droppings, the dung of sheep and cow, leaves, and decomposed wood and convert it into vermicompost, which required 72 days to extenuate the waste. Each setup was conducted on plastic containers, and there would be control and the test at respective experiments. Vermicompost was prepared; obviously, it contains better farming nutrients analyzed by diﬀerent scientiﬁc methods and is very eﬃcient for plant growth and other features. (e main objective of the study was the eﬀect of quality vermicompost produced by A. caliginosa on the exomorphology and rate of germination of Phaseolus vulgaris. Diﬀerent ratios of vermicompost in respective replicates aﬀect plant growth and external morphology, which is directly linked with nutrients present in treated and untreated soil. (e outcomes suggested that vermicompost can be overworked as an eﬃcacious biofertilizer. moisture is near to ﬁeld ability [3–6].(ese worms are used 1. Introduction in excessive amounts to perform their function eﬃciently on (e engrossing rate of Aporrectodea caliginosa is moderate waste like dung of animals, leaves and decomposed wood, and required more time to convert the dung of sheep, cow, etc. Worms are very signiﬁcant to recycle diﬀerent biode- gradable waste in our surroundings. and broiler droppings into vermicast. (is worm is used in vermicomposting as well and is native to Great Britain. (e (e exorbitant application of chemical fertilizers in endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa [1] is a delegate of agriculture is an eﬀect of matter. It exalts the level of pol- cultivable ﬁelds in temperate regions and is implicated as a lutants in fruits and declines soil fertility and contamination pertinent model test species. Aporrectodea caliginosa is ca- of groundwater [7]. Replacement of chemical fertilizers by pable of outlasting in soils with abject organic matter 1.4% the organic amendments is very essential for the endurability organic carbon [2] and furthermore moisture content. In of agriculture yield and retention of soil fertility [8]. (e abstemious agricultural soils, earthworm enlargement is compost and vermicompost quality is the most important swift at soil temperatures from 15 to 20 C while the soil yardstick in reclamation of organic waste and application in 2 Advances in Agriculture agriculture as organic alterations; they can ﬁt the nutriment it took less time in other containers that contained a single exigence of agriculture crops [9, 10]. Vermicompost is the type of waste; the overall average time required was 72 days. Weekly monitoring to detect the number of eggs produced outcome of organic matter degeneration through correla- tions between earthworms and microorganisms [11, 12]. and count the number of worms formed during this entire Vermicompost not only the root of organic matter and period is shown in Table 1. nutrient but also promote microbial population, physical, living, and chemical properties of the soil [13, 14]. 2.4. Preparation of Vermicompost. Vermimanure was pre- pared in plastic trays with height × length × breadth di- mensions of 10 cm × 20 cm × 12 cm. (e dimension of plastic 2. Materials and Methods try was length 20 cm and 12 cm in breadth and depth 10 cm, 2.1. Waste Collection. (e waste collection was done at our respectively. A green net was placed at the base of the plastic surroundings like dung of sheep and cows that were easily try to restrict the earthworms going outside the plastic try available, due to the good ratio of cattle stock present in and maintain moisture content as well; green net also helps Kulgam J&K (UT), India. Broiler droppings were collected to cover the try and avoid earthworm predators. (e plastic from the nearest poultry farm present in Kulgam district. tries were ﬁlled with diﬀerent waste like cow dung, leaves, Droppings plucked also were mixed with crushed powered decomposed wood, poultry droppings, pigeon dropping, wood, because they got dry when in contact with crushed and sheep dung, respectively, in diﬀerent quantity as well. At powered wood and leaves as well, besides decomposed wood initial stage, mud water was sprinkled at random intervals. taken from the dense forest area. So that the medium prepared as an essential for growing earthworms and the suitable condition is very important for earthworm biology. At least 30–40 earthworms (Aporrec- 2.2. Plastic Containers. (e experiment was carried out in todea caliginosa and Eudrilus eugeniae) were introduced in plastic bins; at least six plastic containers were used. Wastes the waste present in plastic try after the predecomposition were ﬁrst weighed on a digital weighing machine and then process is over to avoid unnecessary heat, which occurs put in containers. Predecomposition was done at least 15 during microbial decomposition on the mixed waste. 3 cm days before complete bacterial decomposition occurs. After thick layer of cow dung, poultry and pigeon droppings, the predecomposition process occurs, then worms were crushed wood and leaves as well of respective weight is poured on readily available waste in containers. Earthworms mentioned in Table 1. When mud water is sprinkled on this are present in local ﬁelds in Kulgam district J&K (UT) India. waste, at the initial stage Aporrectodea caliginosa (as shown Usually, 40 worms of weight 15 g were put in each container, in Figure 1) consumed less waste. When mud water is and other triplicates contained 25 Eudrilus eugeniae. sprayed, their eﬃciency is modiﬁed and adopted in these media eﬃciently. Earthworm populations were also noticed 2.3. Experimental Design. (e experiment was conducted in diﬀerent replicates in mixed, only cow dung + sheep dung, using Aporrectodea caliginosa or ﬁeld worm in plastic sheep dung, respectively. After all these processes were done, containers (10 cm × 20 cm × 12 cm), and waste was kept on harvesting was started on the 72nd day, and the earthworms were separated from vermimanure. (e young worms and the net in a container to avoid worm escape and placed under the shed, to prevent any interruption of pests. And cocoons were separated from diﬀerent replicates using 3 mm sometimes, these containers are put in room to imitate sieves. (e vermicompost prepared by these worms contains microclimatic conditions [15, 16]. First experimental setup macro and micronutrients as well [19]. was conducted to convert waste into vermicompost; it took Sample 1 contains diﬀerent waste; all parameters were 72 days to convert 2 kg cow dung, 1 kg sheep dung, 1 kg initially analyzed like temperature. pH was initially 7.6, and predecomposed crushed wood waste and leaves, and 1 kg when vermicompost was prepared, pH 7.9 was estimated. poultry droppings and setup was based on 3 replicates. But the earthworm which consumed this mixed waste was pH � 7.2 and temperature � 25–29 C were detected before Aporrectodea caliginosa (ﬁeld worm); it takes extra 12 days setup. During precomposting also called thermocomposting to mitigate the mixed waste. In the case of sample 1, the eﬀectively inactivates pathogens [17] and averts the divul- vermicompost prepared from sample 1 is used mainly for the treatment to soils. It contains all nutrients in optimum level, gence of earthworms to exalted temperatures in the course of the incipient thermophilic degree of microbial decompo- better for plant development as well. (e cow dung + S. dung consumed by Eudrilus eugeniae brought from Gwalior was sition [18]. (e experiment was conducted on the ﬁeld after 15 days; predecomposition completed and then worms were introduced in Kulgam for vermicomposting purposes. (e sheep dung consumed by Aporrectodea caliginosa took less put on the corner side of plastic containers; usually 40 adult worms start consuming the upper layer of waste. (e worms than 60 days. In sample 2, exotic vermicomposting earth- brought from the ﬁeld were stacked with mud; initially they worms are used to mitigate the waste less than 60 days. (e got stagnant in mud; within few weeks, their population introduction of Aporrectodea caliginosa for vermi- increases and started to consume waste. Regular watering composting mitigates all waste as well. (e best earthworms population was seen in sample 1 was carried out to maintain proper moisture content and protect containers to get rid of ants and termites as well. In with good quantity vermimanure. In sample 2, the worms introduced belong to temperate areas, so their adaptation the containers that contained mixed waste, worms con- sumed that slowly and took more time for conversion, while was changed in a cold environment, as we know most Advances in Agriculture 3 Table 1: Earthworm species consumed waste and the changes monitored during this period. No. of Waste Initial Type No. of Days to Weight of No. of adults infant consumed by pH of of waste eggs complete waste (kg) (earthworms) worms worm waste Sample 1 Mixed waste, cow dung, 40 eggs Aporrectodea sheep dung, decomposed wood, 20 72 days 7.6 5 150 recorded Caliginosa powered wood, broiler droppings, pigeon droppings, leaves Sample 2 Eudrilus 25 25 60 7.8 5 100 Cow dung, sheep dung eugeniae Sample 3 Aporrectodea 20 15 60 7.2 5 88 Sheep dung caliginosa Figure 1: Number of Aporrectodea caliginosa. suitable food for earthworms is cow dung. Little bit of the process. (e vermicompost produced had met with changes occur in vermicompost prepared from Eudrilus secretions released from the gut of earthworms; it makes eugeniae, providing room temperature to sample 2 and vermicasts more nutrient-rich. Table 3 shows the degrada- sample 3 to avoid any disﬁgure and experimental loss; in tion process of two earthworms and the period time taken to sample 3, worms used were Aporrectodea caliginosa. Table 2 complete the harvest of vermicompost. indicates the quality vermicompost produced have better chemical composition; the number of eggs had been 2.5. Treatment. (e experiment was conducted when quality recorded in sample 2 which contain cow dung, but the vermicompost is prepared from Aporrectodea caliginosa and temperature was below 20 C. (e earthworms in sample 2 Eudrilus eugeniae. (e seeds of mesh beans were taken from consume waste below 60 days. the Department of Agriculture Kulgam Jammu & Kashmir (e vermicompost’s chemical and physical proﬁle in- and were sown on each replicate with vermicompost-treated dicates that it contains all ingredients in optimum amount as soil and control without vermicompost. (e vermi- shown in Table 2; besides this its density is 0.6–0.7 and no composting was done in plastic containers and sieving the odour and macronutrients in a good amount prescribed by product and then used in 18 replicates which contain 4 kg Horticulture Department of Govt. of India; besides this soil each. (is experiment was carried out on an open ﬁeld; particle size is almost 88%. Normal moisture content is 18 plastic containers were used for the study. Beans need full acceptable between 50% and 60%. Total nitrogen was esti- sun and deep, rich, well-drained soil to grow them best. mated by the Kjeldahl method; other nutrients were ana- Creating the bean pod takes photosynthesis energy along lyzed by spectrophotometer: with a generous water supply; plants use approximately 1/2 Sample 1 � vermicompost (mixed waste: cow dung, inch of water each day during the blossom and pod growth sheep dung, decomposed wood, powered wood, broiler period. Figure 2 displays the normal growth of Phaseolus droppings, pigeon droppings, leaves), WHC � water-hold- vulgaris present in a container. ing capacity, and OC � organic carbon. Table 4 depicts 18 replicates utilized in the experiment on Usually in this work, whole experiment was conducted which three plastic containers were used as control while 15 by using Aporrectodea caliginosa as an experimental worm, were put to use in experiment and diﬀerent proportions of consuming waste 3 cm at least 72 days while Eudrilus vermicompost, which was applied for treating the soil. (e eugeniae feed on cow dung and sheep dung as well. It took number of results was acquired when control and experi- under 60 days to mitigate 3 cm thickness waste to complete ment data have collaborated. 4 Advances in Agriculture Table 2: Chemical proﬁle of vermicompost made by Aporrectodea caliginosa (ﬁeld worm). Containers pH Moisture (%) WHC (%) OC (%) Total N (%) Total P (%) Total K (%) Sample 1 7.5 57.11 82.54 39.21 1.40 0.58 0.99 Sample 2 7.3 40.11 41.23 29.02 1.20 0.48 0.95 Sample 3 8.1 42.24 39.99 22.02 1.09 0.21 0.28 Table 3: Waste consumed by earthworms in diﬀerent replicates. Amount of Earthworm Date and Container Day of harvest earthworms Amount which was completely ready (cm) species month of release released in kg Sample 1 Aporrectodea caliginosa 11/5/2020 72 days 40 adult worms 3 Sample 2 E. eugeniae 11/5/2020 Under 60 days 25 worms 3 Sample 3 Aporrectodea caliginosa 11/5/2020 72 days 40 adult worms 3 Figure 2: Phaseolus vulgaris (mesh bean plants). Table 4: Application of vermicompost used in diﬀerent replicates. Containers Soil (kg) + Vcompost Vcompost (kg-g) + soil Vermi-compost + soil % of VC Control 4 kg soil 4 kg soil 4 kg soil 0 Experimental Replicate (1) Replicate (2) Replicate (3) 1st container S 4 kg + VC 2 kg S 4 kg + VC 2 kg S 4 kg + VC 2 kg 50 2nd container S 4 kg + VC 1 kg S 4 kg + VC 1 kg S 4 kg + VC 1 kg 25 3rd container S 4 kg + VC 500 g S 4 kg + VC500 g S 4 kg + VC 500 g 12.5 4th container S 4 kg + VC 250 g S 4 kg + VC 250 g S 4 kg + VC 250 g 6.25 5th container S 4 kg + VC 125 g S 4 kg + VC 125 g S 4 kg + VC 125 g 3.125 Aporrectodea caliginosa. (e amounts of nitrate in soil from 3. Statistical Analysis replicates treated with vermicompost were signiﬁcantly (e data obtained from morphological parameters were greater than in soils from untreated soil. 2 kg soil is present subjected to statistical analysis. (e 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks’ in each replicate whether control or experiment, and ver- data of shoot length were given as average shoot length and micompost is added in each replicate in 0 kg; vermicompost standard error, standard deviation. (e diﬀerences between is added in controlled replicate and 2 kg, 1 kg, 500 g, 250 g, the experimental groups and controls were statistically and 125 g are added in experimental replicates, respectively. analyzed. (e level of signiﬁcance was set at P< 0.05. Replicates treated with vermicompost of diﬀerent weight had signiﬁcantly more microbial biomass N than replicates treated without vermicompost shown in Table 4. (ere was a 4. Results trend for greater dehydrogenase activity to occur in soils 4.1. Eﬀects of Vermicomposts in Soil Present in Replicates. treated with vermicomposts, compared to that in soils treated with 0% kg vermicompost. Particularly soils treated (e soil in replicates was weighed, and then the soil was treated with a diﬀerent ratio of vermicompost prepared by with mixed cow manure had signiﬁcantly more Advances in Agriculture 5 4.3. Measurement of Plant Growth Parameters dehydrogenase activity than soils treated with 0% vermi- compost. (e replicates treated with diﬀerent quantities of 4.3.1. Length of the Shoot. (ere is a signiﬁcant diﬀerence in vermicompost as shown in Table 4 like 2 kg, 1 kg, 500 g, shoot length between control and treated plants. Length of 250 g, and 125 g have a diﬀerent ratio of phosphate, po- the shoot at the beginning of the 1st week and 3rd week tassium, and nitrogen as well and their eﬀect on the plant changes, respectively, and based on total average length and also varies greatly than soils treated with 0% vermicompost. standard error, our results show 95% correctness. A con- (e 3rd replicate which contained 500 g vermicompost has siderable increase in shoot length was recorded in treated more sophisticated outcomes regarding plants’ external plants; when compared to control plants shoot length to morphology than other treatments of vermicompost. vermicompost-treated plants 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, In a nutshell, amounts of nitrates in diﬀerent replicates 3.125% was signiﬁcantly higher than in control (12.45) did not vary signiﬁcantly among treatments. But the rep- plants, as shown in Tables 6–8. licates treated with good quality vermicompost prepared ASL stands for average shoot length; if the average shoot from Aporrectodea caliginosa and traditional compost had length is more and the value of standard error is less, the results signiﬁcantly more microbial biomass N than those replicates show normalcy. (is ﬁts all in container 3 shown in Table 6. treated with 0 kg vermicompost. Adequate amounts of As per data obtained from second week ASL and nutrients are deﬁnitely present in replicates that have more standard error in case of control shoot length is less but quantity of vermicompost. But the reason as per Table 4 standard error is also less, 3rd container ASL is more but shows that 2 kg and 1 kg vermicompost replicates in which standard error is less; hence, our data is accurate, as shown in nutrient quantity is more, the mesh bean plants show more Table 7. ASL stands for average shoot length. growth and there is the probability of logging problem is Similarly, all results suit in 3rd container, in Table 8. associated with the plants. While the other two replicates Shoot length shows acceptable result in vermicompost contained 250 g and 125 g of vermicompost, plants show 12.5%, and external morphological and ﬂowers, leaves are stunted growth with decreased yield as well. signiﬁcantly well in containers when comparison was done. Average variability in data shows how far each score lies from the average value. 4.2. Growth and Yield. Growth and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris are signiﬁcantly good in soils treated with vermi- compost compared to those soils which have 0% vermi- 4.3.2. Length of Internodes. Usually, gibberellic acid is used compost yields less. (e better outcome is obtained when to increase internodes length. Usually, intermodal length 2 kg soils was treated with 500 g vermicompost; average was seen in a plant which was treated with 50% vermi- shoot was maximum but standard error was less than rest of compost (maximum (2.88 cm), followed by 25% length treatments. (e other containers treated with diﬀerent doses (2.28), but the moderate length of internodes was seen in soil of vermicompost; their average growth shoot growth is treated with 12.5% vermicompost (2.16). slightly more or less than container, but their standard error is slightly more than other treated containers as well as control. As per standard analysis of shoot length of 1st, 2nd, 4.3.3. Number of Leaves. (e number of leaves from ger- and 3rd weeks is concerned, when treated soils are compared mination stage to mature stage shows variations and dif- with each other, more value of standard error occurs, but 3rd ferent containers had a diﬀerent amount of vermicompost container showed 95% accuracy in terms of shoot length, like 50%, 25%,12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% treated soil, number of leaves, ﬂowers, and pod yield as well. To enhance showing a maximum number of leaves, respectively (Fig- eﬃcient ﬂowering because the experiment was conducted in ure 3). Deﬁnitely, the maximum number of leaves was open ﬁeld, temperature was not favorable usually in autumn. present on plants treated with 2 kg vermicompost but shows To avoid this hindrance, green house is constructed under scarcity in yield. But appropriate outcomes would be ana- which all replicates were put, with the consequences of lyzed on plants treated with 500 g vermicompost, shown in eﬃcient ﬂowering and later pods formation occurring, re- Table 5. Other replicates such as 4th replicate treated with spectively. Soils treated with diﬀerent amounts of vermi- 6.25% vermicompost leave size was normal and plant shows compost; the controlled container that was with 0% optimum growth, but results comparison like the number of vermicompost had less yield and external structure of their leaves show variation. (e minimum number of leaves was mature pods was not ﬁt for market while those plants are recorded in control which contained no vermicompost as treated with vermicompost; mostly the 3rd container had well shown in Table 5. good yield and was ﬁt for market. (e data are present in (e data present in Table 5 was analyzed, when climatic Table 5 during 4th week, 5th week, and 6th week; great conditions were not favorable for ﬂowering then greenhouse variation was shown when control is compared with treated arrangement was constructed, put all 18 replicates under and containers in yield, shoot length, ﬂowers leaves, and normal ﬂowering and pod formation occurs, all variations branches; all these external parameters were seen in ver- can be seen in Table 5. More yields were obtained from micompost-treated soils. When treated containers are vermicompost-treated soil than control containers without compared with each other, in terms of yield that was seen in vermicompost. In between vermicompost-treated con- 3rd container, all parameters ﬁt in containers which con- tainers, best ﬂowering and pods formation occurs in ver- tained vermicompost 500 g. micompost-treated soil of 12.5%. 6 Advances in Agriculture Table 5: Exomorphological parameters obtained during the 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks. Total leaves Total branches Total ﬂowers Avg. leaves Avg. branches Avg. ﬂowers Control 80 24 108 26.66 8 36 Exp. Con. 1st 200 43 179 66.66 14.33 59.66 Con. 2nd 192 42 178 64 14 59.33 Con. 3rd 190 44 180 63.33 14.66 60 Con. 4th 160 34 159 53.33 11.33 53 th Con. 5 140 33 140 46.66 11 46.66 Table 6: (e shoot length of a plant at the ﬁrst week. Containers ASL SD SE CI (95%) VC (%) Rate ger. (%) Control 3.41 1.24 0.50 1.30 0 75 Experiment 1st container 4.75 1.04 0.52 1.65 50 75 2nd container 4.4 1.47 0.65 1.83 25 75 3rd container 3.9 0.96 0.43 1.19 12.5 75 4th container 3.83 1.04 0.60 2.58 6.25 75 5th container — — — — 3.125 0 Table 7: Shoot length at the second week. Containers ASL SD SE CI (95%) Days VC (%) Control 9.53 0.97 0.28 0.61 14 0 Experiment 1st container 15.6 2.32 0.67 1.47 14 50 2nd container 12.6 1.67 0.48 1.06 14 25 3rd container 15 1.32 0.30 0.84 14 12.5 4th container 12.2 1.04 0.38 0.66 14 6.25 5th container 11.8 1.71 0.49 1.08 14 3.125 4.3.4. Maturity after Blooms. (e experimental ﬁeldwork was conducted in September and October months where the conditions of weather is not much favorable; so to avoid this barrier, the mesh bean plants was put under greenhouse for 20 days to occurred green pods on each plant as soon as the blooms drop and grow rapidly under greenhouse. Slender pods must be ready within 9 days, while it may take 15 extra 50 or more for the pods to ﬁll completely. Checking the pods daily insures that they do not become overgrown and toughen. Beans need full sun and deep, rich, well-drained soil to grow their best. Creating the bean pod takes pho- tosynthesis energy along with a generous water supply; plants use approximately 1/2 inch of water each day during the blossom and pod growth period. 4.3.5. Number of Branches. During the experimental period, the number of branches was increased in all the treated control c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 plants when compared to the control plants at the end of the Avg.leaves 5th week. (e maximum number of branches was recorded Avg.branches in vermicompost 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% Avg.flowers (Figure 3). (e number of branches was less signiﬁcant in the control plants (Figure 3). NPK percentage in vermicompost Figure 3: (e overall average morphology of Phaseolus vulgaris. Advances in Agriculture 7 Table 8: Shoot length at the 3rd week. Containers ASL SD SE CI (95%) Days VC (%) Control 12.45 1.03 0.29 0.65 21 0 Experiment 1st container 26 1.70 0.49 1.08 21 50 2nd container 24.6 1.32 0.38 0.84 21 25 3rd container 21.10 1.60 0.28 1.02 21 12.5 4th container 18.60 1.10 0.31 0.69 21 6.25 5th container 15.92 1.21 0.35 0.77 21 3.125 is seen in Table 2. (e minimum NPK percentage was growth than control which contained no vermicompost [22]. observed in the control soil samples, N (0.06), P (0.002), It was reported that the use of vermicompost obtained from and K (0.03). (e number of branches was seen in vermi- grape marc, which was cover under grapevines and spread compost-treated soils, but appropriate results were seen in with straw and paper mulches enhanced the productivity of 3rd replicate vermicompost which contained 500 g grapes variety by up to 55%. (e outcomes in the present vermicompost. endeavor are in correspondence with earlier investigations Table 5 explains external parameters of diﬀerent weeks; [23]. An ampliﬁcation in the acquiesce of indubitable vege- aggregated data was collected and a number of leaves, table crops such as brinjal, okra, and tomato has been ﬂowers, and branches of control as well as treated soils, show recorded by [24], respectively. Tritium aestivum plants are variations with each other; also there occurred diﬀerences in treated with vermimanure, plants’ morphology is modiﬁed parameters among treated plants as well (Figure 3). As like the length of the plant, number of leaves, early ear statistical tool applied on shoot length shows the shoot heading, and dry matter of each plant was endowed to be modiﬁed when compared with control plants. (e appearance length is more and standard error has less value is acceptable and 5% chances of experimental inaccuracy. Similarly, the of tomato, cabbage, and radish sapling was important in parameters like leaves, ﬂowers, and branches show moderate vermicomposted soil than in thermophilically composted outcomes in vermicompost-treated soil of 12.5%. animal waste [12]. Organic biofertilizers contain a rich Figure 3 indicates the average number of ﬂowers, amount of nutrients which are very beneﬁcial for plant branches, and leaves. In 3rd container (c3), all columns maintenance. (e nutrients like NPK content present in touch line 60 while c1 container shows that the number of vermicompost-treated soil were found to improve when leaves was more but the other two parameters show the compared with other compost treated soil [25]. slight decline and another factor which indicates its growth, (e byproducts of microbial activities may include vermicompost quantity is more while in case of 3rd con- polysaccharides that are involved directly in the aggregation tainer, all exomorphological characteristics are perfect and of soil particles, which could also have some inﬂuence on plant growth. It is also possible that humic acids in the vermicompost amount was moderate usually 12.5%. vermicomposts used in the experiment could also have direct positive inﬂuences on the growth and yields of the mesh 5. Discussion beans. In laboratory and greenhouse experiments by [26], deﬁnitive evidence of the positive growth eﬀects of humic (e enlargement of mesh plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) was built to be notably increased in plants treated with vermicompost. acids, extracted from cattle manure and food waste vermi- Plants treated with 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% of composts, was demonstrated. In their experiments, a range of diﬀerent replicates showed increased shoot length compared doses of humic acid were extracted from vermicomposts acids to plants treated with 0% vermicompost. An investigation by classic acid/alkali fractionation [27] and applied to tomato conducted by [20] proclaimed the advantages of vermi- and cucumber seedlings grown in a soil-less medium. compost as cover media to boost seed germination, seedling References [28, 29] concluded that the growth responses were due either to the ability of humic acids to have hor- growth, and productivity of plants. To add organic waste to the soil in the form of vermicompost and vermiwash increases mone-like eﬀects on plant growth or because the humic acids may have plant growth, regulators adsorbed onto the yield and growth of plants. (e experiment was conducted at an open place; both the waste of cassava peel and guava them, and that these inﬂuenced the growth. (eir hypothesis was conﬁrmed by an investigation by [29], which identiﬁed leaves were mixed or vermicompost prepared from poultry droppings. Mba (1983) noted more shoot biomass and auxin groups incorporated in humic acids that had been marked up seed yields of cowpeas in rejoinder to vermi- extracted from cattle manure vermicompost. (e eﬀects of compost [21]. Examined straight uses of vermicomposts, humic acid applications to maize plants resulted in increased created from sewage sludge to soils and noted a larger growth growth of the maize roots and stem which they attributed to index of garden cress (Lepidium sativum), in vermicompost- the humic/auxin combination. It seems likely that humic treated soils, compared with those soils where no use of acids produced in the vermicomposts used in our experi- ment might have also increased growth and yields of mesh vermicompost occurred. (e present study deals with soil treated 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% showing good beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). 8 Advances in Agriculture 6. Conclusions References [1] J. C. Savingy, “Memoire sur les,” in Analyse des travaux de (e results of this study showed that 12.5% or 500 g ver- I’Academia royale des sciences pendent I’ anee 1821,partie micompost-treated showed great potential to increase the physique, M. Cuvier and G. Baron, Eds., Mem., Acad., Sci., growth of the bean plant and improved soil quality. (e Inst., Fr., (HIST.), France, 1826. study positively highlights the importance of organic [2] J. P. McDaniel, M. E. Stromberger, K. A. Barbarick, and farming; therefore, vermicompost may be put to good use as W. Cranshaw, “Survival of Aporrectodea caliginosa and its a natural fertilizer for cereals and vegetable crops for in- eﬀects on nutrient availability in biosolids amended soil,” creased production and for sustainable agricultural systems. Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 71, pp. 1–6, 2013. (e NPK was more in vermicompost-treated soils and hence [3] H. G. Baker and W. A. Whitby, “Soil pH preferences and the made soil healthy. In our experiment, the amount of ni- inﬂuences of soil type and temperature on the survival and trogen present in the soil is quite low than vermicompost- growth of Aporrectodea longa (Lumbricidae),” Pedobiologia, treated soils; it was observed by many workers when vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 745–753, 2003. earthworms consumed waste the amount of nitrogen will [4] M. Holmstrup and H. P. Krogh, Eﬀects and Risk Assessment of decrease with the passage of time but still remains nitrogen Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates in Agricultural Soil. 3. Sub- in vermicompost and also contains enzymes, hormones, lethal Eﬀects on Soil Invertebrates, 2009. [5] L. A. Wever, T. J. Lysyk, and M. J. Clapperton, “(e inﬂuence vitamins, and other minerals as well. Besides this, phosphate of soil moisture and temperature on the survival, aestivation, and potassium also present in vermicompost-treated soils growth and development of juvenile Aporrectodea tuber- play a crucial role in plant growth and ﬂowering processes as culata (Eisen) (Lumbricidae),” Pedobiologia, vol. 45, no. 2, well. Results obtained when triplicate as control is without pp. 121–133, 2001. vermicompost shows great variation as compared with [6] Q. Xu and B. Huang, “Growth and physiological responses of triplicates treated with diﬀerent % of vermicompost like creeping bentgrass to changes in air and soil temperatures,” 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.5%, and 3.125%, respectively. Among Crop Science, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1363–1368, 2000. these triplicates treated with vermicompost, the better result [7] T. Hernandez, I. J. Moreno, and F. Costa, “Inﬂuence of sewage was found in 6.5% vermicompost-treated soil while others sludge application on crop yields and heavy metal avail- show a slight diﬀerence in ﬂowering, pods decline, shoot ability,” Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 37, no. 2, length, and number of leaves; some triplicates of experi- pp. 201–210, 2010. mental like 50% and 25% show enormous shoot length but [8] S. Sagar, C. B. Hedley, K. M. Giddens, and G. J. Salt, “Inﬂuence less yield and plants in these replicates show logging when of soil phosphorus status and nitrogen addition on carbon regular watering was done, while other plants dehisced due mineralization from (Sup. 14) C-Labelled glucose inpastur- to excess available of NPK. (e replicates of % of vermi- esoils,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 32, pp. 209–216, 2000. [9] S. P. Kowalski, R. V. Ebora, R. D. Kryder, and R. H. Potter, compost is 6.25% and 3.125% of treated soils show growth “Transgenic crops, biotechnology and ownership rights: what less than 500 g replicate and ﬂowering, number of pods as scientists need to know,” >e Plant Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, well and leaves was so much healthy as compared to 12.5% pp. 407–421, 2002. vermicompost-treated soils. Overall as per the results ob- [10] S. Mavaddati, M. H. Kianmehr, I. Allahdadi, and tained the better yield and normal exomorphological G. R. Chegini, “Preparation of pellets by urban waste com- characters were obtained from soil treated with 500 g ver- post,” International Journal of Environmental Research, vol. 4, micompost prepared by Aporrectodea caliginosa. no. 4, pp. 665–672, 2010. [11] N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards, P. Bierman, C. Welch, and J. D. Metzger, “Inﬂuences of vermicomposts on ﬁeld straw- Data Availability berries: 1. Eﬀects on growth and yields,” Bioresource Tech- nology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 145–153, 2004. (e data that support the ﬁndings of this study are available [12] C. A. Edwards and J. E. Bater, “(e use of earthworms in from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. environmental management,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1683–1689, 1992. [13] R. Albiach, R. Canet, F. Pomares, and F. Ingelmo, “Microbial Conflicts of Interest biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil,” Bioresource (e authors declare no conﬂicts of interest regarding the Technology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 43–48, 2000. publication of this paper. [14] R. Baziramakenga, R. R. Lalande, and R. Lalande, “Eﬀect of de-inking paper sludge compost application on soil chemical Acknowledgments and biological properties,” Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 561–575, 2001. (is research was made possible with the support of Dr. O.P. [15] A. B. Azizi, M. P. M. Lim, Z. M. Noor, and N. Abdullah, Agrawal, Former Vice-Chancellor of Jiwaji University, “Vermiremoval of heavy metal in sewage sludge by utilising Gwalior. (e authors are grateful to Dr. S. K. Singh, Senior Lumbricus rubellus,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Soil Scientist, of KVK Agricultural Centre, Gwalior. Also, vol. 90, pp. 13–20, 2013. they are grateful to Dr. Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Assistant Pro- [16] A. B. Azizi, Z. M. Noor, T. D. S. Jaime, A. Noorlidah, and fessor, Department of Environmental Science, SP College, A. J. Adi, “Vermicomposting of sewage sludge by Lumbricus Srinagar, Jammu Kashmir (UT). rebullus using spent mushroom compost as feed material: Advances in Agriculture 9 eﬀect on concentration of heavy metals,” Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 1036–1043, 2011. [17] J. Nair, V. Sekiozoic, and M. Anda, “Eﬀect of pre-composting on vermicomposting of kitchen waste,” Bioresource Tech- nology, vol. 97, no. 16, pp. 2091–2095, 2006. [18] T. Loh, Y. C. Lee, J. B. Liang, and D. Tan, “Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manures by Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 111–114, 2005. [19] S. A. Ismail, >e Earthworm Book, Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India, 2005. [20] R. Atiyeh, S. Lee, C. Edwards, N. Arancon, and J. Metzger, “(e inﬂuence of humic acids derived from earthworm- processed organic wastes on plant growth,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2002. [21] G. Masciandaro, B. Ceccanti, and C. Garcia, “Soil agro-eco- logical management: fertirrigation and vermicompost treat- ments,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 59, no. 2-3, pp. 199–206, [22] J. C. Buckerﬁeld and K. A. Webster, Worm-Worked Waste Boosts Grape Yields: Prospects for Vermicompost Use in Vineyards, ScienceOpen, Inc., Boston, MA, USA, 1998. [23] S. B. Agrawal, A. Singh, and G. Dwivedi, “Eﬀect of vermi- compost, farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum),” Plant Ar- chives, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2003. [24] S. K. Sinha and J. C. White, “Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants,” Environmental Science & Tech- nology, vol. 43, no. 24, pp. 9473–9479, 2009. [25] A. A. Ansari and S. A. Ismail, “Relamation of sodic soils through vermitechnology,” Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 21, pp. 92–97, 2008. [26] R. M. Atiyeh, N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards, and J. D. Metzger, “(e inﬂuence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds,” Bio- resource Technology, vol. 81, pp. 103–108, 2001. [27] M. M. Valdrighi, A. Pera, M. Agnolucci, S. Frassinetti, D. Lunardi, and G. Vallini, “Eﬀects of compost-derived humic acids on vegetable biomass production and microbial growth within a plant (Cichorium intybus)-soil system: a comparative study,” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 58, no. 2- 3, pp. 133–144, 1996. [28] N. Q. Arancon, S. Lee, C. A. Edwards, and R. Atiyeh, “Eﬀects of humic acids derived from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plants,” Pedobio- logia, vol. 47, no. 5-6, pp. 741–744, 2003. [29] L. P. Canellas, F. L. Olivares, A. L. Okorokova, and A. R. Facanha, “Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence, and plasma H+ -ATPase activity in maize roots,” Plant Physiology, vol. 130, pp. 1951–1957, 2000. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Advances in Agriculture Hindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/hindawi-publishing-corporation/application-of-aporrectodea-caliginosa-to-mitigate-the-waste-and-the-y54tXodohQ

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Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Copyright: Copyright © 2021 Rouf Ahmad Mir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ISSN: 2356-654X
eISSN: 2314-7539
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8363203
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Abstract

Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2021, Article ID 8363203, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8363203 Research Article Applicationof Aporrectodea caliginosatoMitigatetheWasteand the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris 1 1 2 3 RoufAhmadMir , SaritaShrivastava, PragyaSinghPawaiya, andHemantSamadhiya Department of Zoology, Government Model Science College, Gwalior, 474011 MP, India Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011 MP, India School of Studies Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India Correspondence should be addressed to Rouf Ahmad Mir; roufbio24@gmail.com Received 15 April 2021; Accepted 30 July 2021; Published 1 September 2021 Academic Editor: Suhaib Bandh Copyright © 2021 Rouf Ahmad Mir et al. (is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vermin biotechnology is an eco-friendly technique and economically beneﬁcent process to mitigate organic waste. India’s agro- industrial sector contributes colossal wealth of plant materials in the form of compost. (e present study aims to publicize soil healthiness and its plant growth supplying possessions further corroborating the use of organic amendments instead of fertilizers. Plastic replicates investigation is an exercise in eighteen replicates in which ﬁfteen were soil amendment treatments: one triplicate- control, 0% vermicompost, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% vermicompost of soil. Containers contained 2 kg soil each, in which seeds are sown, and the measurement of studied traits (length of shoot, length of internodes, ﬂowers, leaves number and number of branches, and rate of germination) was noticed. (e earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae and Aporrectodea caliginosa) feed on waste like broiler droppings, the dung of sheep and cow, leaves, and decomposed wood and convert it into vermicompost, which required 72 days to extenuate the waste. Each setup was conducted on plastic containers, and there would be control and the test at respective experiments. Vermicompost was prepared; obviously, it contains better farming nutrients analyzed by diﬀerent scientiﬁc methods and is very eﬃcient for plant growth and other features. (e main objective of the study was the eﬀect of quality vermicompost produced by A. caliginosa on the exomorphology and rate of germination of Phaseolus vulgaris. Diﬀerent ratios of vermicompost in respective replicates aﬀect plant growth and external morphology, which is directly linked with nutrients present in treated and untreated soil. (e outcomes suggested that vermicompost can be overworked as an eﬃcacious biofertilizer. moisture is near to ﬁeld ability [3–6].(ese worms are used 1. Introduction in excessive amounts to perform their function eﬃciently on (e engrossing rate of Aporrectodea caliginosa is moderate waste like dung of animals, leaves and decomposed wood, and required more time to convert the dung of sheep, cow, etc. Worms are very signiﬁcant to recycle diﬀerent biode- gradable waste in our surroundings. and broiler droppings into vermicast. (is worm is used in vermicomposting as well and is native to Great Britain. (e (e exorbitant application of chemical fertilizers in endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa [1] is a delegate of agriculture is an eﬀect of matter. It exalts the level of pol- cultivable ﬁelds in temperate regions and is implicated as a lutants in fruits and declines soil fertility and contamination pertinent model test species. Aporrectodea caliginosa is ca- of groundwater [7]. Replacement of chemical fertilizers by pable of outlasting in soils with abject organic matter 1.4% the organic amendments is very essential for the endurability organic carbon [2] and furthermore moisture content. In of agriculture yield and retention of soil fertility [8]. (e abstemious agricultural soils, earthworm enlargement is compost and vermicompost quality is the most important swift at soil temperatures from 15 to 20 C while the soil yardstick in reclamation of organic waste and application in 2 Advances in Agriculture agriculture as organic alterations; they can ﬁt the nutriment it took less time in other containers that contained a single exigence of agriculture crops [9, 10]. Vermicompost is the type of waste; the overall average time required was 72 days. Weekly monitoring to detect the number of eggs produced outcome of organic matter degeneration through correla- tions between earthworms and microorganisms [11, 12]. and count the number of worms formed during this entire Vermicompost not only the root of organic matter and period is shown in Table 1. nutrient but also promote microbial population, physical, living, and chemical properties of the soil [13, 14]. 2.4. Preparation of Vermicompost. Vermimanure was pre- pared in plastic trays with height × length × breadth di- mensions of 10 cm × 20 cm × 12 cm. (e dimension of plastic 2. Materials and Methods try was length 20 cm and 12 cm in breadth and depth 10 cm, 2.1. Waste Collection. (e waste collection was done at our respectively. A green net was placed at the base of the plastic surroundings like dung of sheep and cows that were easily try to restrict the earthworms going outside the plastic try available, due to the good ratio of cattle stock present in and maintain moisture content as well; green net also helps Kulgam J&K (UT), India. Broiler droppings were collected to cover the try and avoid earthworm predators. (e plastic from the nearest poultry farm present in Kulgam district. tries were ﬁlled with diﬀerent waste like cow dung, leaves, Droppings plucked also were mixed with crushed powered decomposed wood, poultry droppings, pigeon dropping, wood, because they got dry when in contact with crushed and sheep dung, respectively, in diﬀerent quantity as well. At powered wood and leaves as well, besides decomposed wood initial stage, mud water was sprinkled at random intervals. taken from the dense forest area. So that the medium prepared as an essential for growing earthworms and the suitable condition is very important for earthworm biology. At least 30–40 earthworms (Aporrec- 2.2. Plastic Containers. (e experiment was carried out in todea caliginosa and Eudrilus eugeniae) were introduced in plastic bins; at least six plastic containers were used. Wastes the waste present in plastic try after the predecomposition were ﬁrst weighed on a digital weighing machine and then process is over to avoid unnecessary heat, which occurs put in containers. Predecomposition was done at least 15 during microbial decomposition on the mixed waste. 3 cm days before complete bacterial decomposition occurs. After thick layer of cow dung, poultry and pigeon droppings, the predecomposition process occurs, then worms were crushed wood and leaves as well of respective weight is poured on readily available waste in containers. Earthworms mentioned in Table 1. When mud water is sprinkled on this are present in local ﬁelds in Kulgam district J&K (UT) India. waste, at the initial stage Aporrectodea caliginosa (as shown Usually, 40 worms of weight 15 g were put in each container, in Figure 1) consumed less waste. When mud water is and other triplicates contained 25 Eudrilus eugeniae. sprayed, their eﬃciency is modiﬁed and adopted in these media eﬃciently. Earthworm populations were also noticed 2.3. Experimental Design. (e experiment was conducted in diﬀerent replicates in mixed, only cow dung + sheep dung, using Aporrectodea caliginosa or ﬁeld worm in plastic sheep dung, respectively. After all these processes were done, containers (10 cm × 20 cm × 12 cm), and waste was kept on harvesting was started on the 72nd day, and the earthworms were separated from vermimanure. (e young worms and the net in a container to avoid worm escape and placed under the shed, to prevent any interruption of pests. And cocoons were separated from diﬀerent replicates using 3 mm sometimes, these containers are put in room to imitate sieves. (e vermicompost prepared by these worms contains microclimatic conditions [15, 16]. First experimental setup macro and micronutrients as well [19]. was conducted to convert waste into vermicompost; it took Sample 1 contains diﬀerent waste; all parameters were 72 days to convert 2 kg cow dung, 1 kg sheep dung, 1 kg initially analyzed like temperature. pH was initially 7.6, and predecomposed crushed wood waste and leaves, and 1 kg when vermicompost was prepared, pH 7.9 was estimated. poultry droppings and setup was based on 3 replicates. But the earthworm which consumed this mixed waste was pH � 7.2 and temperature � 25–29 C were detected before Aporrectodea caliginosa (ﬁeld worm); it takes extra 12 days setup. During precomposting also called thermocomposting to mitigate the mixed waste. In the case of sample 1, the eﬀectively inactivates pathogens [17] and averts the divul- vermicompost prepared from sample 1 is used mainly for the treatment to soils. It contains all nutrients in optimum level, gence of earthworms to exalted temperatures in the course of the incipient thermophilic degree of microbial decompo- better for plant development as well. (e cow dung + S. dung consumed by Eudrilus eugeniae brought from Gwalior was sition [18]. (e experiment was conducted on the ﬁeld after 15 days; predecomposition completed and then worms were introduced in Kulgam for vermicomposting purposes. (e sheep dung consumed by Aporrectodea caliginosa took less put on the corner side of plastic containers; usually 40 adult worms start consuming the upper layer of waste. (e worms than 60 days. In sample 2, exotic vermicomposting earth- brought from the ﬁeld were stacked with mud; initially they worms are used to mitigate the waste less than 60 days. (e got stagnant in mud; within few weeks, their population introduction of Aporrectodea caliginosa for vermi- increases and started to consume waste. Regular watering composting mitigates all waste as well. (e best earthworms population was seen in sample 1 was carried out to maintain proper moisture content and protect containers to get rid of ants and termites as well. In with good quantity vermimanure. In sample 2, the worms introduced belong to temperate areas, so their adaptation the containers that contained mixed waste, worms con- sumed that slowly and took more time for conversion, while was changed in a cold environment, as we know most Advances in Agriculture 3 Table 1: Earthworm species consumed waste and the changes monitored during this period. No. of Waste Initial Type No. of Days to Weight of No. of adults infant consumed by pH of of waste eggs complete waste (kg) (earthworms) worms worm waste Sample 1 Mixed waste, cow dung, 40 eggs Aporrectodea sheep dung, decomposed wood, 20 72 days 7.6 5 150 recorded Caliginosa powered wood, broiler droppings, pigeon droppings, leaves Sample 2 Eudrilus 25 25 60 7.8 5 100 Cow dung, sheep dung eugeniae Sample 3 Aporrectodea 20 15 60 7.2 5 88 Sheep dung caliginosa Figure 1: Number of Aporrectodea caliginosa. suitable food for earthworms is cow dung. Little bit of the process. (e vermicompost produced had met with changes occur in vermicompost prepared from Eudrilus secretions released from the gut of earthworms; it makes eugeniae, providing room temperature to sample 2 and vermicasts more nutrient-rich. Table 3 shows the degrada- sample 3 to avoid any disﬁgure and experimental loss; in tion process of two earthworms and the period time taken to sample 3, worms used were Aporrectodea caliginosa. Table 2 complete the harvest of vermicompost. indicates the quality vermicompost produced have better chemical composition; the number of eggs had been 2.5. Treatment. (e experiment was conducted when quality recorded in sample 2 which contain cow dung, but the vermicompost is prepared from Aporrectodea caliginosa and temperature was below 20 C. (e earthworms in sample 2 Eudrilus eugeniae. (e seeds of mesh beans were taken from consume waste below 60 days. the Department of Agriculture Kulgam Jammu & Kashmir (e vermicompost’s chemical and physical proﬁle in- and were sown on each replicate with vermicompost-treated dicates that it contains all ingredients in optimum amount as soil and control without vermicompost. (e vermi- shown in Table 2; besides this its density is 0.6–0.7 and no composting was done in plastic containers and sieving the odour and macronutrients in a good amount prescribed by product and then used in 18 replicates which contain 4 kg Horticulture Department of Govt. of India; besides this soil each. (is experiment was carried out on an open ﬁeld; particle size is almost 88%. Normal moisture content is 18 plastic containers were used for the study. Beans need full acceptable between 50% and 60%. Total nitrogen was esti- sun and deep, rich, well-drained soil to grow them best. mated by the Kjeldahl method; other nutrients were ana- Creating the bean pod takes photosynthesis energy along lyzed by spectrophotometer: with a generous water supply; plants use approximately 1/2 Sample 1 � vermicompost (mixed waste: cow dung, inch of water each day during the blossom and pod growth sheep dung, decomposed wood, powered wood, broiler period. Figure 2 displays the normal growth of Phaseolus droppings, pigeon droppings, leaves), WHC � water-hold- vulgaris present in a container. ing capacity, and OC � organic carbon. Table 4 depicts 18 replicates utilized in the experiment on Usually in this work, whole experiment was conducted which three plastic containers were used as control while 15 by using Aporrectodea caliginosa as an experimental worm, were put to use in experiment and diﬀerent proportions of consuming waste 3 cm at least 72 days while Eudrilus vermicompost, which was applied for treating the soil. (e eugeniae feed on cow dung and sheep dung as well. It took number of results was acquired when control and experi- under 60 days to mitigate 3 cm thickness waste to complete ment data have collaborated. 4 Advances in Agriculture Table 2: Chemical proﬁle of vermicompost made by Aporrectodea caliginosa (ﬁeld worm). Containers pH Moisture (%) WHC (%) OC (%) Total N (%) Total P (%) Total K (%) Sample 1 7.5 57.11 82.54 39.21 1.40 0.58 0.99 Sample 2 7.3 40.11 41.23 29.02 1.20 0.48 0.95 Sample 3 8.1 42.24 39.99 22.02 1.09 0.21 0.28 Table 3: Waste consumed by earthworms in diﬀerent replicates. Amount of Earthworm Date and Container Day of harvest earthworms Amount which was completely ready (cm) species month of release released in kg Sample 1 Aporrectodea caliginosa 11/5/2020 72 days 40 adult worms 3 Sample 2 E. eugeniae 11/5/2020 Under 60 days 25 worms 3 Sample 3 Aporrectodea caliginosa 11/5/2020 72 days 40 adult worms 3 Figure 2: Phaseolus vulgaris (mesh bean plants). Table 4: Application of vermicompost used in diﬀerent replicates. Containers Soil (kg) + Vcompost Vcompost (kg-g) + soil Vermi-compost + soil % of VC Control 4 kg soil 4 kg soil 4 kg soil 0 Experimental Replicate (1) Replicate (2) Replicate (3) 1st container S 4 kg + VC 2 kg S 4 kg + VC 2 kg S 4 kg + VC 2 kg 50 2nd container S 4 kg + VC 1 kg S 4 kg + VC 1 kg S 4 kg + VC 1 kg 25 3rd container S 4 kg + VC 500 g S 4 kg + VC500 g S 4 kg + VC 500 g 12.5 4th container S 4 kg + VC 250 g S 4 kg + VC 250 g S 4 kg + VC 250 g 6.25 5th container S 4 kg + VC 125 g S 4 kg + VC 125 g S 4 kg + VC 125 g 3.125 Aporrectodea caliginosa. (e amounts of nitrate in soil from 3. Statistical Analysis replicates treated with vermicompost were signiﬁcantly (e data obtained from morphological parameters were greater than in soils from untreated soil. 2 kg soil is present subjected to statistical analysis. (e 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks’ in each replicate whether control or experiment, and ver- data of shoot length were given as average shoot length and micompost is added in each replicate in 0 kg; vermicompost standard error, standard deviation. (e diﬀerences between is added in controlled replicate and 2 kg, 1 kg, 500 g, 250 g, the experimental groups and controls were statistically and 125 g are added in experimental replicates, respectively. analyzed. (e level of signiﬁcance was set at P< 0.05. Replicates treated with vermicompost of diﬀerent weight had signiﬁcantly more microbial biomass N than replicates treated without vermicompost shown in Table 4. (ere was a 4. Results trend for greater dehydrogenase activity to occur in soils 4.1. Eﬀects of Vermicomposts in Soil Present in Replicates. treated with vermicomposts, compared to that in soils treated with 0% kg vermicompost. Particularly soils treated (e soil in replicates was weighed, and then the soil was treated with a diﬀerent ratio of vermicompost prepared by with mixed cow manure had signiﬁcantly more Advances in Agriculture 5 4.3. Measurement of Plant Growth Parameters dehydrogenase activity than soils treated with 0% vermi- compost. (e replicates treated with diﬀerent quantities of 4.3.1. Length of the Shoot. (ere is a signiﬁcant diﬀerence in vermicompost as shown in Table 4 like 2 kg, 1 kg, 500 g, shoot length between control and treated plants. Length of 250 g, and 125 g have a diﬀerent ratio of phosphate, po- the shoot at the beginning of the 1st week and 3rd week tassium, and nitrogen as well and their eﬀect on the plant changes, respectively, and based on total average length and also varies greatly than soils treated with 0% vermicompost. standard error, our results show 95% correctness. A con- (e 3rd replicate which contained 500 g vermicompost has siderable increase in shoot length was recorded in treated more sophisticated outcomes regarding plants’ external plants; when compared to control plants shoot length to morphology than other treatments of vermicompost. vermicompost-treated plants 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, In a nutshell, amounts of nitrates in diﬀerent replicates 3.125% was signiﬁcantly higher than in control (12.45) did not vary signiﬁcantly among treatments. But the rep- plants, as shown in Tables 6–8. licates treated with good quality vermicompost prepared ASL stands for average shoot length; if the average shoot from Aporrectodea caliginosa and traditional compost had length is more and the value of standard error is less, the results signiﬁcantly more microbial biomass N than those replicates show normalcy. (is ﬁts all in container 3 shown in Table 6. treated with 0 kg vermicompost. Adequate amounts of As per data obtained from second week ASL and nutrients are deﬁnitely present in replicates that have more standard error in case of control shoot length is less but quantity of vermicompost. But the reason as per Table 4 standard error is also less, 3rd container ASL is more but shows that 2 kg and 1 kg vermicompost replicates in which standard error is less; hence, our data is accurate, as shown in nutrient quantity is more, the mesh bean plants show more Table 7. ASL stands for average shoot length. growth and there is the probability of logging problem is Similarly, all results suit in 3rd container, in Table 8. associated with the plants. While the other two replicates Shoot length shows acceptable result in vermicompost contained 250 g and 125 g of vermicompost, plants show 12.5%, and external morphological and ﬂowers, leaves are stunted growth with decreased yield as well. signiﬁcantly well in containers when comparison was done. Average variability in data shows how far each score lies from the average value. 4.2. Growth and Yield. Growth and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris are signiﬁcantly good in soils treated with vermi- compost compared to those soils which have 0% vermi- 4.3.2. Length of Internodes. Usually, gibberellic acid is used compost yields less. (e better outcome is obtained when to increase internodes length. Usually, intermodal length 2 kg soils was treated with 500 g vermicompost; average was seen in a plant which was treated with 50% vermi- shoot was maximum but standard error was less than rest of compost (maximum (2.88 cm), followed by 25% length treatments. (e other containers treated with diﬀerent doses (2.28), but the moderate length of internodes was seen in soil of vermicompost; their average growth shoot growth is treated with 12.5% vermicompost (2.16). slightly more or less than container, but their standard error is slightly more than other treated containers as well as control. As per standard analysis of shoot length of 1st, 2nd, 4.3.3. Number of Leaves. (e number of leaves from ger- and 3rd weeks is concerned, when treated soils are compared mination stage to mature stage shows variations and dif- with each other, more value of standard error occurs, but 3rd ferent containers had a diﬀerent amount of vermicompost container showed 95% accuracy in terms of shoot length, like 50%, 25%,12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% treated soil, number of leaves, ﬂowers, and pod yield as well. To enhance showing a maximum number of leaves, respectively (Fig- eﬃcient ﬂowering because the experiment was conducted in ure 3). Deﬁnitely, the maximum number of leaves was open ﬁeld, temperature was not favorable usually in autumn. present on plants treated with 2 kg vermicompost but shows To avoid this hindrance, green house is constructed under scarcity in yield. But appropriate outcomes would be ana- which all replicates were put, with the consequences of lyzed on plants treated with 500 g vermicompost, shown in eﬃcient ﬂowering and later pods formation occurring, re- Table 5. Other replicates such as 4th replicate treated with spectively. Soils treated with diﬀerent amounts of vermi- 6.25% vermicompost leave size was normal and plant shows compost; the controlled container that was with 0% optimum growth, but results comparison like the number of vermicompost had less yield and external structure of their leaves show variation. (e minimum number of leaves was mature pods was not ﬁt for market while those plants are recorded in control which contained no vermicompost as treated with vermicompost; mostly the 3rd container had well shown in Table 5. good yield and was ﬁt for market. (e data are present in (e data present in Table 5 was analyzed, when climatic Table 5 during 4th week, 5th week, and 6th week; great conditions were not favorable for ﬂowering then greenhouse variation was shown when control is compared with treated arrangement was constructed, put all 18 replicates under and containers in yield, shoot length, ﬂowers leaves, and normal ﬂowering and pod formation occurs, all variations branches; all these external parameters were seen in ver- can be seen in Table 5. More yields were obtained from micompost-treated soils. When treated containers are vermicompost-treated soil than control containers without compared with each other, in terms of yield that was seen in vermicompost. In between vermicompost-treated con- 3rd container, all parameters ﬁt in containers which con- tainers, best ﬂowering and pods formation occurs in ver- tained vermicompost 500 g. micompost-treated soil of 12.5%. 6 Advances in Agriculture Table 5: Exomorphological parameters obtained during the 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks. Total leaves Total branches Total ﬂowers Avg. leaves Avg. branches Avg. ﬂowers Control 80 24 108 26.66 8 36 Exp. Con. 1st 200 43 179 66.66 14.33 59.66 Con. 2nd 192 42 178 64 14 59.33 Con. 3rd 190 44 180 63.33 14.66 60 Con. 4th 160 34 159 53.33 11.33 53 th Con. 5 140 33 140 46.66 11 46.66 Table 6: (e shoot length of a plant at the ﬁrst week. Containers ASL SD SE CI (95%) VC (%) Rate ger. (%) Control 3.41 1.24 0.50 1.30 0 75 Experiment 1st container 4.75 1.04 0.52 1.65 50 75 2nd container 4.4 1.47 0.65 1.83 25 75 3rd container 3.9 0.96 0.43 1.19 12.5 75 4th container 3.83 1.04 0.60 2.58 6.25 75 5th container — — — — 3.125 0 Table 7: Shoot length at the second week. Containers ASL SD SE CI (95%) Days VC (%) Control 9.53 0.97 0.28 0.61 14 0 Experiment 1st container 15.6 2.32 0.67 1.47 14 50 2nd container 12.6 1.67 0.48 1.06 14 25 3rd container 15 1.32 0.30 0.84 14 12.5 4th container 12.2 1.04 0.38 0.66 14 6.25 5th container 11.8 1.71 0.49 1.08 14 3.125 4.3.4. Maturity after Blooms. (e experimental ﬁeldwork was conducted in September and October months where the conditions of weather is not much favorable; so to avoid this barrier, the mesh bean plants was put under greenhouse for 20 days to occurred green pods on each plant as soon as the blooms drop and grow rapidly under greenhouse. Slender pods must be ready within 9 days, while it may take 15 extra 50 or more for the pods to ﬁll completely. Checking the pods daily insures that they do not become overgrown and toughen. Beans need full sun and deep, rich, well-drained soil to grow their best. Creating the bean pod takes pho- tosynthesis energy along with a generous water supply; plants use approximately 1/2 inch of water each day during the blossom and pod growth period. 4.3.5. Number of Branches. During the experimental period, the number of branches was increased in all the treated control c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 plants when compared to the control plants at the end of the Avg.leaves 5th week. (e maximum number of branches was recorded Avg.branches in vermicompost 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% Avg.flowers (Figure 3). (e number of branches was less signiﬁcant in the control plants (Figure 3). NPK percentage in vermicompost Figure 3: (e overall average morphology of Phaseolus vulgaris. Advances in Agriculture 7 Table 8: Shoot length at the 3rd week. Containers ASL SD SE CI (95%) Days VC (%) Control 12.45 1.03 0.29 0.65 21 0 Experiment 1st container 26 1.70 0.49 1.08 21 50 2nd container 24.6 1.32 0.38 0.84 21 25 3rd container 21.10 1.60 0.28 1.02 21 12.5 4th container 18.60 1.10 0.31 0.69 21 6.25 5th container 15.92 1.21 0.35 0.77 21 3.125 is seen in Table 2. (e minimum NPK percentage was growth than control which contained no vermicompost [22]. observed in the control soil samples, N (0.06), P (0.002), It was reported that the use of vermicompost obtained from and K (0.03). (e number of branches was seen in vermi- grape marc, which was cover under grapevines and spread compost-treated soils, but appropriate results were seen in with straw and paper mulches enhanced the productivity of 3rd replicate vermicompost which contained 500 g grapes variety by up to 55%. (e outcomes in the present vermicompost. endeavor are in correspondence with earlier investigations Table 5 explains external parameters of diﬀerent weeks; [23]. An ampliﬁcation in the acquiesce of indubitable vege- aggregated data was collected and a number of leaves, table crops such as brinjal, okra, and tomato has been ﬂowers, and branches of control as well as treated soils, show recorded by [24], respectively. Tritium aestivum plants are variations with each other; also there occurred diﬀerences in treated with vermimanure, plants’ morphology is modiﬁed parameters among treated plants as well (Figure 3). As like the length of the plant, number of leaves, early ear statistical tool applied on shoot length shows the shoot heading, and dry matter of each plant was endowed to be modiﬁed when compared with control plants. (e appearance length is more and standard error has less value is acceptable and 5% chances of experimental inaccuracy. Similarly, the of tomato, cabbage, and radish sapling was important in parameters like leaves, ﬂowers, and branches show moderate vermicomposted soil than in thermophilically composted outcomes in vermicompost-treated soil of 12.5%. animal waste [12]. Organic biofertilizers contain a rich Figure 3 indicates the average number of ﬂowers, amount of nutrients which are very beneﬁcial for plant branches, and leaves. In 3rd container (c3), all columns maintenance. (e nutrients like NPK content present in touch line 60 while c1 container shows that the number of vermicompost-treated soil were found to improve when leaves was more but the other two parameters show the compared with other compost treated soil [25]. slight decline and another factor which indicates its growth, (e byproducts of microbial activities may include vermicompost quantity is more while in case of 3rd con- polysaccharides that are involved directly in the aggregation tainer, all exomorphological characteristics are perfect and of soil particles, which could also have some inﬂuence on plant growth. It is also possible that humic acids in the vermicompost amount was moderate usually 12.5%. vermicomposts used in the experiment could also have direct positive inﬂuences on the growth and yields of the mesh 5. Discussion beans. In laboratory and greenhouse experiments by [26], deﬁnitive evidence of the positive growth eﬀects of humic (e enlargement of mesh plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) was built to be notably increased in plants treated with vermicompost. acids, extracted from cattle manure and food waste vermi- Plants treated with 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% of composts, was demonstrated. In their experiments, a range of diﬀerent replicates showed increased shoot length compared doses of humic acid were extracted from vermicomposts acids to plants treated with 0% vermicompost. An investigation by classic acid/alkali fractionation [27] and applied to tomato conducted by [20] proclaimed the advantages of vermi- and cucumber seedlings grown in a soil-less medium. compost as cover media to boost seed germination, seedling References [28, 29] concluded that the growth responses were due either to the ability of humic acids to have hor- growth, and productivity of plants. To add organic waste to the soil in the form of vermicompost and vermiwash increases mone-like eﬀects on plant growth or because the humic acids may have plant growth, regulators adsorbed onto the yield and growth of plants. (e experiment was conducted at an open place; both the waste of cassava peel and guava them, and that these inﬂuenced the growth. (eir hypothesis was conﬁrmed by an investigation by [29], which identiﬁed leaves were mixed or vermicompost prepared from poultry droppings. Mba (1983) noted more shoot biomass and auxin groups incorporated in humic acids that had been marked up seed yields of cowpeas in rejoinder to vermi- extracted from cattle manure vermicompost. (e eﬀects of compost [21]. Examined straight uses of vermicomposts, humic acid applications to maize plants resulted in increased created from sewage sludge to soils and noted a larger growth growth of the maize roots and stem which they attributed to index of garden cress (Lepidium sativum), in vermicompost- the humic/auxin combination. It seems likely that humic treated soils, compared with those soils where no use of acids produced in the vermicomposts used in our experi- ment might have also increased growth and yields of mesh vermicompost occurred. (e present study deals with soil treated 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% showing good beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). 8 Advances in Agriculture 6. Conclusions References [1] J. C. Savingy, “Memoire sur les,” in Analyse des travaux de (e results of this study showed that 12.5% or 500 g ver- I’Academia royale des sciences pendent I’ anee 1821,partie micompost-treated showed great potential to increase the physique, M. Cuvier and G. Baron, Eds., Mem., Acad., Sci., growth of the bean plant and improved soil quality. (e Inst., Fr., (HIST.), France, 1826. study positively highlights the importance of organic [2] J. P. McDaniel, M. E. Stromberger, K. A. Barbarick, and farming; therefore, vermicompost may be put to good use as W. Cranshaw, “Survival of Aporrectodea caliginosa and its a natural fertilizer for cereals and vegetable crops for in- eﬀects on nutrient availability in biosolids amended soil,” creased production and for sustainable agricultural systems. Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 71, pp. 1–6, 2013. (e NPK was more in vermicompost-treated soils and hence [3] H. G. Baker and W. A. Whitby, “Soil pH preferences and the made soil healthy. In our experiment, the amount of ni- inﬂuences of soil type and temperature on the survival and trogen present in the soil is quite low than vermicompost- growth of Aporrectodea longa (Lumbricidae),” Pedobiologia, treated soils; it was observed by many workers when vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 745–753, 2003. earthworms consumed waste the amount of nitrogen will [4] M. Holmstrup and H. P. Krogh, Eﬀects and Risk Assessment of decrease with the passage of time but still remains nitrogen Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates in Agricultural Soil. 3. Sub- in vermicompost and also contains enzymes, hormones, lethal Eﬀects on Soil Invertebrates, 2009. [5] L. A. Wever, T. J. Lysyk, and M. J. Clapperton, “(e inﬂuence vitamins, and other minerals as well. Besides this, phosphate of soil moisture and temperature on the survival, aestivation, and potassium also present in vermicompost-treated soils growth and development of juvenile Aporrectodea tuber- play a crucial role in plant growth and ﬂowering processes as culata (Eisen) (Lumbricidae),” Pedobiologia, vol. 45, no. 2, well. Results obtained when triplicate as control is without pp. 121–133, 2001. vermicompost shows great variation as compared with [6] Q. Xu and B. Huang, “Growth and physiological responses of triplicates treated with diﬀerent % of vermicompost like creeping bentgrass to changes in air and soil temperatures,” 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.5%, and 3.125%, respectively. Among Crop Science, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1363–1368, 2000. these triplicates treated with vermicompost, the better result [7] T. Hernandez, I. J. Moreno, and F. Costa, “Inﬂuence of sewage was found in 6.5% vermicompost-treated soil while others sludge application on crop yields and heavy metal avail- show a slight diﬀerence in ﬂowering, pods decline, shoot ability,” Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 37, no. 2, length, and number of leaves; some triplicates of experi- pp. 201–210, 2010. mental like 50% and 25% show enormous shoot length but [8] S. Sagar, C. B. Hedley, K. M. Giddens, and G. J. Salt, “Inﬂuence less yield and plants in these replicates show logging when of soil phosphorus status and nitrogen addition on carbon regular watering was done, while other plants dehisced due mineralization from (Sup. 14) C-Labelled glucose inpastur- to excess available of NPK. (e replicates of % of vermi- esoils,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 32, pp. 209–216, 2000. [9] S. P. Kowalski, R. V. Ebora, R. D. Kryder, and R. H. Potter, compost is 6.25% and 3.125% of treated soils show growth “Transgenic crops, biotechnology and ownership rights: what less than 500 g replicate and ﬂowering, number of pods as scientists need to know,” >e Plant Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, well and leaves was so much healthy as compared to 12.5% pp. 407–421, 2002. vermicompost-treated soils. Overall as per the results ob- [10] S. Mavaddati, M. H. Kianmehr, I. Allahdadi, and tained the better yield and normal exomorphological G. R. Chegini, “Preparation of pellets by urban waste com- characters were obtained from soil treated with 500 g ver- post,” International Journal of Environmental Research, vol. 4, micompost prepared by Aporrectodea caliginosa. no. 4, pp. 665–672, 2010. [11] N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards, P. Bierman, C. Welch, and J. D. Metzger, “Inﬂuences of vermicomposts on ﬁeld straw- Data Availability berries: 1. Eﬀects on growth and yields,” Bioresource Tech- nology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 145–153, 2004. (e data that support the ﬁndings of this study are available [12] C. A. Edwards and J. E. Bater, “(e use of earthworms in from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. environmental management,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1683–1689, 1992. [13] R. Albiach, R. Canet, F. Pomares, and F. Ingelmo, “Microbial Conflicts of Interest biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil,” Bioresource (e authors declare no conﬂicts of interest regarding the Technology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 43–48, 2000. publication of this paper. [14] R. Baziramakenga, R. R. Lalande, and R. Lalande, “Eﬀect of de-inking paper sludge compost application on soil chemical Acknowledgments and biological properties,” Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 561–575, 2001. (is research was made possible with the support of Dr. O.P. [15] A. B. Azizi, M. P. M. Lim, Z. M. Noor, and N. Abdullah, Agrawal, Former Vice-Chancellor of Jiwaji University, “Vermiremoval of heavy metal in sewage sludge by utilising Gwalior. (e authors are grateful to Dr. S. K. Singh, Senior Lumbricus rubellus,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Soil Scientist, of KVK Agricultural Centre, Gwalior. Also, vol. 90, pp. 13–20, 2013. they are grateful to Dr. Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Assistant Pro- [16] A. B. Azizi, Z. M. Noor, T. D. S. Jaime, A. Noorlidah, and fessor, Department of Environmental Science, SP College, A. J. Adi, “Vermicomposting of sewage sludge by Lumbricus Srinagar, Jammu Kashmir (UT). rebullus using spent mushroom compost as feed material: Advances in Agriculture 9 eﬀect on concentration of heavy metals,” Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 1036–1043, 2011. [17] J. Nair, V. Sekiozoic, and M. Anda, “Eﬀect of pre-composting on vermicomposting of kitchen waste,” Bioresource Tech- nology, vol. 97, no. 16, pp. 2091–2095, 2006. [18] T. Loh, Y. C. Lee, J. B. Liang, and D. Tan, “Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manures by Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 111–114, 2005. [19] S. A. Ismail, >e Earthworm Book, Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India, 2005. [20] R. Atiyeh, S. Lee, C. Edwards, N. Arancon, and J. Metzger, “(e inﬂuence of humic acids derived from earthworm- processed organic wastes on plant growth,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2002. [21] G. Masciandaro, B. Ceccanti, and C. Garcia, “Soil agro-eco- logical management: fertirrigation and vermicompost treat- ments,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 59, no. 2-3, pp. 199–206, [22] J. C. Buckerﬁeld and K. A. Webster, Worm-Worked Waste Boosts Grape Yields: Prospects for Vermicompost Use in Vineyards, ScienceOpen, Inc., Boston, MA, USA, 1998. [23] S. B. Agrawal, A. Singh, and G. Dwivedi, “Eﬀect of vermi- compost, farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum),” Plant Ar- chives, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2003. [24] S. K. Sinha and J. C. White, “Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants,” Environmental Science & Tech- nology, vol. 43, no. 24, pp. 9473–9479, 2009. [25] A. A. Ansari and S. A. Ismail, “Relamation of sodic soils through vermitechnology,” Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 21, pp. 92–97, 2008. [26] R. M. Atiyeh, N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards, and J. D. Metzger, “(e inﬂuence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds,” Bio- resource Technology, vol. 81, pp. 103–108, 2001. [27] M. M. Valdrighi, A. Pera, M. Agnolucci, S. Frassinetti, D. Lunardi, and G. Vallini, “Eﬀects of compost-derived humic acids on vegetable biomass production and microbial growth within a plant (Cichorium intybus)-soil system: a comparative study,” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 58, no. 2- 3, pp. 133–144, 1996. [28] N. Q. Arancon, S. Lee, C. A. Edwards, and R. Atiyeh, “Eﬀects of humic acids derived from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plants,” Pedobio- logia, vol. 47, no. 5-6, pp. 741–744, 2003. [29] L. P. Canellas, F. L. Olivares, A. L. Okorokova, and A. R. Facanha, “Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence, and plasma H+ -ATPase activity in maize roots,” Plant Physiology, vol. 130, pp. 1951–1957, 2000.

Journal

Advances in Agriculture – Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: Sep 1, 2021

References

Memoire sur les,

J. C. Savingy
Survival of Aporrectodea caliginosa and its effects on nutrient availability in biosolids amended soil,

J. P. McDaniel, M. E. Stromberger, K. A. Barbarick, and W. Cranshaw
Soil pH preferences and the influences of soil type and temperature on the survival and growth of Aporrectodea longa (Lumbricidae),

H. G. Baker and W. A. Whitby
The influence of soil moisture and temperature on the survival, aestivation, growth and development of juvenile Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen) (Lumbricidae),

L. A. Wever, T. J. Lysyk, and M. J. Clapperton
Growth and physiological responses of creeping bentgrass to changes in air and soil temperatures,

Q. Xu and B. Huang
Influence of sewage sludge application on crop yields and heavy metal availability,

T. Hernandez, I. J. Moreno, and F. Costa
Influence of soil phosphorus status and nitrogen addition on carbon mineralization from (Sup. 14) C-Labelled glucose inpasturesoils,

S. Sagar, C. B. Hedley, K. M. Giddens, and G. J. Salt
Transgenic crops, biotechnology and ownership rights: what scientists need to know,

S. P. Kowalski, R. V. Ebora, R. D. Kryder, and R. H. Potter
Preparation of pellets by urban waste compost,

S. Mavaddati, M. H. Kianmehr, I. Allahdadi, and G. R. Chegini
Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields,

N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards, P. Bierman, C. Welch, and J. D. Metzger
The use of earthworms in environmental management,

C. A. Edwards and J. E. Bater
Microbial biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil,

R. Albiach, R. Canet, F. Pomares, and F. Ingelmo
Effect of de-inking paper sludge compost application on soil chemical and biological properties,

R. Baziramakenga, R. R. Lalande, and R. Lalande
Vermiremoval of heavy metal in sewage sludge by utilising Lumbricus rubellus,

A. B. Azizi, M. P. M. Lim, Z. M. Noor, and N. Abdullah
Vermicomposting of sewage sludge by Lumbricus rebullus using spent mushroom compost as feed material:effect on concentration of heavy metals,

A. B. Azizi, Z. M. Noor, T. D. S. Jaime, A. Noorlidah, and A. J. Adi
Effect of pre-composting on vermicomposting of kitchen waste,

J. Nair, V. Sekiozoic, and M. Anda
Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manures by Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance,

T. Loh, Y. C. Lee, J. B. Liang, and D. Tan
The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth,

R. Atiyeh, S. Lee, C. Edwards, N. Arancon, and J. Metzger
Soil agro-ecological management: fertirrigation and vermicompost treatments,

G. Masciandaro, B. Ceccanti, and C. Garcia
Effect of vermicompost, farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum),

S. B. Agrawal, A. Singh, and G. Dwivedi
Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants,

S. K. Sinha and J. C. White
Relamation of sodic soils through vermitechnology,

A. A. Ansari and S. A. Ismail
The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds,

R. M. Atiyeh, N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards, and J. D. Metzger
Effects of compost-derived humic acids on vegetable biomass production and microbial growth within a plant (Cichorium intybus)-soil system: a comparative study,

M. M. Valdrighi, A. Pera, M. Agnolucci, S. Frassinetti, D. Lunardi, and G. Vallini
Effects of humic acids derived from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plants,

N. Q. Arancon, S. Lee, C. A. Edwards, and R. Atiyeh
Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence, and plasma H+ -ATPase activity in maize roots,

L. P. Canellas, F. L. Olivares, A. L. Okorokova, and A. R. Facanha

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Application of Aporrectodea caliginosa to Mitigate the Waste and the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris

Application of Aporrectodea caliginosa to Mitigate the Waste and the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris

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Application of Aporrectodea caliginosa to Mitigate the Waste and the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris

Application of Aporrectodea caliginosa to Mitigate the Waste and the Effects of Vermicompost on the Exomorphological Features of Phaseolus vulgaris

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