A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation

Guibing Li; Zheng Tan; Xiaojiang Lv; Lihai Ren

doi:10.1155/2019/4930803

A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation

Li, Guibing;Tan, Zheng;Lv, Xiaojiang;Ren, Lihai 2019-07-24 00:00:00 Hindawi Applied Bionics and Biomechanics Volume 2019, Article ID 4930803, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4930803 Research Article A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation 1 1 2,3 4 Guibing Li , Zheng Tan, Xiaojiang Lv, and Lihai Ren School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute, Ningbo 315336, China Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Automobile Parts, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China Correspondence should be addressed to Lihai Ren; lihai.ren@cqut.edu.cn Received 4 March 2019; Revised 23 May 2019; Accepted 25 June 2019; Published 24 July 2019 Academic Editor: Le Ping Li Copyright © 2019 Guibing Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Head injuries are often fatal or of suﬃcient severity to pedestrians in vehicle crashes. Finite element (FE) simulation provides an eﬀective approach to understand pedestrian head injury mechanisms in vehicle crashes. However, studies of pedestrian head safety considering full human body response and a broad range of impact scenarios are still scarce due to the long computing time of the current FE human body models in expensive simulations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and validate a computationally eﬃcient FE pedestrian model for future studies of pedestrian head safety. Firstly, a FE pedestrian model with a relatively small number of elements (432,694 elements) was developed in the current study. This pedestrian model was then validated at both segment and full body levels against cadaver test data. The simulation results suggest that the responses of the knee, pelvis, thorax, and shoulder in the pedestrian model are generally within the boundaries of cadaver test corridors under lateral impact loading. The upper body (head, T1, and T8) trajectories show good agreements with the cadaver data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact conﬁguration. Overall, the FE pedestrian model developed in the current study could be useful as a valuable tool for a pedestrian head safety study. 1. Introduction For example, literatures [6, 7] investigated pedestrian head kinematics in real-world crashes via accident reconstructions Pedestrian is the important part of vulnerable road users, and using multibody human body models; Elliott et al. [8] used the multibody modelling method to understand the inﬂu- about 22% of the deaths in road traﬃc accidents in the world are pedestrians [1]. Accident data shows that 64% fatalities ences of vehicle impact speed, pedestrian speed, and pedes- and 43% seriously injured pedestrians suﬀered from head trian gait on pedestrian head kinematics. However, a injuries [2, 3]. Although much eﬀort has been made in the detailed analysis of injury biomechanical is not available in vehicle safety design for pedestrian protection, pedestrians their study due to the highly simpliﬁcation of multibody still have a high injury risk when struck by current vehicles human body models. Therefore, FE modelling was more [4, 5]. Numerical simulations using human body models pro- commonly used for the prediction of pedestrian head injury vide an eﬀective approach to understand pedestrian head biomechanics in vehicle collisions. Accident reconstruction injury mechanisms in vehicle crashes, which is the founda- using an isolated FE dummy head model or an isolated FE tion for pedestrian head protection. human head model is a widely used approach for the study Multibody and ﬁnite element (FE) human body models of pedestrian head injury biomechanics. Yao et al. [9] recon- are the main tools for predicting pedestrian head kinematics structed pedestrian head injuries using an isolated FE human and injuries in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions. The former head model to build the relationships between predicted was usually used in analyses of pedestrian head kinematics. physical parameters and real brain injuries in passenger 2 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics car-to-pedestrian impacts. The similar approach was also employed in latter studies [10–12] to build a pedestrian head injury risk in real-world crashes. Although these studies were based on the real-world accident scenarios, constrains from the neck have not been considered, while neck constrains have signiﬁcant inﬂuences on head kinematics and injuries [13, 14]. Furthermore, most studies of pedestrian head injury using full body FE models only considered limited impact conditions [15, 16] (e.g., impacts at 40 km/h). However, the variation of pedestrian accident scenarios and their inﬂu- ences on pedestrian head kinematics and injuries were ignored [17]. Therefore, the study of pedestrian head safety using a full body FE model and considering a broad range of impact scenarios is likely to be more valid. However, this kind of studies is still scarce due to the long computing time of the current full body FE models required in expensive sim- ulations. For example, the THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) Academic Version 4.02 AM50 pedestrian model con- tains around 2,000,000 elements [18], and a simpliﬁed pedes- trian model (M50-PS) developed based on the GHBMC (Global Human Body Models Consortium) occupant model still has 827,000 elements [19]. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and validate a computationally eﬃcient FE pedestrian model Figure 1: The pedestrian FE model for head safety (PeMHS). for future studies of pedestrian head safety. For this pur- pose, the FE pedestrian model developed in the current study should have a relatively small number of elements than the original THUMS model being constructed. In total, and a high bioﬁdelity to predicted pedestrian head kine- the current full body pedestrian FE model contains 173,390 matics and injuries. nodes and 432,694 elements. To ensure a good bioﬁdelity, the same material properties as the THUMS model were employed by the PeMHS for the 2. Materials and Methods head, neck, skeletal structures of the torso and pelvis, soft tis- 2.1. Development of the FE Pedestrian Model for Head Safety sues in the spine, shoulder and hip joint, and outer ﬂesh (PeMHS). The FE PeMHS model was developed by using LS- parts. For other simpliﬁed body parts, viscoelastic material DYNA, which includes the head, neck, torso, and upper and properties (MAT 06 in LS-DYNA) were deﬁned for the ﬁlling parts in thoracic and abdominal cavity, elastic-plastic mate- lower limbs (see Figure 1). To ensure the bioﬁdelity for pre- dicting head injury, the head and neck models were directly rial properties (MAT 024 in LS-DYNA) were used for the extracted from the THUMS Academic Version 4.02 AM50 simpliﬁed long bones, and seatbelt material properties (average size male) pedestrian model [18]. The skeletal struc- (MAT B01 in LS-DYNA) with a nonlinear load curve (force tures of the torso and pelvis from the THUMS pedestrian vs. engineering strain) were employed for knee ligament. model were employed in the current study with these parts The material parameters for these simpliﬁed body parts are being remeshed using lager sized elements. The long bones given in Table 1, and Figure 2 shows the load curve of the of the upper and lower limbs were modelled as cylinders with material for knee ligaments. The selection of these material properties was mainly based on previous studies of the devel- the changes in the cross-section area being considered (Figure 1). Particularly, the femur and long bone in the lower opment of FE human body models [21–23]. leg (representing the tibia and ﬁbula) was modelled by shell elements with a thickness of 6 mm and 5 mm, respectively. 2.2. PeMHS Model Validation at the Segment Level. The The hip and shoulder joint were developed similar to the focuses in model validation at the segment level are on repre- sentative body regions which may aﬀect pedestrian head THUMS model to keep the physiological characteristics. The bones and ligaments of the knee joint were modelled kinematics in vehicle collisions. Therefore, validations on using simpliﬁed geometry and line elements with nonlinear the knee, pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder were con- mechanical characteristics, respectively. This approach is ducted against cadaver test data from the literature, similar similar to that of the FLEX-PLI leg impactor [20] and conve- to a previous study [19]. The material properties for these body parts of the model were optimized during the validation nient for gait posture conﬁguration. The ankle was simpliﬁed as a spherical joint with constrains by using line elements. process to match the cadaver data. The internal organs were modelled as two cavity ﬁlling struc- Knee lateral sharing and bending are the main kinematics tures for the thoracic and abdominal cavities, respectively, of pedestrians’ lower limb in vehicle collisions [24], and then similar to a previous study [19]. The outer ﬂesh parts were dynamic response of the lower limb may aﬀect pedestrian upper body kinematics [25]. Thus, the lower limb model modelled using hexahedral elements but with a thin fat layer Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 3 Table 1: Material deﬁnition of the skeleton components. (a) Material model Material parameters Tissues ρ (kg/m ) E (MPa) δ (MPa) Pr Femur Elastic-plastic 2,080 13,500 115 0.3 Tibia 1,900 20,033 125 0.315 (b) Material model Material parameters Tissues ρ (kg/m ) k (MPa) G (kPa) G (kPa) 0 i Viscoelastic Thoracic cavity 1,000 4.5 7.15 4.15 0.25 Abdominal cavity 1,000 0.25 54 40 0.25 ρ: density; E: Young’s modulus; δ: yield stress; Pr: Poisson’s ratio; k: Bulk modulus; G : short-term shear modulus; G : long-term shear modulus; β: decay 0 i constant. 400 N 400 N Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 40 km/h P2 P2 P1 P1 40 km/h 0 0.5 1 Impactor Engineering strain Fixed plate Mobile plate Figure 2: Load curve of the material for knee ligaments. Figure 4: Simulation models for lower limb lateral bending (a) and shearing (b) tests. Extension bars Knee FE model from Kajzer et al. [27], a ﬁxed foot plate was used to rep- resent the normal friction from the ground in bending tests, while the foot was placed on a moveable plate in shearing teats. The proximal of the femur was ﬁxed with Tibia side support Cylindrical cups Femur side support screws, while the distal of the femur was ﬁxed with a ﬁxed Figure 3: Simulation model for the knee four-point bending test. plate to limit its horizontal movement. A force of 400 N was loaded at the hip to simulate the weight of the upper body. The impact load was conducted at 40 km/h with an under lateral impact loading was validated against cadaver impactor of 6.25 kg, where a foam was wrapped at the knee four-point bending tests conducted by Bose et al. [26] front to obtain a soft contact. The impact location is at and lateral shearing and bending impact experiments from the ankle joint and the knee joint (not contact with the Kajzer et al. [27], respectively. Figure 3 shows the simulation femur condyle) for bending and shearing tests, respec- model for the knee four-point bending test, where the knee tively. Similar to previous studies of pedestrian lower limb ends were rigidly attached to cylindrical cups of two exten- model validation [22, 28], displacement from two targets sion bars. The extension bars were constrained by revolute (P1 and P2 in Figure 4) on the tibia was extracted from joints to the corresponding support which was either fully simulations to compare with the cadaver test data. ﬁxed (tibia side) or partially ﬁxed (femur side). A rotational The bioﬁdelity of the pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoul- velocity of 1 deg/ms to the knee was deﬁned to simulate the der regions was validated against cadaver test data under lat- lateral impact of the vehicle-to-pedestrian knee at 40 km/h. eral impact loading from previous studies [29, 30]. Figure 5 The simulation models for lateral bending and shearing shows the simulation models for these validation tests, and impact validation are shown in Figure 4. In the cadaver tests the corresponding information is summarized in Table 2. Force (N) 4 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 5: Simulation models for pelvis (a), abdomen (b), thorax (c), and shoulder (d) validation. Table 2: Information of impact conditions for pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder validation. Segment Impact speed Impact direction Impact location Pelvis 5.2 and 9.8 m/s Medial-lateral direction Greater trochanter Abdomen 6.8 and 9.4 m/s 30 toward the medial-lateral direction 7.5 cm below the xiphoid process Thorax 6.5 and 9.5 m/s 30 toward the medial-lateral direction Aligned to the xiphoid process Shoulder 4.5 and 6.8 m/s Medial-lateral direction Shoulder region For impact tests to the pelvis, abdomen, and thorax, the of a pedestrian human body model [19]. The time history impactor is 23.4 kg in weight and 150 mm in diameter, of impact force was calculated for each impact simulation while the impactor mass is 23 kg with the same dimension and compared to the corresponding test data to validate for the shoulder impact test. The impact direction for the the FE model. pelvis and shoulder tests was deﬁned at the medial-lateral direction, while this was deﬁned as 30 toward the medial- 2.3. PeMHS Model Validation at the Full Body Level. The FE lateral direction for the abdomen and thorax impact tests. PeMHS model was validated against the vehicle-to- pedestrian impact tests using post mortem human subject The impact location was deﬁned at the level of greater tro- chanter, 7.5 cm down from the xiphoid process, aligned to (PMHS) from the literature, where specimens with a stature the xiphoid process and the shoulder region for the pelvis, between 170 and 175 cm and a weight between 50 and abdomen, thorax, and shoulder tests, respectively. In these 85 kg were chosen [25]. A simpliﬁed sedan front FE model tests, the impactors were freely suspended and accelerated was developed based on the geometry of the car used in the to the impact speeds and the cadavers were in an upright PMHS tests. This simpliﬁcation approach of a car front supported posture with hands and arms overhead to avoid model has been used in previous studies [31, 32]. Figure 6 interference between the arm and impactor. In the simula- shows the vehicle-to-pedestrian impact simulation model tions, the arm (abdomen and thorax validation) or fore- which was set according to the initial conditions of the arm (pelvis and shoulder validation) was removed from PMHS test. In the tests, the hands of the HBMP model were the full body model to avoid interference, but the corre- tied in front and the legs were set in a walking posture with sponding mass was attached to the adjacent parts (shoul- the left leg backward and the right leg forward; positioning der or elbow) to keep the inertial force. This approach was achieved with the help of harness straps directed under has also been used in a previous study of the validation the arms, which was released prior to impact; the vehicle Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 5 Head T1 T8 0 5 10 15 20 40 km/h Knee bending angle (deg) Test corridor Simulation Figure 7: Predicted knee bending moment-bending angle curve versus cadaver test data of knee four-point bending. Figure 6: The simulation model for full body validation. impact velocity was at 40 km/h from the right sight of the pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder, respectively. Gener- specimens. In the study of Kerrigan et al. [25], boxed corri- ally, the predicted curves from the simulations are within dors based on a percentage of trajectory path length were the cadaver test corridors. developed from the PMHS trajectory data. The 10% path length corridors from Kerrigan et al. [25] were used for the 3.2. Model Validation at the Full Body Level. Figure 13 validation of the PeMHS upper body trajectories, including compares the overall pedestrian kinematics between the the head, T1, and T8. Thus, trajectories of the upper body PeMHS model and cadaver test data from Kerrigan (head, T1, and T8) were calculated in the simulation accord- et al. [25]. The predicted overall kinematics of FE pedes- ing to the corresponding locations of the record mark ﬁxa- trian models is reasonably close to the test data, though tion points in the PMHS tests (see Figure 6). For a further some diﬀerences are observed in the pelvis and lower limbs for the PeMHS model at the latter stage (>100 ms) evaluation on the bioﬁdelity of the PeMHS model, the pre- diction from the PeMHS model was compared with that and the time of head contact on the windshield. The from the THUMS model under the same impact conﬁgura- global pedestrian kinematics and trajectories of the head, tion as shown in Figure 6. T1, and T8 predicted from the PeMHS model are com- In order to quantitatively assess the correlation between pared with that from the THUMS model and cadaver test the predictions and cadaver test data, the CORA (correlation data in Figure 14, and the quantitative assessment results and analysis) method was applied. The CORA rating results referring to the test average data are being summarized are within the range from 0% (no correlation) to 100% (per- in Table 3 (see Figures 15 and 16 for detailed CORA rat- fect match). The CORA has two methods to assess the corre- ing data). Overall, the predicted trajectories are similar lation between signals, where the corridor method (CORA- between the PeMHS model and THUMS model, and both match those of test average well in the initial phases of CD) calculates the deviation between the predicting curve and the reference corridors; the cross correlation method motion, though there are some diﬀerences towards the (CORA-CL) evaluates speciﬁc curve ﬁtness to the target end of the simulation. Nevertheless, the trajectories of through parameters such as the phase shift or shape of the the FE models do always remain within the PMHS test signals [33]. Here, an equal weighting was employed for corridors, and the CORA rating results (>99%) are all close to 100% (perfect match). CORA-CD and CORA-CL, i.e., CORA = 0 5 CORA‐CD + 0 5 CORA‐CL. Figure 17 compares the predicted head linear and angular acceleration curves between PeMHS model and THUMS model, respectively. The predictions from the PeMHS model 3. Results are generally similar to those from the THUMS model as to the curve trend and peak time, though there are some diﬀer- 3.1. Model Validation at the Segment Level. Figure 7 com- pares the predicted knee bending moment-bending angle ences in the peak value. curve with the corridor adapted from cadaver test data of knee four-point bending. Figure 8 shows the predicted tibia 4. Discussion displacement (P1 and P2) time history curves in lower limb bending and shearing impacts together with the cadaver data 4.1. Computational Eﬃciency. The main purpose of the of Test-7B, Test-6B, Test-8S, and Test-16S from Kajzer et al. current study is to develop a computationally eﬃcient full [27], for which the height and weight of the sample are rela- body FE model for pedestrian head kinematics and injury tively close to the PeMHS model. prediction. The original THUMS head models have been Figures 9–12 show the predicted impact force time his- previously evaluated to be generally credible for human tory together with the corridor in the corresponding test for head injury prediction [32, 34]. Thus, the original head Knee bending moment (Nm) 6 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 140 40 P1 P2 0 −10 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test-7B Test-6B Simulation (a) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 P2 P1 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test-8S Test-16S Simulation (b) Figure 8: Predicted tibia displacement (P1 and P2) time history versus cadaver test data of lower limb bending (a) and shearing (b). 9 16 010 20 30 0 102030 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 9: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in pelvis impact: impact speed = 4 5 m/s (a) and 6.8 m/s (b). Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) Force (kN) Force (kN) Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 7 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 1020304050 0 10 20304050 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 10: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in abdomen impact: impact speed = 6 8 m/s (a) and 9.4 m/s (b). 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 1020304050 0 1020304050 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 11: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in thorax impact: impact speed = 6 5 m/s (a) and 9.8 m/s (b). 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 1020304050 0 1020304050 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 12: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in shoulder impact: impact speed = 4 5 m/s (a) and 6.8 m/s (b). Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) 8 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 20 ms 60 ms 100 ms 140 ms Figure 13: Predicted overall kinematics of the PeMHS model versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. and neck models from the THUMS were employed in the model is generally plausible given the purpose of model use. For the validation at the full body level, the trajecto- PeMHS model to keep the injury prediction capability for head injuries. To reduce the total element number, the ries of the PeMHS model (head, T1, and T8) and cadaver body parts below the neck were redeveloped using simpli- data showed very good agreement, especially at the early ﬁed geometry (e.g., upper and lower limbs and internal stage (<60 ms) of the impact. However, at the latter stage organs) or bigger sized elements (e.g., spine and ribcage). (>100 ms) of the impact, the trajectories of T1 and T8 In particular, the element number (432,694) of the PeMHS showed some diﬀerences from the cadaver average data is only about 25% of the THUMS Academic Version 4.02 and the head contact time is earlier in the simulation AM50 pedestrian model (about 2,000,000 elements [18]) (Figures 13 and 14). These discrepancies are probably and the original GHBMC model (about 2,100,000 elements due to anthropometric diﬀerences, uncertainty with respect [19]) and half of the M50-PS model (about 827,000 ele- to the initial position of the PMHS, simpliﬁcation of the ments [19]). The smaller number of elements can improve lower limb anatomical structure, and model tissue level the computational eﬃciency of the human body model in properties (such as knee ligaments and internal organs). simulations, especially when a big number of simulations It seems that the lower limb of the PeMHS is kind of too stiﬀer since an excessive rebound was observed in were needed. According to the theory of FE modelling, using a bigger computing time step and deﬁning some the leg and pelvis (Figure 13). This is largely due to the body parts as rigid bodies can improve the computational properties of the long bones in the model; further eﬃciency of the human body FE model. However, these improvement to these parts is still needed. Kinematics dif- may aﬀect simulation accuracy and pedestrian kinematics ferences between the FE model and cadaver data could also be found in the original validation [35] and further [19]. Thus, the simpliﬁcation approach used in the current study is logically feasible. evaluation of THUMS [32] and validation of the M50-PS model [19]. This highlights challenges in validating pedes- 4.2. Model Bioﬁdelity. For bioﬁdelity of the PeMHS model, trian human body models against PMHS data when full both the validation results at the segment level and full details of the cadaver characteristics are not exactly the same as the models. Nevertheless, the predicted pedestrian body level show good agreement with cadaver test data (Figures 7–14). Particularly, all predictions at the segment upper body trajectories are within the cadaver corridors level are in the cadaver test ranges. However, the predic- and close to the cadaver average value (CORA rating tions are mostly close to the lower boundary (Figures 7 scores > 99%). The comparisons between the PeMHS and 9–12). Similar results were also observed in a previous model and THUMS model also showed good agreements for both upper body trajectories (Figure 14) and head study of simplifying a pedestrian model [19]. Many factors could aﬀect model response such as impact boundary con- accelerations (Figure 17). This also implies that the model ditions, material properties, and thoracic cavity ﬁlling developed in this study is potentially capable of predicting approach. Further analysis is still necessary to improve pedestrian head kinematics and injuries in vehicle colli- model bioﬁdelity. Nevertheless, the bioﬁdelity of the knee, sions, given the recognized bioﬁdelity of the THUMS model [32, 34, 36, 37]. pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder of the PeMHS Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 9 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 1000 2000 Horizontal displacement (mm) Horizontal displacement (mm) Test average Test average Test 10% path length Test 10% path length Simulation-PeMHS Simulation-PeMHS Simulation-THUMS Simulation-THUMS (a) (b) 0 1000 2000 Horizontal displacement (mm) Test average Test 10% path length Simulation-PeMHS Simulation-THUMS (c) Figure 14: Predicted trajectories of the head (a), T1 (b), and T8 (c) versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. Table 3: CORA rating results for trajectories of the head, T1, and T8. PeMHS THUMS Signal CORA-CD CORA-CL CORA CORA-CD CORA-CL CORA Head 100% 99.77% 99.88% 100% 99.81% 99.90% T1 100% 99.46% 99.73% 100% 98.96% 99.48% T8 100% 99.29% 99.64% 99.84% 99.96% 99.90% 4.3. Limitations. There are some limitations in this study. validation process due to limited availability of test data; More precision treatment is still needed for the simpliﬁ- a broad range of impact scenarios should be considered cation approach to the anatomical structure of human in further evaluations to prove the PeMHS model as a body parts, and the material properties for these simpli- robust tool for a pedestrian head safety study. However, this is one of the common diﬃculties in FE human body ﬁed body regions, though the predictions of the PeMHS, are generally comparable to cadaver test data and predic- evaluation [19, 32, 36, 37], and the lateral impact conﬁg- tions of the THUMS model. Only a single vehicle model uration is dominant in real-world vehicle-to-pedestrian and the lateral impact scenario were considered in the accidents [38]. Vertical displacement (mm) Vertical displacement (mm) Vertical displacement (mm) 10 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 3, 000 Begin End 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.88% CORA = 99.88% CORA−CD = 100.00% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CL = 99.77% 0 500 1, 000 1, 500 2, 000 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (a) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.73% CORA = 99.73% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 99.46% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 1, 600 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (b) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.64% CORA = 99.64% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 99.29% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (c) Figure 15: CORA rating results for the trajectories of the head (a), T1 (b), and T8 (c) predicted from the PeMHS model versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 11 3, 000 Begin End 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.90% cora_begin cora_end CORA = 99.90% CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 99.81% 0 500 1, 000 1, 500 2, 000 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (a) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.48% CORA = 99.48% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 98.96% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 1, 600 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (b) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.90% cora_begin cora_end CORA = 99.90% CORA−CD = 99.84% CORA−CL = 99.96% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (c) Figure 16: CORA rating results for the trajectories of the head (a), T1 (b), and T8 (c) predicted from the THUMS model versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. 12 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 400 25000 0 0 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 Time (ms) Time (ms) PeMHS PeMHS THUMS THUMS (a) (b) Figure 17: Comparisons of predicted head linear acceleration (a) and angular acceleration (b) between the PeMHS model and THUMS model in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. 5. Conclusions [2] T. Maki, J. Kajzer, K. Mizuno, and Y. Sekine, “Comparative analysis of vehicle-bicyclist and vehicle-pedestrian accidents The current study developed and validated a computationally in Japan,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 35, no. 6, eﬃcient FE pedestrian model for head safety analysis. The FE pp. 927–940, 2003. pedestrian model developed in this study has a small number [3] G. Zhang, L. Cao, J. Hu, and K. Yang, “A ﬁeld data analysis of of elements, which can ensure the computational eﬃciency. risk factors aﬀecting the injury risks in vehicle-to-pedestrian The validation results indicate a good capability of this model crashes,” in 52nd Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine (AAAM) Annual Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2008. in predicting pedestrian dynamic responses at both segment and full body levels. Therefore, the current FE pedestrian [4] G. Li, F. Wang, D. Otte, and C. Simms, “Characteristics of pedestrian head injuries observed from real world collision model could be useful as a valuable tool for future research data,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 129, pp. 362–366, of pedestrian head safety in vehicle collisions. [5] G. Li, F. Wang, D. Otte, Z. Cai, and C. Simms, “Have pedes- Data Availability trian subsystem tests improved passenger car front shape,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 115, pp. 143–150, 2018. The data used to support the ﬁndings of this study are [6] Y. Peng, Y. Chen, J. Yang, D. Otte, and R. Willinger, “A study included within the article. of pedestrian and bicyclist exposure to head injury in passen- ger car collisions based on accident data and simulations,” Conflicts of Interest Safety Science, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1749–1759, 2012. [7] J. Nie, G. Li, and J. Yang, “A study of fatality risk and head The authors declare that there is no conﬂict of interest dynamic response of cyclist and pedestrian based on passenger regarding the publication of this paper. car accident data analysis and simulations,” Traﬃc Injury Pre- vention, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 76–83, 2015. Acknowledgments [8] J. R. Elliott, C. K. Simms, and D. P. Wood, “Pedestrian head translation, rotation and impact velocity: the inﬂuence of vehi- This work was supported by the National Natural Science cle speed, pedestrian speed and pedestrian gait,” Accident Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51805162 and 51605407), Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 342–353, 2012. Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No. [9] J. Yao, J. Yang, and D. Otte, “Investigation of head injuries by 2018JJ3532), Scientiﬁc and Technological Research Program reconstructions of real-world vehicle-versus-adult-pedestrian of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. accidents,” Safety Science, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1103–1114, 2008. KJQN201801107), and Foundation of Zhejiang Province Key [10] Y. Peng, J. Yang, C. Deck, D. Otte, and R. Willinger, “Develop- Laboratory of Automobile Safety. All simulations using the ment of head injury risk functions based on real-world accident Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) Academic Version reconstruction,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, pedestrian model in this research were conducted at Chong- vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 105–114, 2014. qing University of Technology. [11] J. Huang, Y. Peng, J. Yang, D. Otte, and B. Wang, “A study on correlation of pedestrian head injuries with physical parame- ters using in-depth traﬃc accident data and mathematical References models,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 119, pp. 91– 103, 2018. [1] World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, [12] D. Marjoux, D. Baumgartner, C. Deck, and R. Willinger, 2015. “Head injury prediction capability of the hic, hip, SImon and Linear acceleration (g) Angular acceleration (rad/s/s) Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 13 and shear loading,” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, ULP criteria,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1135–1148, 2008. vol. 130, no. 3, article 031008, 2008. [13] V. Alvarez, P. Halldin, and S. Kleiven, “The inﬂuence of neck [27] J. Kajzer, G. Schroeder, H. Ishikawa, Y. Matsui, and U. Bosch, muscle tonus and posture on brain tissue strain in pedestrian “Shearing and bending eﬀects at the knee joint at high speed head impacts,” Stapp Car Crash Journal, vol. 58, pp. 63–101, lateral loading,” Tech. Rep. 973326, SAE International, Wash- 2014. ington D.C., USA, 1997. [14] R. Paas, C. Masson, and J. Davidsson, “Head boundary [28] K. Nagasaka, K. Mizuno, E. Tanaka et al., “Finite element anal- conditions in pedestrian crashes with passenger cars: six- ysis of knee injury risks in car-to-pedestrian impacts,” Traﬃc degrees-of-freedom post-mortem human subject responses,” Injury Prevention, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 345–354, 2004. International Journal of Crashworthiness, vol. 20, no. 6, [29] D. C. Viano, “Biomechanical Responses and Injuries in Blunt pp. 547–559, 2015. Lateral Impact,” Tech. Rep. 892432, SAE International, Wash- [15] F. Wang, C. Yu, G. Li et al., “A study on inﬂuence of minivan ington D.C., USA, 1989. front-end design and impact velocity on pedestrian thorax [30] S. W. Koh, J. M. Cavanaugh, M. J. Mason et al., “Shoulder kinematics and injury risk,” Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, injury and response due to lateral glenohumeral joint impact: vol. 2018, Article ID 7350159, 8 pages, 2018. an analysis of combined data,” Stapp Car Crash Journal, [16] Y. Han, J. Yang, K. Nishimoto et al., “Finite element analysis of vol. 49, pp. 291–322, 2005. kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle col- [31] C. D. Untaroiu, J. Shin, J. R. Crandall et al., “Development and lisions,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, vol. 17, validation of pedestrian sedan bucks using ﬁnite-element sim- no. 2, pp. 141–152, 2012. ulations: a numerical investigation of the inﬂuence of vehicle [17] G. Li, J. Yang, and C. Simms, “Safer passenger car front shapes automatic braking on the kinematics of the pedestrian for pedestrians: a computational approach to reduce overall involved in vehicle collisions,” International Journal of Crash- pedestrian injury risk in realistic impact scenarios,” Accident worthiness, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 491–503, 2010. Analysis & Prevention, vol. 100, pp. 97–110, 2017. [32] T. Wu, T. Kim, V. Bollapragada et al., “Evaluation of bioﬁdelity [18] Toyota Motor Corporation, Documentation: Total Human of THUMS pedestrian model under a whole-body impact con- Model for Safety (THUMS) AM50 Pedestrian/Occupant Model ditions with a generic sedan buck,” Traﬃc Injury Prevention, Academic Version 4.02_20150527, Toyota Center R&D Labs. vol. 18, no. sup1, pp. S148–S154, 2017. Inc., 2015. [33] G. Gehre, H. Gades, and P. Wernicke, “Objective rating of sig- [19] C. D. Untaroiu, W. Pak, Y. Meng, J. M. Schap, and F. S. Gayzik, nals using test and simulation responses,” in 21st International “A ﬁnite element model of a midsize male for simulating Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Stuttgart, pedestrian accidents,” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Germany, 2009. vol. 140, no. 1, article 011003, 2017. [34] F. Wang, Y. Han, B. Wang et al., “Prediction of brain deforma- [20] Y. Kikuchi, Y. Takahashi, and F. Mori, “Development of a tions and risk of traumatic brain injury due to closed-head ﬁnite element model for Flex-PLI,” in 19th International Tech- impact: quantitative analysis of the eﬀects of boundary condi- nical Conference of Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Wash- tions and brain tissue constitutive model,” Biomechanics and ington D.C., USA, 2005. Modeling in Mechanobiology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1165–1185, [21] J. Yang, F. Wang, G. Li, and X. Jiang, “Finite element analysis 2018. of thorax responses under quasi-static and dynamic loading,” [35] T. Maeno and J. Hasegawa, “Development of a ﬁnite element in Computational Biomechanics for Medicine, A. Wittek, K. model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and Miller, and P. M. F. Nielsen, Eds., pp. 197–211, Springer, application to car-pedestrian impacts,” in 17th International New York, NY, USA, 2013. Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Amster- [22] Z. Cai, F. Lan, and J. Chen, “Development and validation of a dam, Netherlands, 2001. human biomechanical model for rib fracture and thorax inju- [36] A. J. Golman, K. A. Danelson, L. E. Miller, and J. D. Stitzel, ries in blunt impact,” Computer Methods in Biomechanics and “Injury prediction in a side impact crash using human body Biomedical Engineering, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 974–980, 2015. model simulation,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 64, [23] K. H. Yang, J. Hu, N. A. White, A. I. King, C. C. Chou, and pp. 1–8, 2014. P. Prasad, “Development of numerical models for injury bio- [37] G. Li, Z. Tan, X. Lv, and L. Ren, “Numerical reconstruction of mechanics research: a review of 50 years of publications in injuries in a real world minivan-to-pedestrian collision,” Acta the Stapp Car Crash conference,” Stapp Car Crash Journal, of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, vol. 21, no. 2, 2019. vol. 50, pp. 429–490, 2006. [38] C. Chidester and R. Isenberg, “Final report-the pedestrian [24] F. Mo, P. J. Arnoux, D. Cesari, and C. Masson, “Investigation crash data study,” in 17th International Conference on the of the injury threshold of knee ligaments by the parametric Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Amsterdam, Netherlands, study of car-pedestrian impact conditions,” Safety Science, vol. 62, pp. 58–67, 2014. [25] J. Kerrigan, D. Murphy, D. C. Drinkwater, C. Y. Kam, D. Bose, and J. R. Crandall, “Kinematic corridors for PMHS tested in full-scale pedestrian impact tests,” in 19th International Tech- nical Conference of Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Wash- ington D.C., USA, 2005. [26] D. Bose, K. S. Bhalla, C. D. Untaroiu, B. J. Ivarsson, J. R. Crandall, and S. Hurwitz, “Injury tolerance and moment response of the knee joint to combined valgus bending International Journal of Advances in Rotating Machinery Multimedia Journal of The Scientific Journal of Engineering World Journal Sensors Hindawi Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 http://www www.hindawi.com .hindawi.com V Volume 2018 olume 2013 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Journal of Control Science and Engineering Advances in Civil Engineering Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Submit your manuscripts at www.hindawi.com Journal of Journal of Electrical and Computer Robotics Engineering Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 VLSI Design Advances in OptoElectronics International Journal of Modelling & Aerospace International Journal of Simulation Navigation and in Engineering Engineering Observation Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Volume 2018 Volume 2018 Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 International Journal of Active and Passive International Journal of Antennas and Advances in Chemical Engineering Propagation Electronic Components Shock and Vibration Acoustics and Vibration Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Applied Bionics and Biomechanics Hindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/hindawi-publishing-corporation/a-computationally-efficient-finite-element-pedestrian-model-for-head-kOwFkff50z

Loading next page...

References (42)

A. Chidester, R. Isenberg (2001)
FINAL REPORT - THE PEDESTRIAN CRASH DATA STUDY
, 2001
King Yang, Jingwen Hu, N. White, A. King, C. Chou, P. Prasad (2006)
Development of numerical models for injury biomechanics research: a review of 50 years of publications in the Stapp Car Crash Conference.
Stapp car crash journal, 50
Jianfeng Yao, Jikuang Yang, D. Otte (2008)
Investigation of Head Injuries by Reconstructions of Real-World Vehicle-Versus-Adult-Pedestrian Accidents
Safety Science, 46
F. Mo, P. Arnoux, D. Cesari, C. Masson (2014)
Investigation of the injury threshold of knee ligaments by the parametric study of car–pedestrian impact conditions
Safety Science, 62
T. Maeno, J. Hasegawa (2001)
DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE TOTAL HUMAN MODEL FOR SAFETY (THUMS) AND APPLICATION TO CAR-PEDESTRIAN IMPACTS
(2015)
Toyota Motor Corporation, Documentation: Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) AM50 Pedestrian/Occupant Model Academic Version 4.02_20150527
J. Nie, Guibing Li, Jikuang Yang (2015)
A Study of Fatality Risk and Head Dynamic Response of Cyclist and Pedestrian Based on Passenger Car Accident Data Analysis and Simulations
Traffic Injury Prevention, 16
Taotao Wu, Taewung Kim, Varun Bollapragada, D. Poulard, Huipeng Chen, M. Panzer, J. Forman, J. Crandall, B. Pipkorn (2017)
Evaluation of biofidelity of THUMS pedestrian model under a whole-body impact conditions with a generic sedan buck
Traffic Injury Prevention, 18
D. Marjoux, D. Baumgartner, C. Deck, R. Willinger (2008)
Head injury prediction capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 40 3
Guibing Li, F. Wang, D. Otte, C. Simms (2019)
Characteristics of pedestrian head injuries observed from real world collision data.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 129
Keisuke Nagasaka, K. Mizuno, E. Tanaka, Sota Yamamoto, M. Iwamoto, Kazuo Miki, J. Kajzer (2003)
Finite Element Analysis of Knee Injury Risks in Car-to-Pedestrian Impacts
Traffic Injury Prevention, 4
Yong Han, Jikuang Yang, K. Nishimoto, K. Mizuno, Y. Matsui, Daisuke Nakane, Shingo Wanami, M. Hitosugi (2012)
Finite element analysis of kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle collisions
International Journal of Crashworthiness, 17
Jikuang Yang, F. Wang, Guibing Li, Xiaoqing Jiang (2013)
Finite Element Analysis of Thorax Responses Under Quasi-Static and Dynamic Loading
, 36
F. Wang, Yong Han, B. Wang, Q. Peng, Xiaoqun Huang, K. Miller, A. Wittek (2018)
Prediction of brain deformations and risk of traumatic brain injury due to closed-head impact: quantitative analysis of the effects of boundary conditions and brain tissue constitutive model
Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 17
W. Marsden (2012)
I and J
Z. Cai, F. Lan, Jiqing Chen (2015)
Development and validation of a human biomechanical model for rib fracture and thorax injuries in blunt impact
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 18
A. Golman, K. Danelson, L. Miller, Joel Stitzel (2014)
Injury prediction in a side impact crash using human body model simulation.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 64
F. Wang, Chao Yu, Guibing Li, Yong Han, Bingyu Wang, Jikuang Yang, D. Lan (2018)
A Study on Influence of Minivan Front-End Design and Impact Velocity on Pedestrian Thorax Kinematics and Injury Risk
Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 2018
Guibing Li, Jikuang Yang, C. Simms (2017)
Safer passenger car front shapes for pedestrians: A computational approach to reduce overall pedestrian injury risk in realistic impact scenarios.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 100
Aaas News, E. Lu, Min-Min Zhou, Rong Mocsai, A. Myers, E. Huang, B. Jackson, Davide Ferrari, V. Tybulewicz, V. Lowell, Clifford Lepore, J. Koretzky, Gary Kahn, M. L., F. Achard, H. Eva, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, J. Acharya, U. Acharya, U. Acharya, Shetal Patel, E. Koundakjian, K. Nagashima, Xianlin Han, J. Acharya, D. Adams, Jonathan Horton, Blood, M. Adams, M. McVey, J. Sekelsky, J. Adamson, G. Kochendoerfer, A. Adeleke, A. Kamdem-Toham, Alan Aderem, C. Picard, Aeschlimann, G. Haug, G. Agarwal, M. Scully, H. Aguilaniu, L. Gustafsson, M. Rigoulet, T. Nyström, Asymmetric Inheri, Ferhaan Ahmad, J. Schmitt, M. Aida, S. Ammal, J. Aizenberg, D. Muller, J. Grazul, D. Hamann, J. Ajioka, C. Su, A. Akella, M. Alam, F. Gao, A. Alatas, H. Sinn, Titus Albu, P. Zuev, M. Al-Dayeh, J. Dwyer, A. Al-ghonaium, Sami Al-Hajjar, S. Al-Jumaah, A. Allakhverdov, V. Pokrovsky, Allen, A. Brown, James Allen, A. Brown, James Gillooly, James (1893)
Book Reviews
Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal, 33
J. Kerrigan, Drew Murphy, D. Drinkwater, Check Kam, D. Bose, J. Crandall (2005)
Kinematic Corridors for PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests
, 2005
Guanjun Zhang, Libo Cao, Jingwen Hu, King Yang (2008)
A field data analysis of risk factors affecting the injury risks in vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes.
Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference, 52
Ruth Paas, C. Masson, J. Davidsson (2015)
Head boundary conditions in pedestrian crashes with passenger cars: six-degrees-of-freedom post-mortem human subject responses
International Journal of Crashworthiness, 20
C. Untaroiu, Jaeho Shin, J. Crandall, R. Fredriksson, O. Bostrom, Yukou Takahashi, A. Akiyama, M. Okamoto, Y. Kikuchi (2010)
Development and validation of pedestrian sedan bucks using finite-element simulations: a numerical investigation of the influence of vehicle automatic braking on the kinematics of the pedestrian involved in vehicle collisions
International Journal of Crashworthiness, 15
T. Maki, J. Kajzer, K. Mizuno, Y. Sekine (2003)
Comparative analysis of vehicle-bicyclist and vehicle-pedestrian accidents in Japan.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 35 6
C. Gehre, H. Gades, P. Wernicke (2009)
Objective rating of signals using test and simulation responses
, 2009
Y. Kikuchi, Yukou Takahashi, F. Mori (2005)
Development of a Finite Element Model for Flex-PLI
, 2005
O. Castro-Orgaz, W. Hager (2019)
and s
Shallow Water Hydraulics
Yong Peng, Yong Chen, Jikuang Yang, D. Otte, R. Willinger (2012)
A study of pedestrian and bicyclist exposure to head injury in passenger car collisions based on accident data and simulations
Safety Science, 50
D. Bose, K. Bhalla, C. Untaroiu, B. Ivarsson, J. Crandall, S. Hurwitz (2008)
Injury tolerance and moment response of the knee joint to combined valgus bending and shear loading.
Journal of biomechanical engineering, 130 3
(1997)
Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading
Jing Huang, Yong Peng, Jikuang Yang, D. Otte, B. Wang (2018)
A study on correlation of pedestrian head injuries with physical parameters using in-depth traffic accident data and mathematical models.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 119
J. Elliott, C. Simms, D Wood (2012)
Pedestrian head translation, rotation and impact velocity: the influence of vehicle speed, pedestrian speed and pedestrian gait.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 45
C. Untaroiu, Wansoo Pak, Yunzhu Meng, J. Schap, B. Koya, S. Gayzik (2018)
A Finite Element Model of a Midsize Male for Simulating Pedestrian Accidents.
Journal of biomechanical engineering, 140 1
S. Koh, J. Cavanaugh, M. Mason, S. Petersen, Debora Marth, S. Rouhana, J. Bolte (2005)
Shoulder injury and response due to lateral glenohumeral joint impact: an analysis of combined data.
Stapp car crash journal, 49
J. Kajzer, G. Schroeder, H. Ishikawa, Y. Matsui, U. Bosch (1997)
Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading
SAE transactions, 41
D. Viano (1989)
Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact
SAE transactions, 98
Guibing Li, Zheng Tan, Xiaojiang Lv, Lihai Ren (2019)
Numerical reconstruction of injuries in a real world minivan-to-pedestrian collision.
Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics, 21 2
Guibing Li, F. Wang, D. Otte, Z. Cai, C. Simms (2018)
Have pedestrian subsystem tests improved passenger car front shape?
Accident; analysis and prevention, 115
Yong Peng, Jikuang Yang, C. Deck, D. Otte, R. Willinger (2014)
Development of head injury risk functions based on real-world accident reconstruction
International Journal of Crashworthiness, 19
and P
Victor Alvarez, P. Halldin, S. Kleiven (2014)
The Influence of Neck Muscle Tonus and Posture on Brain Tissue Strain in Pedestrian Head Impacts.
Stapp car crash journal, 58

Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Copyright: Copyright © 2019 Guibing Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ISSN: 1176-2322
eISSN: 1754-2103
DOI: 10.1155/2019/4930803
Publisher site: See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Hindawi Applied Bionics and Biomechanics Volume 2019, Article ID 4930803, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4930803 Research Article A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation 1 1 2,3 4 Guibing Li , Zheng Tan, Xiaojiang Lv, and Lihai Ren School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute, Ningbo 315336, China Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Automobile Parts, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China Correspondence should be addressed to Lihai Ren; lihai.ren@cqut.edu.cn Received 4 March 2019; Revised 23 May 2019; Accepted 25 June 2019; Published 24 July 2019 Academic Editor: Le Ping Li Copyright © 2019 Guibing Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Head injuries are often fatal or of suﬃcient severity to pedestrians in vehicle crashes. Finite element (FE) simulation provides an eﬀective approach to understand pedestrian head injury mechanisms in vehicle crashes. However, studies of pedestrian head safety considering full human body response and a broad range of impact scenarios are still scarce due to the long computing time of the current FE human body models in expensive simulations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and validate a computationally eﬃcient FE pedestrian model for future studies of pedestrian head safety. Firstly, a FE pedestrian model with a relatively small number of elements (432,694 elements) was developed in the current study. This pedestrian model was then validated at both segment and full body levels against cadaver test data. The simulation results suggest that the responses of the knee, pelvis, thorax, and shoulder in the pedestrian model are generally within the boundaries of cadaver test corridors under lateral impact loading. The upper body (head, T1, and T8) trajectories show good agreements with the cadaver data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact conﬁguration. Overall, the FE pedestrian model developed in the current study could be useful as a valuable tool for a pedestrian head safety study. 1. Introduction For example, literatures [6, 7] investigated pedestrian head kinematics in real-world crashes via accident reconstructions Pedestrian is the important part of vulnerable road users, and using multibody human body models; Elliott et al. [8] used the multibody modelling method to understand the inﬂu- about 22% of the deaths in road traﬃc accidents in the world are pedestrians [1]. Accident data shows that 64% fatalities ences of vehicle impact speed, pedestrian speed, and pedes- and 43% seriously injured pedestrians suﬀered from head trian gait on pedestrian head kinematics. However, a injuries [2, 3]. Although much eﬀort has been made in the detailed analysis of injury biomechanical is not available in vehicle safety design for pedestrian protection, pedestrians their study due to the highly simpliﬁcation of multibody still have a high injury risk when struck by current vehicles human body models. Therefore, FE modelling was more [4, 5]. Numerical simulations using human body models pro- commonly used for the prediction of pedestrian head injury vide an eﬀective approach to understand pedestrian head biomechanics in vehicle collisions. Accident reconstruction injury mechanisms in vehicle crashes, which is the founda- using an isolated FE dummy head model or an isolated FE tion for pedestrian head protection. human head model is a widely used approach for the study Multibody and ﬁnite element (FE) human body models of pedestrian head injury biomechanics. Yao et al. [9] recon- are the main tools for predicting pedestrian head kinematics structed pedestrian head injuries using an isolated FE human and injuries in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions. The former head model to build the relationships between predicted was usually used in analyses of pedestrian head kinematics. physical parameters and real brain injuries in passenger 2 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics car-to-pedestrian impacts. The similar approach was also employed in latter studies [10–12] to build a pedestrian head injury risk in real-world crashes. Although these studies were based on the real-world accident scenarios, constrains from the neck have not been considered, while neck constrains have signiﬁcant inﬂuences on head kinematics and injuries [13, 14]. Furthermore, most studies of pedestrian head injury using full body FE models only considered limited impact conditions [15, 16] (e.g., impacts at 40 km/h). However, the variation of pedestrian accident scenarios and their inﬂu- ences on pedestrian head kinematics and injuries were ignored [17]. Therefore, the study of pedestrian head safety using a full body FE model and considering a broad range of impact scenarios is likely to be more valid. However, this kind of studies is still scarce due to the long computing time of the current full body FE models required in expensive sim- ulations. For example, the THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) Academic Version 4.02 AM50 pedestrian model con- tains around 2,000,000 elements [18], and a simpliﬁed pedes- trian model (M50-PS) developed based on the GHBMC (Global Human Body Models Consortium) occupant model still has 827,000 elements [19]. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and validate a computationally eﬃcient FE pedestrian model Figure 1: The pedestrian FE model for head safety (PeMHS). for future studies of pedestrian head safety. For this pur- pose, the FE pedestrian model developed in the current study should have a relatively small number of elements than the original THUMS model being constructed. In total, and a high bioﬁdelity to predicted pedestrian head kine- the current full body pedestrian FE model contains 173,390 matics and injuries. nodes and 432,694 elements. To ensure a good bioﬁdelity, the same material properties as the THUMS model were employed by the PeMHS for the 2. Materials and Methods head, neck, skeletal structures of the torso and pelvis, soft tis- 2.1. Development of the FE Pedestrian Model for Head Safety sues in the spine, shoulder and hip joint, and outer ﬂesh (PeMHS). The FE PeMHS model was developed by using LS- parts. For other simpliﬁed body parts, viscoelastic material DYNA, which includes the head, neck, torso, and upper and properties (MAT 06 in LS-DYNA) were deﬁned for the ﬁlling parts in thoracic and abdominal cavity, elastic-plastic mate- lower limbs (see Figure 1). To ensure the bioﬁdelity for pre- dicting head injury, the head and neck models were directly rial properties (MAT 024 in LS-DYNA) were used for the extracted from the THUMS Academic Version 4.02 AM50 simpliﬁed long bones, and seatbelt material properties (average size male) pedestrian model [18]. The skeletal struc- (MAT B01 in LS-DYNA) with a nonlinear load curve (force tures of the torso and pelvis from the THUMS pedestrian vs. engineering strain) were employed for knee ligament. model were employed in the current study with these parts The material parameters for these simpliﬁed body parts are being remeshed using lager sized elements. The long bones given in Table 1, and Figure 2 shows the load curve of the of the upper and lower limbs were modelled as cylinders with material for knee ligaments. The selection of these material properties was mainly based on previous studies of the devel- the changes in the cross-section area being considered (Figure 1). Particularly, the femur and long bone in the lower opment of FE human body models [21–23]. leg (representing the tibia and ﬁbula) was modelled by shell elements with a thickness of 6 mm and 5 mm, respectively. 2.2. PeMHS Model Validation at the Segment Level. The The hip and shoulder joint were developed similar to the focuses in model validation at the segment level are on repre- sentative body regions which may aﬀect pedestrian head THUMS model to keep the physiological characteristics. The bones and ligaments of the knee joint were modelled kinematics in vehicle collisions. Therefore, validations on using simpliﬁed geometry and line elements with nonlinear the knee, pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder were con- mechanical characteristics, respectively. This approach is ducted against cadaver test data from the literature, similar similar to that of the FLEX-PLI leg impactor [20] and conve- to a previous study [19]. The material properties for these body parts of the model were optimized during the validation nient for gait posture conﬁguration. The ankle was simpliﬁed as a spherical joint with constrains by using line elements. process to match the cadaver data. The internal organs were modelled as two cavity ﬁlling struc- Knee lateral sharing and bending are the main kinematics tures for the thoracic and abdominal cavities, respectively, of pedestrians’ lower limb in vehicle collisions [24], and then similar to a previous study [19]. The outer ﬂesh parts were dynamic response of the lower limb may aﬀect pedestrian upper body kinematics [25]. Thus, the lower limb model modelled using hexahedral elements but with a thin fat layer Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 3 Table 1: Material deﬁnition of the skeleton components. (a) Material model Material parameters Tissues ρ (kg/m ) E (MPa) δ (MPa) Pr Femur Elastic-plastic 2,080 13,500 115 0.3 Tibia 1,900 20,033 125 0.315 (b) Material model Material parameters Tissues ρ (kg/m ) k (MPa) G (kPa) G (kPa) 0 i Viscoelastic Thoracic cavity 1,000 4.5 7.15 4.15 0.25 Abdominal cavity 1,000 0.25 54 40 0.25 ρ: density; E: Young’s modulus; δ: yield stress; Pr: Poisson’s ratio; k: Bulk modulus; G : short-term shear modulus; G : long-term shear modulus; β: decay 0 i constant. 400 N 400 N Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 40 km/h P2 P2 P1 P1 40 km/h 0 0.5 1 Impactor Engineering strain Fixed plate Mobile plate Figure 2: Load curve of the material for knee ligaments. Figure 4: Simulation models for lower limb lateral bending (a) and shearing (b) tests. Extension bars Knee FE model from Kajzer et al. [27], a ﬁxed foot plate was used to rep- resent the normal friction from the ground in bending tests, while the foot was placed on a moveable plate in shearing teats. The proximal of the femur was ﬁxed with Tibia side support Cylindrical cups Femur side support screws, while the distal of the femur was ﬁxed with a ﬁxed Figure 3: Simulation model for the knee four-point bending test. plate to limit its horizontal movement. A force of 400 N was loaded at the hip to simulate the weight of the upper body. The impact load was conducted at 40 km/h with an under lateral impact loading was validated against cadaver impactor of 6.25 kg, where a foam was wrapped at the knee four-point bending tests conducted by Bose et al. [26] front to obtain a soft contact. The impact location is at and lateral shearing and bending impact experiments from the ankle joint and the knee joint (not contact with the Kajzer et al. [27], respectively. Figure 3 shows the simulation femur condyle) for bending and shearing tests, respec- model for the knee four-point bending test, where the knee tively. Similar to previous studies of pedestrian lower limb ends were rigidly attached to cylindrical cups of two exten- model validation [22, 28], displacement from two targets sion bars. The extension bars were constrained by revolute (P1 and P2 in Figure 4) on the tibia was extracted from joints to the corresponding support which was either fully simulations to compare with the cadaver test data. ﬁxed (tibia side) or partially ﬁxed (femur side). A rotational The bioﬁdelity of the pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoul- velocity of 1 deg/ms to the knee was deﬁned to simulate the der regions was validated against cadaver test data under lat- lateral impact of the vehicle-to-pedestrian knee at 40 km/h. eral impact loading from previous studies [29, 30]. Figure 5 The simulation models for lateral bending and shearing shows the simulation models for these validation tests, and impact validation are shown in Figure 4. In the cadaver tests the corresponding information is summarized in Table 2. Force (N) 4 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 5: Simulation models for pelvis (a), abdomen (b), thorax (c), and shoulder (d) validation. Table 2: Information of impact conditions for pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder validation. Segment Impact speed Impact direction Impact location Pelvis 5.2 and 9.8 m/s Medial-lateral direction Greater trochanter Abdomen 6.8 and 9.4 m/s 30 toward the medial-lateral direction 7.5 cm below the xiphoid process Thorax 6.5 and 9.5 m/s 30 toward the medial-lateral direction Aligned to the xiphoid process Shoulder 4.5 and 6.8 m/s Medial-lateral direction Shoulder region For impact tests to the pelvis, abdomen, and thorax, the of a pedestrian human body model [19]. The time history impactor is 23.4 kg in weight and 150 mm in diameter, of impact force was calculated for each impact simulation while the impactor mass is 23 kg with the same dimension and compared to the corresponding test data to validate for the shoulder impact test. The impact direction for the the FE model. pelvis and shoulder tests was deﬁned at the medial-lateral direction, while this was deﬁned as 30 toward the medial- 2.3. PeMHS Model Validation at the Full Body Level. The FE lateral direction for the abdomen and thorax impact tests. PeMHS model was validated against the vehicle-to- pedestrian impact tests using post mortem human subject The impact location was deﬁned at the level of greater tro- chanter, 7.5 cm down from the xiphoid process, aligned to (PMHS) from the literature, where specimens with a stature the xiphoid process and the shoulder region for the pelvis, between 170 and 175 cm and a weight between 50 and abdomen, thorax, and shoulder tests, respectively. In these 85 kg were chosen [25]. A simpliﬁed sedan front FE model tests, the impactors were freely suspended and accelerated was developed based on the geometry of the car used in the to the impact speeds and the cadavers were in an upright PMHS tests. This simpliﬁcation approach of a car front supported posture with hands and arms overhead to avoid model has been used in previous studies [31, 32]. Figure 6 interference between the arm and impactor. In the simula- shows the vehicle-to-pedestrian impact simulation model tions, the arm (abdomen and thorax validation) or fore- which was set according to the initial conditions of the arm (pelvis and shoulder validation) was removed from PMHS test. In the tests, the hands of the HBMP model were the full body model to avoid interference, but the corre- tied in front and the legs were set in a walking posture with sponding mass was attached to the adjacent parts (shoul- the left leg backward and the right leg forward; positioning der or elbow) to keep the inertial force. This approach was achieved with the help of harness straps directed under has also been used in a previous study of the validation the arms, which was released prior to impact; the vehicle Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 5 Head T1 T8 0 5 10 15 20 40 km/h Knee bending angle (deg) Test corridor Simulation Figure 7: Predicted knee bending moment-bending angle curve versus cadaver test data of knee four-point bending. Figure 6: The simulation model for full body validation. impact velocity was at 40 km/h from the right sight of the pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder, respectively. Gener- specimens. In the study of Kerrigan et al. [25], boxed corri- ally, the predicted curves from the simulations are within dors based on a percentage of trajectory path length were the cadaver test corridors. developed from the PMHS trajectory data. The 10% path length corridors from Kerrigan et al. [25] were used for the 3.2. Model Validation at the Full Body Level. Figure 13 validation of the PeMHS upper body trajectories, including compares the overall pedestrian kinematics between the the head, T1, and T8. Thus, trajectories of the upper body PeMHS model and cadaver test data from Kerrigan (head, T1, and T8) were calculated in the simulation accord- et al. [25]. The predicted overall kinematics of FE pedes- ing to the corresponding locations of the record mark ﬁxa- trian models is reasonably close to the test data, though tion points in the PMHS tests (see Figure 6). For a further some diﬀerences are observed in the pelvis and lower limbs for the PeMHS model at the latter stage (>100 ms) evaluation on the bioﬁdelity of the PeMHS model, the pre- diction from the PeMHS model was compared with that and the time of head contact on the windshield. The from the THUMS model under the same impact conﬁgura- global pedestrian kinematics and trajectories of the head, tion as shown in Figure 6. T1, and T8 predicted from the PeMHS model are com- In order to quantitatively assess the correlation between pared with that from the THUMS model and cadaver test the predictions and cadaver test data, the CORA (correlation data in Figure 14, and the quantitative assessment results and analysis) method was applied. The CORA rating results referring to the test average data are being summarized are within the range from 0% (no correlation) to 100% (per- in Table 3 (see Figures 15 and 16 for detailed CORA rat- fect match). The CORA has two methods to assess the corre- ing data). Overall, the predicted trajectories are similar lation between signals, where the corridor method (CORA- between the PeMHS model and THUMS model, and both match those of test average well in the initial phases of CD) calculates the deviation between the predicting curve and the reference corridors; the cross correlation method motion, though there are some diﬀerences towards the (CORA-CL) evaluates speciﬁc curve ﬁtness to the target end of the simulation. Nevertheless, the trajectories of through parameters such as the phase shift or shape of the the FE models do always remain within the PMHS test signals [33]. Here, an equal weighting was employed for corridors, and the CORA rating results (>99%) are all close to 100% (perfect match). CORA-CD and CORA-CL, i.e., CORA = 0 5 CORA‐CD + 0 5 CORA‐CL. Figure 17 compares the predicted head linear and angular acceleration curves between PeMHS model and THUMS model, respectively. The predictions from the PeMHS model 3. Results are generally similar to those from the THUMS model as to the curve trend and peak time, though there are some diﬀer- 3.1. Model Validation at the Segment Level. Figure 7 com- pares the predicted knee bending moment-bending angle ences in the peak value. curve with the corridor adapted from cadaver test data of knee four-point bending. Figure 8 shows the predicted tibia 4. Discussion displacement (P1 and P2) time history curves in lower limb bending and shearing impacts together with the cadaver data 4.1. Computational Eﬃciency. The main purpose of the of Test-7B, Test-6B, Test-8S, and Test-16S from Kajzer et al. current study is to develop a computationally eﬃcient full [27], for which the height and weight of the sample are rela- body FE model for pedestrian head kinematics and injury tively close to the PeMHS model. prediction. The original THUMS head models have been Figures 9–12 show the predicted impact force time his- previously evaluated to be generally credible for human tory together with the corridor in the corresponding test for head injury prediction [32, 34]. Thus, the original head Knee bending moment (Nm) 6 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 140 40 P1 P2 0 −10 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test-7B Test-6B Simulation (a) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 P2 P1 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test-8S Test-16S Simulation (b) Figure 8: Predicted tibia displacement (P1 and P2) time history versus cadaver test data of lower limb bending (a) and shearing (b). 9 16 010 20 30 0 102030 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 9: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in pelvis impact: impact speed = 4 5 m/s (a) and 6.8 m/s (b). Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) Force (kN) Force (kN) Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 7 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 1020304050 0 10 20304050 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 10: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in abdomen impact: impact speed = 6 8 m/s (a) and 9.4 m/s (b). 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 1020304050 0 1020304050 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 11: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in thorax impact: impact speed = 6 5 m/s (a) and 9.8 m/s (b). 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 1020304050 0 1020304050 Time (ms) Time (ms) Test corridor Test corridor Simulation Simulation (a) (b) Figure 12: Predicted impact force time history versus cadaver test data in shoulder impact: impact speed = 4 5 m/s (a) and 6.8 m/s (b). Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) Force (kN) 8 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 20 ms 60 ms 100 ms 140 ms Figure 13: Predicted overall kinematics of the PeMHS model versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. and neck models from the THUMS were employed in the model is generally plausible given the purpose of model use. For the validation at the full body level, the trajecto- PeMHS model to keep the injury prediction capability for head injuries. To reduce the total element number, the ries of the PeMHS model (head, T1, and T8) and cadaver body parts below the neck were redeveloped using simpli- data showed very good agreement, especially at the early ﬁed geometry (e.g., upper and lower limbs and internal stage (<60 ms) of the impact. However, at the latter stage organs) or bigger sized elements (e.g., spine and ribcage). (>100 ms) of the impact, the trajectories of T1 and T8 In particular, the element number (432,694) of the PeMHS showed some diﬀerences from the cadaver average data is only about 25% of the THUMS Academic Version 4.02 and the head contact time is earlier in the simulation AM50 pedestrian model (about 2,000,000 elements [18]) (Figures 13 and 14). These discrepancies are probably and the original GHBMC model (about 2,100,000 elements due to anthropometric diﬀerences, uncertainty with respect [19]) and half of the M50-PS model (about 827,000 ele- to the initial position of the PMHS, simpliﬁcation of the ments [19]). The smaller number of elements can improve lower limb anatomical structure, and model tissue level the computational eﬃciency of the human body model in properties (such as knee ligaments and internal organs). simulations, especially when a big number of simulations It seems that the lower limb of the PeMHS is kind of too stiﬀer since an excessive rebound was observed in were needed. According to the theory of FE modelling, using a bigger computing time step and deﬁning some the leg and pelvis (Figure 13). This is largely due to the body parts as rigid bodies can improve the computational properties of the long bones in the model; further eﬃciency of the human body FE model. However, these improvement to these parts is still needed. Kinematics dif- may aﬀect simulation accuracy and pedestrian kinematics ferences between the FE model and cadaver data could also be found in the original validation [35] and further [19]. Thus, the simpliﬁcation approach used in the current study is logically feasible. evaluation of THUMS [32] and validation of the M50-PS model [19]. This highlights challenges in validating pedes- 4.2. Model Bioﬁdelity. For bioﬁdelity of the PeMHS model, trian human body models against PMHS data when full both the validation results at the segment level and full details of the cadaver characteristics are not exactly the same as the models. Nevertheless, the predicted pedestrian body level show good agreement with cadaver test data (Figures 7–14). Particularly, all predictions at the segment upper body trajectories are within the cadaver corridors level are in the cadaver test ranges. However, the predic- and close to the cadaver average value (CORA rating tions are mostly close to the lower boundary (Figures 7 scores > 99%). The comparisons between the PeMHS and 9–12). Similar results were also observed in a previous model and THUMS model also showed good agreements for both upper body trajectories (Figure 14) and head study of simplifying a pedestrian model [19]. Many factors could aﬀect model response such as impact boundary con- accelerations (Figure 17). This also implies that the model ditions, material properties, and thoracic cavity ﬁlling developed in this study is potentially capable of predicting approach. Further analysis is still necessary to improve pedestrian head kinematics and injuries in vehicle colli- model bioﬁdelity. Nevertheless, the bioﬁdelity of the knee, sions, given the recognized bioﬁdelity of the THUMS model [32, 34, 36, 37]. pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and shoulder of the PeMHS Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 9 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 1000 2000 Horizontal displacement (mm) Horizontal displacement (mm) Test average Test average Test 10% path length Test 10% path length Simulation-PeMHS Simulation-PeMHS Simulation-THUMS Simulation-THUMS (a) (b) 0 1000 2000 Horizontal displacement (mm) Test average Test 10% path length Simulation-PeMHS Simulation-THUMS (c) Figure 14: Predicted trajectories of the head (a), T1 (b), and T8 (c) versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. Table 3: CORA rating results for trajectories of the head, T1, and T8. PeMHS THUMS Signal CORA-CD CORA-CL CORA CORA-CD CORA-CL CORA Head 100% 99.77% 99.88% 100% 99.81% 99.90% T1 100% 99.46% 99.73% 100% 98.96% 99.48% T8 100% 99.29% 99.64% 99.84% 99.96% 99.90% 4.3. Limitations. There are some limitations in this study. validation process due to limited availability of test data; More precision treatment is still needed for the simpliﬁ- a broad range of impact scenarios should be considered cation approach to the anatomical structure of human in further evaluations to prove the PeMHS model as a body parts, and the material properties for these simpli- robust tool for a pedestrian head safety study. However, this is one of the common diﬃculties in FE human body ﬁed body regions, though the predictions of the PeMHS, are generally comparable to cadaver test data and predic- evaluation [19, 32, 36, 37], and the lateral impact conﬁg- tions of the THUMS model. Only a single vehicle model uration is dominant in real-world vehicle-to-pedestrian and the lateral impact scenario were considered in the accidents [38]. Vertical displacement (mm) Vertical displacement (mm) Vertical displacement (mm) 10 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 3, 000 Begin End 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.88% CORA = 99.88% CORA−CD = 100.00% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CL = 99.77% 0 500 1, 000 1, 500 2, 000 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (a) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.73% CORA = 99.73% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 99.46% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 1, 600 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (b) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.64% CORA = 99.64% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 99.29% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (c) Figure 15: CORA rating results for the trajectories of the head (a), T1 (b), and T8 (c) predicted from the PeMHS model versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 11 3, 000 Begin End 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.90% cora_begin cora_end CORA = 99.90% CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 99.81% 0 500 1, 000 1, 500 2, 000 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (a) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.48% CORA = 99.48% cora_begin cora_end CORA−CD = 100.00% CORA−CL = 98.96% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 1, 600 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (b) 2, 500 Begin End 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Cell score = 99.90% cora_begin cora_end CORA = 99.90% CORA−CD = 99.84% CORA−CL = 99.96% 0 200 400 600 800 1, 000 1, 200 1, 400 [Ref ] test Inner corridors [Sim] simu Outer corridors (c) Figure 16: CORA rating results for the trajectories of the head (a), T1 (b), and T8 (c) predicted from the THUMS model versus cadaver test data in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. 12 Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 400 25000 0 0 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 Time (ms) Time (ms) PeMHS PeMHS THUMS THUMS (a) (b) Figure 17: Comparisons of predicted head linear acceleration (a) and angular acceleration (b) between the PeMHS model and THUMS model in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact. 5. Conclusions [2] T. Maki, J. Kajzer, K. Mizuno, and Y. Sekine, “Comparative analysis of vehicle-bicyclist and vehicle-pedestrian accidents The current study developed and validated a computationally in Japan,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 35, no. 6, eﬃcient FE pedestrian model for head safety analysis. The FE pp. 927–940, 2003. pedestrian model developed in this study has a small number [3] G. Zhang, L. Cao, J. Hu, and K. Yang, “A ﬁeld data analysis of of elements, which can ensure the computational eﬃciency. risk factors aﬀecting the injury risks in vehicle-to-pedestrian The validation results indicate a good capability of this model crashes,” in 52nd Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine (AAAM) Annual Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2008. in predicting pedestrian dynamic responses at both segment and full body levels. Therefore, the current FE pedestrian [4] G. Li, F. Wang, D. Otte, and C. Simms, “Characteristics of pedestrian head injuries observed from real world collision model could be useful as a valuable tool for future research data,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 129, pp. 362–366, of pedestrian head safety in vehicle collisions. [5] G. Li, F. Wang, D. Otte, Z. Cai, and C. Simms, “Have pedes- Data Availability trian subsystem tests improved passenger car front shape,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 115, pp. 143–150, 2018. The data used to support the ﬁndings of this study are [6] Y. Peng, Y. Chen, J. Yang, D. Otte, and R. Willinger, “A study included within the article. of pedestrian and bicyclist exposure to head injury in passen- ger car collisions based on accident data and simulations,” Conflicts of Interest Safety Science, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1749–1759, 2012. [7] J. Nie, G. Li, and J. Yang, “A study of fatality risk and head The authors declare that there is no conﬂict of interest dynamic response of cyclist and pedestrian based on passenger regarding the publication of this paper. car accident data analysis and simulations,” Traﬃc Injury Pre- vention, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 76–83, 2015. Acknowledgments [8] J. R. Elliott, C. K. Simms, and D. P. Wood, “Pedestrian head translation, rotation and impact velocity: the inﬂuence of vehi- This work was supported by the National Natural Science cle speed, pedestrian speed and pedestrian gait,” Accident Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51805162 and 51605407), Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 342–353, 2012. Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No. [9] J. Yao, J. Yang, and D. Otte, “Investigation of head injuries by 2018JJ3532), Scientiﬁc and Technological Research Program reconstructions of real-world vehicle-versus-adult-pedestrian of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. accidents,” Safety Science, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1103–1114, 2008. KJQN201801107), and Foundation of Zhejiang Province Key [10] Y. Peng, J. Yang, C. Deck, D. Otte, and R. Willinger, “Develop- Laboratory of Automobile Safety. All simulations using the ment of head injury risk functions based on real-world accident Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) Academic Version reconstruction,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, pedestrian model in this research were conducted at Chong- vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 105–114, 2014. qing University of Technology. [11] J. Huang, Y. Peng, J. Yang, D. Otte, and B. Wang, “A study on correlation of pedestrian head injuries with physical parame- ters using in-depth traﬃc accident data and mathematical References models,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 119, pp. 91– 103, 2018. [1] World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, [12] D. Marjoux, D. Baumgartner, C. Deck, and R. Willinger, 2015. “Head injury prediction capability of the hic, hip, SImon and Linear acceleration (g) Angular acceleration (rad/s/s) Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 13 and shear loading,” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, ULP criteria,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1135–1148, 2008. vol. 130, no. 3, article 031008, 2008. [13] V. Alvarez, P. Halldin, and S. Kleiven, “The inﬂuence of neck [27] J. Kajzer, G. Schroeder, H. Ishikawa, Y. Matsui, and U. Bosch, muscle tonus and posture on brain tissue strain in pedestrian “Shearing and bending eﬀects at the knee joint at high speed head impacts,” Stapp Car Crash Journal, vol. 58, pp. 63–101, lateral loading,” Tech. Rep. 973326, SAE International, Wash- 2014. ington D.C., USA, 1997. [14] R. Paas, C. Masson, and J. Davidsson, “Head boundary [28] K. Nagasaka, K. Mizuno, E. Tanaka et al., “Finite element anal- conditions in pedestrian crashes with passenger cars: six- ysis of knee injury risks in car-to-pedestrian impacts,” Traﬃc degrees-of-freedom post-mortem human subject responses,” Injury Prevention, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 345–354, 2004. International Journal of Crashworthiness, vol. 20, no. 6, [29] D. C. Viano, “Biomechanical Responses and Injuries in Blunt pp. 547–559, 2015. Lateral Impact,” Tech. Rep. 892432, SAE International, Wash- [15] F. Wang, C. Yu, G. Li et al., “A study on inﬂuence of minivan ington D.C., USA, 1989. front-end design and impact velocity on pedestrian thorax [30] S. W. Koh, J. M. Cavanaugh, M. J. Mason et al., “Shoulder kinematics and injury risk,” Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, injury and response due to lateral glenohumeral joint impact: vol. 2018, Article ID 7350159, 8 pages, 2018. an analysis of combined data,” Stapp Car Crash Journal, [16] Y. Han, J. Yang, K. Nishimoto et al., “Finite element analysis of vol. 49, pp. 291–322, 2005. kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle col- [31] C. D. Untaroiu, J. Shin, J. R. Crandall et al., “Development and lisions,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, vol. 17, validation of pedestrian sedan bucks using ﬁnite-element sim- no. 2, pp. 141–152, 2012. ulations: a numerical investigation of the inﬂuence of vehicle [17] G. Li, J. Yang, and C. Simms, “Safer passenger car front shapes automatic braking on the kinematics of the pedestrian for pedestrians: a computational approach to reduce overall involved in vehicle collisions,” International Journal of Crash- pedestrian injury risk in realistic impact scenarios,” Accident worthiness, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 491–503, 2010. Analysis & Prevention, vol. 100, pp. 97–110, 2017. [32] T. Wu, T. Kim, V. Bollapragada et al., “Evaluation of bioﬁdelity [18] Toyota Motor Corporation, Documentation: Total Human of THUMS pedestrian model under a whole-body impact con- Model for Safety (THUMS) AM50 Pedestrian/Occupant Model ditions with a generic sedan buck,” Traﬃc Injury Prevention, Academic Version 4.02_20150527, Toyota Center R&D Labs. vol. 18, no. sup1, pp. S148–S154, 2017. Inc., 2015. [33] G. Gehre, H. Gades, and P. Wernicke, “Objective rating of sig- [19] C. D. Untaroiu, W. Pak, Y. Meng, J. M. Schap, and F. S. Gayzik, nals using test and simulation responses,” in 21st International “A ﬁnite element model of a midsize male for simulating Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Stuttgart, pedestrian accidents,” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Germany, 2009. vol. 140, no. 1, article 011003, 2017. [34] F. Wang, Y. Han, B. Wang et al., “Prediction of brain deforma- [20] Y. Kikuchi, Y. Takahashi, and F. Mori, “Development of a tions and risk of traumatic brain injury due to closed-head ﬁnite element model for Flex-PLI,” in 19th International Tech- impact: quantitative analysis of the eﬀects of boundary condi- nical Conference of Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Wash- tions and brain tissue constitutive model,” Biomechanics and ington D.C., USA, 2005. Modeling in Mechanobiology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1165–1185, [21] J. Yang, F. Wang, G. Li, and X. Jiang, “Finite element analysis 2018. of thorax responses under quasi-static and dynamic loading,” [35] T. Maeno and J. Hasegawa, “Development of a ﬁnite element in Computational Biomechanics for Medicine, A. Wittek, K. model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and Miller, and P. M. F. Nielsen, Eds., pp. 197–211, Springer, application to car-pedestrian impacts,” in 17th International New York, NY, USA, 2013. Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Amster- [22] Z. Cai, F. Lan, and J. Chen, “Development and validation of a dam, Netherlands, 2001. human biomechanical model for rib fracture and thorax inju- [36] A. J. Golman, K. A. Danelson, L. E. Miller, and J. D. Stitzel, ries in blunt impact,” Computer Methods in Biomechanics and “Injury prediction in a side impact crash using human body Biomedical Engineering, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 974–980, 2015. model simulation,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 64, [23] K. H. Yang, J. Hu, N. A. White, A. I. King, C. C. Chou, and pp. 1–8, 2014. P. Prasad, “Development of numerical models for injury bio- [37] G. Li, Z. Tan, X. Lv, and L. Ren, “Numerical reconstruction of mechanics research: a review of 50 years of publications in injuries in a real world minivan-to-pedestrian collision,” Acta the Stapp Car Crash conference,” Stapp Car Crash Journal, of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, vol. 21, no. 2, 2019. vol. 50, pp. 429–490, 2006. [38] C. Chidester and R. Isenberg, “Final report-the pedestrian [24] F. Mo, P. J. Arnoux, D. Cesari, and C. Masson, “Investigation crash data study,” in 17th International Conference on the of the injury threshold of knee ligaments by the parametric Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Amsterdam, Netherlands, study of car-pedestrian impact conditions,” Safety Science, vol. 62, pp. 58–67, 2014. [25] J. Kerrigan, D. Murphy, D. C. Drinkwater, C. Y. Kam, D. Bose, and J. R. Crandall, “Kinematic corridors for PMHS tested in full-scale pedestrian impact tests,” in 19th International Tech- nical Conference of Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Wash- ington D.C., USA, 2005. [26] D. Bose, K. S. Bhalla, C. D. Untaroiu, B. J. Ivarsson, J. R. Crandall, and S. Hurwitz, “Injury tolerance and moment response of the knee joint to combined valgus bending International Journal of Advances in Rotating Machinery Multimedia Journal of The Scientific Journal of Engineering World Journal Sensors Hindawi Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 http://www www.hindawi.com .hindawi.com V Volume 2018 olume 2013 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Journal of Control Science and Engineering Advances in Civil Engineering Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Submit your manuscripts at www.hindawi.com Journal of Journal of Electrical and Computer Robotics Engineering Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 VLSI Design Advances in OptoElectronics International Journal of Modelling & Aerospace International Journal of Simulation Navigation and in Engineering Engineering Observation Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Volume 2018 Volume 2018 Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 International Journal of Active and Passive International Journal of Antennas and Advances in Chemical Engineering Propagation Electronic Components Shock and Vibration Acoustics and Vibration Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018

Journal

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics – Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: Jul 24, 2019

Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation

A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation

Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation

A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Pedestrian Model for Head Safety: Development and Validation

References (42)

Abstract

Journal

Recommended Articles

There are no references for this article.

Our policy towards the use of cookies