Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Silvia Priori, Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, Andrea Mazzanti, Nico Blom, Martin Borggrefe, John Camm, Perry Elliott, Donna Fitzsimons, R. Hatala, Gerhard Hindricks, Paulus Kirchhof, Keld Kjeldsen, Karl-Heinz Kuck, A. Hernández–Madrid, N. Nikolaou, T. Norekvål, Christian Spaulding, D. Veldhuisen (2016)
2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death.Revista espanola de cardiologia, 69 2
J. Ärnlöv (2009)
Diminished Renal Function and the Incidence of Heart FailureCurrent Cardiology Reviews, 5
K. Minai, H. Horie, Masayuki Takahashi, M. Nozawa, M. Kinoshita (2002)
Long-term outcome of primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for low-risk acute myocardial infarction in patients older than 80 years: a single-center, open, randomized trial.American heart journal, 143 3
P. Kam, I. Power, M. Cousins, Philip Siddal (2020)
Tubular FunctionPrinciples of Physiology for the Anaesthetist
Manhua Zuo, Jun Tang, Miaomiao Xiang, Qing Long, Jianping Dai, Xiuying Hu (2018)
Characteristics and factors associated with nosocomial pneumonia among patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): A case-control study.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 68
D. Reddan, L. Szczech, M. Bhapkar, D. Moliterno, R. Califf, E. Ohman, P. Berger, J. Hochman, F. Werf, R. Harrington, L. Newby (2005)
Renal function, concomitant medication use and outcomes following acute coronary syndromes.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 20 10
B. Ibáñez, Stefan James, S. Agewall, M. Antunes, C. Bucciarelli-Ducci, H. Bueno, A. Caforio, F. Crea, J. Goudevenos, S. Halvorsen, G. Hindricks, A. Kastrati, M. Lenzen, E. Prescott, M. Roffi, M. Valgimigli, C. Varenhorst, P. Vranckx, Petr Widimsky (2018)
2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).European heart journal, 39 2
A. Levey, K. Eckardt, Y. Tsukamoto, A. Levin, J. Coresh, J. Rossert, D. Zeeuw, T. Hostetter, N. Lameire, G. Eknoyan (2005)
Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).Kidney international, 67 6
V. Chiamvimonvat, S. Goodman, A. Langer, A. Barr, M. Freeman (2001)
Prognostic value of dipyridamole SPECT imaging in low-risk patients after myocardial infarctionJournal of Nuclear Cardiology, 8
L. Michalis, Christos Stroumbis, K. Pappas, Eleni Sourla, D. Niokou, J. Goudevenos, C. Siogas, D. Sideris (2000)
Treatment of refractory unstable angina in geographically isolated areas without cardiac surgery. Invasive versus conservative strategy (TRUCS study).European heart journal, 21 23
J. Bassand, C. Hamm, D. Ardissino, E. Boersma, A. Budaj, F. Fernández‐Avilés, K. Fox, D. Hasdai, E. Ohman, L. Wallentin, W. Wijns (2007)
[Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes].Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, 27 9
I. Csige, Dóra Ujvárosy, Z. Szabó, I. Lőrincz, G. Paragh, M. Harangi, S. Somodi (2018)
The Impact of Obesity on the Cardiovascular SystemJournal of Diabetes Research, 2018
E. Moța, S. Popa, M. Moța, A. Mitrea, M. Penescu, L. Tuta, C. Serafinceanu, N. Hancu, L. Garneata, C. Verzan, R. Lichiardopol, C. Zetu, C. Capusa, D. Vlăduțiu, C. Guja, D. Catrinoiu, C. Bala, G. Roman, G. Radulian, R. Timar, B. Mihai (2015)
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its association with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the adult Romanian population: the PREDATORR studyInternational Urology and Nephrology, 47
C. Homorodean, A. Iancu, I. Dregoesc, M. Spînu, M. Ober, D. Tataru, D. Leucuța, M. Olinic, D. Olinic (2019)
Renal Failure Impact on the Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Due to a Left Main Coronary Culprit Lesion Treated Using a Primary Percutaneous Coronary InterventionJournal of Clinical Medicine, 8
F. Werf, Jeroen Bax, Amadeo Betriu, Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, Filippo Crea, Volkmar Falk, G. Filippatos, Keith Fox, Kurt Huber, Adnan Kastrati, A. Rosengren, P. Steg, M. Tubaro, F. Verheugt, F. Weidinger, Michael Weis, A. Vahanian, John Camm, R. Caterina, V. Dean, Kenneth Dickstein, C. Funck-Brentano, I. Hellemans, S. Kristensen, K. Mcgregor, U. Sechtem, S. Silber, M. Tendera, Petr Widimsky, J. Zamorano, Frank Aguirre, N. Al-Attar, Eduardo Alegría, F. Andreotti, W. Benzer, O. Breithardt, N. Danchin, C. Mario, Dariusz Dudek, D. Gulba, S. Halvorsen, Philipp Kaufmann, Ran Kornowski, G. Lip, Frans Rutten (2008)
Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology.European heart journal, 29 23
D. Cocchetto, C. Tschanz, T. Bjornsson (1983)
Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearance.Therapeutic drug monitoring, 5 2
(2006)
REPRINT Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients With or at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
A. Germing, M. Lindstaedt, S. Ulrich, P. Grewe, W. Bojara, T. Lawo, S. Dryander, D. Jäger, A. Machraoui, Andreas Mügge, B. Lemke (2005)
Normal angiogram in acute coronary syndrome-preangiographic risk stratification, angiographic findings and follow-up.International journal of cardiology, 99 1
Christopher Erb, Bela Patel, J. Orr, T. Bice, Jeremy Richards, M. Metersky, Kevin Wilson, C. Thomson (2016)
Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia.Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13 12
Daniel Moreira, L. Bañez, S. Freedland (2010)
Editorial comment.The Journal of urology, 183 5
S. Heymsfield, C. Arteaga, C. McManus, J. Smith, S. Moffitt (1983)
Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method.The American journal of clinical nutrition, 37 3
A. Levey, J. Bosch, J. Lewis, T. Greene, N. Rogers, David Roth (1999)
A More Accurate Method To Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction EquationAnnals of Internal Medicine, 130
Jin Kim, D. Lim, K. Sun, W. Shim, Y. Rho (2005)
Stenting or MIDCAB using ministernotomy for revascularization of proximal left anterior descending artery?International journal of cardiology, 99 3
M. Crim, D. Calloway, Sheldon Margen (1975)
Creatine metabolism in men: urinary creatine and creatinine excretions with creatine feeding.The Journal of nutrition, 105 4
R. Madonna, C. Balistreri, S. Rosa, S. Muscoli, Stefano Selvaggio, Giancarlo Selvaggio, P. Ferdinandy, R. Caterina (2019)
Impact of Sex Differences and Diabetes on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart DiseaseJournal of Clinical Medicine, 8
IntroductionClinical trials have significantly increased efforts to establish the importance of gender and, more recently, the function of diabetes and obesity as important comorbidities for coronary artery disease (CAD) [1,2]. Renal disease has not attracted the same attention—in fact, cardiovascular events account for more than half of all deaths in individuals with end-stage renal illness [3,4]. Several studies have found a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in adults [5]. There is also an increased frequency of cardiovascular illness with diminishing renal function (RF) [6,7,8]. Renal impairment at the time of admission should signal an increased risk of in-hospital complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. According to several studies, even slight changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) enhance the chance of developing de novo CAD or death after the first myocardial infarction [9,10,11,12]. After acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass grafting, patients with impaired RF have a worse prognosis than those with normal RF [13]. In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with primary PCI on a left main culprit lesion, renal failure was associated with more complex coronary lesions and less complete revascularisation and turned out to be an independent predictor of mortality at 1-year follow-up [14]. Except for caution about prescribed doses and more liberal use of revascularisation, current guidelines recommend the same treatment for patients with renal impairment as for other patients with ACS [15,16]. Understanding the causes driving poor outcomes in people with renal impairment is critical. Much of the literature focuses on the underutilisation of evidence-based pharmacological and interventional therapy in this population [17]. Clinicians may be unaware of renal impairment, hence a specific recommendation has been prepared to assist in the diagnosis of patients with cardiovascular disease and decreased kidney function [18]. Although guidelines do not recommend treatment modification based on renal function [9,19], the risk-to-benefit trade-off may be different in the 11% of adults with renal dysfunction [20]. Given this high risk, patients with renal dysfunction could derive greater absolute benefits from an invasive strategy than patients without renal dysfunction; however, the risk for adverse outcomes is also high in patients with renal dysfunction [21,22]. Several laboratory procedures were conducted to determine the RF. In clinical laboratories, RF is often evaluated by assessing the renal clearance of any drug. Creatinine is the most often used biochemical marker for RF [23]. It should be emphasised, however, that using creatinine to determine renal function has considerable drawbacks. Creatinine production, for example, is reduced in patients with liver illness [24]. One of the disadvantages of creatinine as a laboratory marker for RF assessment is that its plasma level is affected not only by GFR but also by muscle mass, protein consumption, and composition [25,26]. It should be noted that normal plasma creatinine levels do not always indicate normal RF. Evidence for this is that plasma creatinine levels reach the upper limit of normal only when GFR relative loss exceeds 50% [23]. The GFR is the most trustworthy metric for RF assessment [23]. There are several formulas for calculating GFR. MDRD (modification of diet in renal diseases), Cockroft and Gault, and CKD-EPI (chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration) formulae are a few examples. Some data indicate that the following formulas were compared in terms of the RF predetermination value and the accuracy of the GFR decision. Poggio and co-authors, for example, established the superiority of the MDRD calculation formula over the Cockroft and Gault method in terms of RF predetermination in their work [27]. As previously stated, plasma creatinine level enhancement requires at least 50% relative loss of GFR, so cases of renal impairment in patients with acute STEMI may not always be detected solely through creatinine control, particularly in patients undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. New trials are required to investigate the effect of renal function on patients with ACS. This study aimed to compare in-hospital complications between patients with acute STEMI and patients with varying RF.Methods1Study design and populationThis is a prospective, observational, single-centre study. All of the patients were ≥40 years old. A total of 351 STEMI patients were selected for this study and divided into three groups according to GFR. Group 1 comprised 116 patients with < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 GFR. Group 2 consisted of 120 patients with ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and Group 3 comprised 115 patients with ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2. GFR was estimated with the MDRD formula, which is calculated by using creatinine, age, gender, and race [28]. All of the patients were white. During the first hours after admission, all patients’ demographic, clinical, and angiographic data, including age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, STEMI localisation, and angiographic characteristics, were collected. Iohexol was used as a contrast agent. All patients were provided an evaluation of renal function after PCI. None of the included patients was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) before admission. All variables, as well as the criteria for the diagnosis of STEMI, acute heart failure (AHF), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), atrial fibrillation (AF), and atrial flutter (AFL), were defined by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines [29,30,31]. All arrhythmias were fixed from the time of admission to before discharge. The clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society were used to diagnose in-hospital pneumonia (IP) [32].2Treatment protocolPatients with severe valvular heart disease, cancer, acute cerebrovascular disease, previously diagnosed CKD, or other serious non-cardiac medical conditions with a life expectancy of less than one year were excluded from the study. Patients that declined to take part in the study were also excluded. All enrolled STEMI patients in three groups underwent primary PCI using a standard technique through the radial artery route following ESC Guidelines on acute myocardial infarction in patients with ST-segment elevation [24]. All patients received as many stents as was deemed clinically appropriate for the infarct-related artery. A subset of patients underwent staged complete revascularisation. All patients in the groups received standard pharmacological treatment for STEMI following current guidelines, including aspirin, clopidogrel, statins, beta-blockers, heparin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor blockers, diuretics, and other medications (Table 1).Table 1The groups were comparable in terms of drugs receivedDrugs receivedGroup 1n = 116Group 2n = 120Group 3n = 115p-valueAspirin100%100%100%–Clopidogrel100%100%100%–Heparin and LMWHs100%100%100%–Statins100%100%100%–B-blockers83.6%84.2%88.7%0.49ACE inhibitors or ARBs83.6%88.3%91.3%0.2Aldosterone antagonists33.6%34.2%29.6%0.72Calcium antagonist22.4%20.8%13.9%0.22Loop diuretics38.8%35.8%32.2%0.58LMWHs, low molecular weight heparins; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers3Study outcomesIn-hospital complications were reported by the treating physician and included the composite rate of APE and CS, pulseless VT/VF, new-onset AF/AFL, IP, and in-hospital death (ID). At the end of the hospital stays, the rates of in-hospital complications were compared between groups.4Statistical analysisSurvey data collection and digitisation was performed using SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) software. Typical statistical methods were used. All calculated p-values were two-tailed and considered statistically significant when < 0.05 Continuous variables are summarised as mean and standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are summarised according to frequency and group percentage.The analysis of patients’ data included in the study was performed using the following statistical tests:–The ANOVA test was used to compare continuous variables between the three groups in the study.–Student's t statistics were used to compare continuous variables between two subgroups.–Pearson chi-square test was used to compare the frequencies of the indicators compared in the study.–Categorical variables between groups were analysed using Fisher's z-test as necessary.ResultsThus, 351 patients with STEMI were included. Mean GFR in Group 1 was 48.2±10.4 ml/min/1.73 m2, in Group 2 74.7±8.7 ml/min/1.73 m2, and in Group 3 104.1±14.6 (p < 0.001). The average age of patients in Group 1 was 66.2±10.1, 66.2±9.1, in Group 2 64.5±6.8, and in Group 3 (p = 0.23). The percentage of males was 64.7% in Group 1, 65% in Group 2 and 75.7% in Group 3 (p = 0.12). There was a high prevalence of cardiac risk factors and/or comorbid conditions in the groups: 22.4% in Group 1, 23.3% in Group 2, and 24.3% in Group 3 had a history of diabetes (p = 0.94), while 68.1% in Group 1, 69.2% in Group 2, and 63.5% in Group 3 had a history of hypertension (p = 0.62). Prior myocardial infarction was reported by 11.2 % in Group 1, 10% in Group 2, and 4.3% in Group 3 (p = 0.14). Anterior STEMI was present in 46.6% of Group 1, 42.5% of Group 2, and 40% of Group 3 (p = 0.6). Multivessel disease rates were also comparable between the three groups: 46.6% in Group 1, 52.5% in Group 2, and 41.7% in Group 3 (p = 0.25). Also, 7.8% in Group 1, 13.3% in Group 2 and 10.4% in Group 3 underwent staged complete revascularisation (p = 0.38). In Group 1, the contrast volumes used were 234.8±65.1 ml, in Group 2 and Group 3, 231.7±63.7 and 224.5±23, respectively (p = 0.34). The incidence of left ventricular ejection fraction in Group 1 was 39.1±8.5%, in Group 2 44.5±3.2%, and in Group 3 41.9±6.8% (p = 0.16) (Table 2). The incidence of APE and CS was significantly lower in Group 3 compared to Group 1 and Group 2: in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 10.3% (12 of 116 patients), 5.8% (7 of 120 patients), and 0.9% (1 of 115 patients) (p < 0.05), respectively. APE and CS rate did not differ significantly between Group 1 and Group 2 (p > 0.05). No significant between-group differences were found for pulseless VT or VF: in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 pulseless VT or VF was 2.6% (3 of 116 patients), 3.3% (4 of 120 patients), and 0.9% (1 of 119 patients) (p > 0.05), respectively. Group 1 showed a considerably higher AF or AFL rate: in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 the AF or AFL rate was 12.1% (14 of 116 patients), 5.8% (7 of 120 patients), and 3.5% (4 of 115 patients) (p < 0.05), respectively. No significant between-group differences were found for AF or AFL in Group 2 and Group 3 (p > 0.05). Also, the authors found significant between-group differences for IP. Group 1 disclosed reasonably higher rates of IP rates than Group 2 and Group 3: in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 13.8% (16 of 116 patients), 6.7% (8 of 120 patients), and 4.3% (5 of 115 patients) (p < 0.05), respectively. There was no significant difference in IP between Group 2 and Group 3 (p > 0.05). ID rate did not significantly differ between the three groups: In-hospital death was 3.4% in Group 1 (4 of 116 patients), 0.8% in Group 2 (1 of 120 patients), and 0 in Group 3(0 of 115 patients), (p > 0.05). Also, we compared contrast-induced nephropathy requiring dialysis: in Group 1 it was 1.7%, in Group 2 and in Group 3 it was 0 (p = 0.1).Table 2Baseline comparability of the study groupsVariablesGroup 1n = 116Group 2n = 120Group 3n=115p-valueGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)48.2 ± 10.474.7 ± 8.7104.1 ±14.6< 0.001Age, years66.2±10.166.2±9.164.5±6.80.23Male64.7%65%75.7%0.12Hypertension68.1%69.2%63.5%0.62Diabetes22.4%23.3%24.3%0.94PMI11.2%10%4.3%0.14Anterior STEMI46.6%42.5%40%0.6Patients with multivessel disease46.6%52.5%41.7%0.25Patients who underwent complete revascularisation7.8%13.3%10.4%0.38Killip > II class at the time of admission3.4%2.5%0.9%0.41LV EF39.1±8.5%44.5±3.2%41.9±6.8%0.16Used contrast volume (ml)234.8±65.1231.7±63.7224.5±230.34GFR, glomerular filtration rate; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PMI, prior myocardial infarction; LV EF left ventricular ejection fractionDiscussionThe main finding of this study was the discovery of a direct relationship between RF at the time of hospitalisation and certain inhospital complications, such as AHF, AF or AFL, IP, and ID. There are several methods for assessing RF, including testing for creatinine, creatinine clearance, urea, the mean of urea and creatinine clearance, and cystatin C, to name a few. CKD is defined as kidney damage or GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months or more, irrespective of cause [33]. In the current study, none of the patients were diagnosed with CKD before admission. In the absence of kidney damage, a GFR of 60–89 must be considered a normal RF.. Kidney function decreases with age, which is well expressed by determining GFR [34]. It is worth paying attention to the GFR value in the present study: the mean GFR in Group 1 was 48.2±10.4; in Group 2, 74.7±8.7; and in Group 3, 104.1±14.6 (p < 0.001). We reasoned that if all other data were comparable, there had to be statistically significant differences in intra-hospital complications between patients with different GFRs. The current study found that in-hospital complications differed between STEMI patients with different GFRs. Thus, it can be stated that a decrease in the GFR, regardless of the presence of chronic renal dysfunction, complicates the course of the disease and leads to in-hospital complications (Table 3). This study found that patients with GFRs less than 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 were more likely to develop complications such as ALE and CS. Patients with GFRs less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 were more likely to have AF or AFL paroxysms. Also, this study demonstrated a relationship between IP rate and RF at the time of admission. In particular, it was shown that patients with a GFR below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 frequently suffer from IP. It should be noted that there is not enough data in the literature about IP rates in STEMI patients. Also, one study described the correlation between IP and CKD [35]. We supposed that this correlation may be found in STEMI patients with renal dysfunction. Even in the current ESC guidelines for STEMI, no significant differences in the treatment of patients with renal dysfunction with a GFR below ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 have been described [29]. This study suggests that GFR value at admission deserves more attention and that differentiation of GFR values into narrower intervals may be required for STEMI patients to make in-hospital complications more predictable. This study may catalyse other researchers to pay closer attention to patient GFR values at the time of admission to investigate GFR-related in-hospital complications as well as further short- and long-term prognosis.Table 3Effect of glomerular filtration rate on in-hospital complicationsOutcome variableGroup 1n = 116Group 2n = 120Group 3n = 115p ValueALE and CS10.3%5.8%0.9%< 0.05Pulseless VT or VF2.6%3.3%0.9%> 0.05AF or AFL12.1%5.8%3.5%< 0.05In-hospital pneumonia13.8%6.7%4.3%< 0.05In-hospital death3.4%0.8%0>0.05CIN needing dialysis1.7%00> 0.05ALE, acute lung oedema; CS, cardiogenic shock; VT, ventricular tachycardia; VF, ventricular fibrillation; AF, atrial fibrillation; AFL, atrial flutter; CIN contrast-induced nephropathy1Study limitationsThis study has some limitations. The study included only patients ≥ 40 years of age. The authors suggest that if patients were included in the study without age restrictions, the patient groups would differ significantly in the basic parameters. The second limitation is that only one method was chosen to determine the GFR. It may be more efficient to calculate GFR using at least two methods. The Cockroft and Gault method of calculating GFR, for example, could have been another option, but it was not possible to collect information on patients’ exact weights during the study.ConclusionRF at the time of admission is an independent predictor of inhospital complications. A GFR of less than 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 increases the in-hospital APE and CS rate in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. A GFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 increases IP and also AF or AFL rates in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. RF at the time of admission does not affect pulseless VT or VF nor ID rates in acute STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Evaluation of kidney function based on GFR in STEMI patients may make in-hospital complications more predictable.
Romanian Journal of Cardiology – de Gruyter
Published: Sep 1, 2022
Keywords: acute coronary syndrome; ST-elevation myocardial infarction; percutaneous coronary intervention; renal dysfunction; glomerular filtration rate
You can share this free article with as many people as you like with the url below! We hope you enjoy this feature!
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.