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SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems

SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems Abstract An increasing number of countries implement Internet censorship at different scales and for a variety of reasons. Several censorship resistance systems (CRSs) have emerged to help bypass such blocks. The diversity of the censor’s attack landscape has led to an arms race, leading to a dramatic speed of evolution of CRSs. The inherent complexity of CRSs and the breadth of work in this area makes it hard to contextualize the censor’s capabilities and censorship resistance strategies. To address these challenges, we conducted a comprehensive survey of CRSs-deployed tools as well as those discussed in academic literature-to systematize censorship resistance systems by their threat model and corresponding defenses. To this end, we first sketch a comprehensive attack model to set out the censor’s capabilities, coupled with discussion on the scope of censorship, and the dynamics that influence the censor’s decision. Next, we present an evaluation framework to systematize censorship resistance systems by their security, privacy, performance and deployability properties, and show how these systems map to the attack model. We do this for each of the functional phases that we identify for censorship resistance systems: communication establishment, which involves distribution and retrieval of information necessary for a client to join the censorship resistance system; and conversation, where actual exchange of information takes place. Our evaluation leads us to identify gaps in the literature, question the assumptions at play, and explore possible mitigations. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies de Gruyter

SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems

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Publisher
de Gruyter
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the
ISSN
2299-0984
eISSN
2299-0984
DOI
10.1515/popets-2016-0028
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract An increasing number of countries implement Internet censorship at different scales and for a variety of reasons. Several censorship resistance systems (CRSs) have emerged to help bypass such blocks. The diversity of the censor’s attack landscape has led to an arms race, leading to a dramatic speed of evolution of CRSs. The inherent complexity of CRSs and the breadth of work in this area makes it hard to contextualize the censor’s capabilities and censorship resistance strategies. To address these challenges, we conducted a comprehensive survey of CRSs-deployed tools as well as those discussed in academic literature-to systematize censorship resistance systems by their threat model and corresponding defenses. To this end, we first sketch a comprehensive attack model to set out the censor’s capabilities, coupled with discussion on the scope of censorship, and the dynamics that influence the censor’s decision. Next, we present an evaluation framework to systematize censorship resistance systems by their security, privacy, performance and deployability properties, and show how these systems map to the attack model. We do this for each of the functional phases that we identify for censorship resistance systems: communication establishment, which involves distribution and retrieval of information necessary for a client to join the censorship resistance system; and conversation, where actual exchange of information takes place. Our evaluation leads us to identify gaps in the literature, question the assumptions at play, and explore possible mitigations.

Journal

Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies – de Gruyter

Published: Oct 1, 2016

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    Clayton
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    Clayton
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    Schuchard
  • https psiphon ca en index html
    Psiphon
  • Games Without Investigating Video Games as a Covert Channel arXiv preprint http arxiv org pdf pdf
    Hahn
  • Circumvention Infrastructure using Router Redirection with Plausible Deniability in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications
    Houmansadr
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    Tschantz
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    Knockel
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    Zhu
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    Mohajeri Moghaddam
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    Dyer
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    Hintz
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    Fifield
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    Bissias
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    Houmansadr
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    Winter
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  • Camouflage Proxy for the Tor Anonymity System in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications
    Weinberg
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    Gardner
  • On Inferring Application Protocol Behaviors in Encrypted Network
    Wright
  • Website Fingerprinting in Onion Routing Based Anonymization in Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic
    Panchenko
  • Towards Illuminating a Censorship Monitor s Model to Facilitate Evasion in Free and Open Communications on the Internet
    Khattak
  • Anonymous The Collateral Damage of Internet Censorship by DNS Injection
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    Invernizzi
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    Li
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    Wang
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    Clarke
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  • Statistical Identification of Encrypted Web Browsing in of the on and
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    Bamman
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    Geddes
  • Using Storage for Censorship Resistant in
    MiscBrubaker
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  • The Tor Project obfs https gitweb torproject org pluggable transports obfsproxy git tree doc obfs obfs protocol spec txt
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    Ruffing
  • The Tor Project obfs https gitweb torproject org pluggable transports obfsproxy git tree doc obfs obfs protocol spec txt
  • Failures in a Hybrid Content Blocking System in England
    Clayton
  • Go Hop Personal VPN to Defend from Censorship in International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology
    Wang
  • Camouflage Proxy for the Tor Anonymity System in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications
    Weinberg
  • Circumventing Web Censorship Surveillance in
    Feamster
  • How to Achieve Blocking Resistance for Existing Systems Enabling Anonymous Web Surfing in Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic
    Köpsell
  • yourfreedom Your Freedom VPN tunneling anonymization anti censorship Windows Mac Linux Android https www your freedom net
  • Tor The Second - Generation Onion Router in Proceedings of the th Aug
    Dingledine
  • Great Firewall Tor Probing https gist github com da a af cd de Nov
    Wilde
  • Decoy Routing : Toward Unblockable Internet in Free and Open Communications on the Internet San CA
    Karlin
  • Bypassing chinese censorship without proxies using cached content in Proceedings of the nd SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications
    Holowczak
  • Dust Blocking Resistant Internet Transport Protocol tech rep School of Information University of Texas at
    Wiley
  • Censorship Resistance Revisited in Proceedings of Information Workshop pp
    Perng
  • Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti censorship https www princeton edu chiangm anticensorship pdf
    Leberknight
  • Evading Censorship with Browser - Based Proxies in
    Fifield
  • Proof - of - Work Proves Not to in In Third Annual Workshop on and Minneapolis
    Laurie
  • Journalism Media Studies Centre Weiboscope http weiboscope jmsc hku hk Nov
  • Blocking - Resistant Protocol Classification Using Bayesian Model Selection tech rep University of Texas at
    Wiley
  • Tor The Second - Generation Onion Router in Proceedings of the th Aug
    Dingledine
  • west chamber season https github com liruqi westchamber season
  • MessageStreamEncryption http wiki vuze com w Message Stream Encryption
    Salowey
  • Tor Directory Protocol Version https gitweb torproject org torspec git tree dirspec txt Jan
    Dingledine
  • TAZ Servers and the Rewebber Network Enabling Anonymous Publishing on the First vol Aug
    Goldberg
  • Issues and Future Directions in Classification Network Jan
    Dainotti
  • The Chilling Reality of China s Cyberwar on Free Speech CNN http www cnn com opinions china internet dissent roseann rife Mar
    Rife
  • Dust Blocking Resistant Internet Transport Protocol tech rep School of Information University of Texas at
    Wiley
  • Users Get Routed Correlation on Tor by Realistic Adversaries in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Nov
    Johnson
  • Censorship Resistance Revisited in Proceedings of Information Workshop pp
    Perng
  • Design of a Blocking - Resistant Anonymity System Rep The Tor Project Nov
    Dingledine
  • anchorfree Get Behind The http www anchorfree com
    Shield
  • Games Without Investigating Video Games as a Covert Channel arXiv preprint http arxiv org pdf pdf
    Hahn
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    Fifield
  • One Fast Guard for Life or Months in th Workshop on Hot Topics in Privacy
    Dingledine
  • Chipping Away at Censorship Firewalls with User - Generated Content in Proceedings of the th
    Burnett
  • Using Storage for Censorship Resistant in
    MiscBrubaker
  • Pulls Fuss Polymorphic Network Protocol to Circumvent Censorship in Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Nov
    Winter
  • Using Video Games as a Low - Bandwidth Censorship Resistant Communication Platform http homes cs washington edu yoshi papers techreport rook pdf
    Vines
  • Thwarting web censorship with untrusted messenger discovery in
    Feamster
  • Outside the Closed : On Using Machine Learning For Network Intrusion Detection in In of the Symposium on Security and
    Sommer
  • Bro https www bro org
  • Cover Your Pitfalls of Covert Channel Censorship Circumvention in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications
    Geddes
  • meek Tor Blog https trac torproject org projects tor wiki doc meek Jan
    Fifield
  • The Velocity of Censorship : High - fidelity Detection of Microblog Post Deletions in Proceedings of the Conference on CA
    Zhu
  • The Tor Project Fog https gitweb torproject org pluggable transports fog git
  • bit smuggler tunnel traffic through a genuine bittorrent connection https github com danoctavian bit smuggler
  • Estimation for Real - Time Encrypted Identification in Monitoring and of Notes in Computer
    Dorfinger
  • Facet : Streaming over Videoconferencing for Censorship Circumvention in Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Nov
    Li
  • Scholar Intrusion detection evasion and black box mechanism research of the Great Firewall of China https code google com p scholarzhang
    Zhang
  • Using Video Games as a Low - Bandwidth Censorship Resistant Communication Platform http homes cs washington edu yoshi papers techreport rook pdf
    Vines
  • Providers Face Backlash From China s Censors The http www wsj com articles u s cloud providers face backlash fromchinas censors
    Barr
  • Routing Around Decoys in Communications
    Schuchard
  • obfuscated openssh
    Leidl
  • Three Researchers Five Conjectures : An Empirical Analysis of TOM - Skype Censorship and Surveillance in Free and Open Communications on the Internet San CA
    Knockel
  • TRIST Circumventing Censorship with Transcoding - Resistant in Free and Open Communications on the Internet
    Connolly
  • The Velocity of Censorship : High - Fidelity Detection of Microblog Post Deletions in Proceedings of the nd
    Zhu
  • Seamless Browser Proxy for Tor Pluggable Transports and Privacy in Communication
    Massar
  • anchorfree Get Behind The http www anchorfree com
    Shield
  • Asymmetric Communication using IP Spoofing for Censorship - Resistant Web Browsing in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications
    Wang
  • uproxy uProxy https www uproxy org
  • Marionette Programmable Network Traffic Obfuscation System in Proceedings of the th pp Aug
    Dyer
  • Telex in the Network Infrastructure in Proceedings of the th Aug
    Wustrow
  • Identity - Based Steganography and Its Applications to Censorship Resistance th Workshop on Hot Topics in Privacy
    Ruffing
  • Estimation for Real - Time Encrypted Identification in Monitoring and of Notes in Computer
    Dorfinger
  • uproxy uProxy https www uproxy org
  • Freedom Freedom in the World https freedomhouse org report freedom world freedom world
    House
  • Evading Censorship with Browser - Based Proxies in
    Fifield
  • Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and System in Proceedings of Designing Workshop on Design in Anonymity and pp Jul
    Clarke
  • Tap End - to - Middle Anticensorship Without Flow Blocking in Proceedings of the rd USENIX conference on pp
    Wustrow
  • Marionette Programmable Network Traffic Obfuscation System in Proceedings of the th pp Aug
    Dyer
  • Using Services for Censorship Circumvention in Proceedings of the th Technologies Sym posium Jul
    Fifield
  • On Inferring Application Protocol Behaviors in Encrypted Network
    Wright
  • Robust Tamper - Evident Censorship - Resistant and Source - Anonymous Web Publishing System in Proceedings of the th pp Aug
    Waldman
  • Circumventing Web Censorship Surveillance in
    Feamster
  • https github com brl obfuscatedopenssh blob master README obfuscation
  • Great Firewall Tor Probing https gist github com da a af cd de Nov
    Wilde
  • The Tor Project Tor Specification https gitweb torproject org torspec git tree attic bridges spec txt
    Bridges
  • Dimming the Internet : Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran tech University of Pennsylvania
    Anderson
  • Anonymizing Censorship Resistant Systems in Proceedings of the st International Peer To Peer Systems Workshop Mar
    Serjantov
  • For Freedom http gardennetworks org products
    GTunnel
  • Users Get Routed Correlation on Tor by Realistic Adversaries in Proceedings of the th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Nov
    Johnson
  • The Chilling Reality of China s Cyberwar on Free Speech CNN http www cnn com opinions china internet dissent roseann rife Mar
    Rife