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Quantification of some secondary metabolites in selected Cornaceae species / Stanovenie vybraných sekundárnych metabolitov v niektorých druhoch čeľade Cornaceae

Quantification of some secondary metabolites in selected Cornaceae species / Stanovenie vybraných... Keywords Kúcové slová: INTRODUCTION Cornaceae family species are shrubs or trees with very hard wood that have been used for manufacturing of various products, for example, musical instruments, bows, etc. In the area of central Europe, people still use fruits of Cornelian * E-mail: forman@fpharm.uniba.sk © Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae cherry (C. mas) for preparation of juices, syrups, and even an alcoholic distillate, drienkovica. Cornelian cherry fruits possess a pleasant taste (Forman, 2013). Forman V., Haladová M., Grancai D. Cornels or their particular parts, find use in traditional medicines as well. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological effects due to the presence of various active metabolites. The most important groups of secondary metabolites present in cornels are iridoids (Jeong et al., 2012), tannins (Hatano et al., 1989, 1989), triterpenes (Kim et al., 2011), flavonoids (Lee et al., 2000), lignans (Lee et al., 2007). Many biological activities of cornels were described in literature. The root bark of C. florida was used as an antimalarial during World War II when the US depleted their quinine reserves. Current research confirms some antileishmanial activity as well (Graziose et al., 2012). Morroniside is an iridoid isolated from C. officinalis fruits that plays an important role as a neuroprotective agent (Wang et al., 2010). C. officinalis is also a part of various Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations for the treatment of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (Ma et al., 2014). Some other species have been tested for antidiabetic properties, for example, leaves and fruits of C. mas and C. kousa. Infusions of leaves of Cornus mas are traditionally used in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and consumed as herbal tea in Turkey. Leaves and fruits of C. kousa find very similar use as edible materials, and have been medicinally used for the treatment of diarrhoea, haemorrhaging and hyperglycaemia in eastern Asian traditional medicine. C. kousa leaves have been reported to contain various active compounds (isoquercitrin, tannin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid), and their anti-hyperglycaemic effect is often attributed to the presence of chlorogenic acid as a potent hypoglycaemic agent. Some phenolic compounds are known to exert strong antioxidant activity, and C. kousa leaves were tested for their anti-inflammatory properties as well, positive results particularly obtained with water extracts (Celep, 2013, Daeyoung, 2011, Dinesh, 2009). This study is based on the knowledge of interesting pharmacological activities and traditional uses of cornel leaves. The main goal of this preliminary study is to compare the content of selected groups of secondary metabolites in species cultivated in Slovakia. (35%, and 0.5 mol/l), methenamine, potassium hydroxide (2%), sodium hydroxide (8.5%) (Centralchem, Slovakia); aluminium (III) chloride, Arnow's reagent, phosphomolybdotungstic reagent, sodium carbonate (29%), (Lachema, Czech Republic), caffeic acid (Merck, Germany), purified water. Equipment Analytical balance (JL-200, CHYO, Japan), Spectrophotometer (GenesysTM 6, Thermo Electron Corporation, UK) Methods Full methods as well as chemicals used are described in particular Ph. Eur. 8 monographs. Each method was modified slightly, for example, to fit the constant sample mass used, which was 0.600 g. Methods are described in the respective monographs, as follows: a) spectrophotometric assay of total polyphenols and tannins (expressed as pyrogallol) (Ph. Eur. 8, 2013, Tannins in herbal drugs); b) spectrophotometric assay of flavonoids (expressed as hyperoside) (Ph. Eur. 8, 2013, Betulae folium); c) spectrophotometric assay of hydroxycinnamic derivatives expressed as rosmarinic acid (Ph. Eur. 8, 2013, Rosmarini folium), and expressed as caffeic acid using a calibration curve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The aim of this study is to compare the content of selected secondary metabolites groups in selected Cornaceae species cultivated in Slovakia. Data shown in graphs (Figs. 1, 2 and 3) are the comparison of secondary metabolites content in the respective species. The results are expressed as average percentage values of three parallel measurements. Total hydroxycinnamic derivatives (THD) content is expressed as rosmarinic acid (Ph. Eur. 8), and as caffeic acid. The presence of this group of active compounds was reported in evaluated species before. As shown, S. coreana reaches the highest values (2.86% rosmarinic acid, and 2.55% caffeic acid, respectively), almost twice the value of other species. On the other hand, S. alba shows the lowest content of these substances (1.14% rosmarinic acid, and 1.01% caffeic acid, respectively). Leaves of S. coreana show also the highest content of flavonoids (1.37%), which is 3 to 4 times the value of other species. C. mas is the species with the lowest flavonoid content (0.21%). The highest amount of total polyphenols and tannins was found in C. kousa (9.6% total polyphenols, and 7.17% tannins, respectively) and the lowest percentage of these substances in S. coreana (7.27% total polyphenols, and 4.04% tannins, respectively). It can be noted as a general interesting observation that the species containing the highest amounts of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic derivatives is also the one with the lowest content of total polyphenols and tannins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant Material Leaves of selected cornel species were collected in September 2010 in the Tesárske Mlyany Arboretum, Slovakia. Voucher specimens have been deposited at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany in herbarium (Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia). Chemicals Chemicals used for the extraction and for spectrophotometric assays were of p. a. purity: acetone, ammonium persulfate (10% solution), anhydrous sodium sulphate, concentrated acetic acid, ethanol (50% v/v), ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid Acta Fac. Pharm. Univ. Comen. LXII, 2015 (Suppl IX): 8-11. Quantification of some secondary metabolites in selected Cornaceae species Figure 1. Hydroxycinnamic derivatives content in selected Swida (S.) and Cornus (C.) species, expressed as rosmarinic and caffeic acids [%], (n = 3) Figure 2. Flavonoids content in selected Swida (S.) and Cornus (C.) species, expressed as hyperoside [%], (n = 3) Figure 3. Total polyphenols and tannins content in selected Swida (S.) and Cornus (C.) species, expressed as pyrogallol [%], (n = 3) Forman V., Haladová M., Grancai D. CONCLUSION The results of our quantification assays show that the THD content in the respective Swida and Cornus species varied from 1.14 (S. alba) to 2.86% (S. coreana) for rosmarinic acid, and from 1.01 (S. alba) to 2.55% (S. coreana) for caffeic acid. Flavonoids content was in the range from 0.21 (C. mas) to 1.37% (S. coreana), total polyphenols content from 9.6 (C. kousa) to 7.27% (S. coreana), and tannins content from 7.17 (C. kousa) to 4.04% (S. coreana), respectively. The highest amount of THD expressed as rosmarinic acid (2.86%), and caffeic acid (2.55%), as well as of flavonoids (1.37%) was quantified in the http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae de Gruyter

Quantification of some secondary metabolites in selected Cornaceae species / Stanovenie vybraných sekundárnych metabolitov v niektorých druhoch čeľade Cornaceae

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Publisher
de Gruyter
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by the
ISSN
1338-6786
eISSN
1338-6786
DOI
10.1515/afpuc-2015-0008
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Abstract

Keywords Kúcové slová: INTRODUCTION Cornaceae family species are shrubs or trees with very hard wood that have been used for manufacturing of various products, for example, musical instruments, bows, etc. In the area of central Europe, people still use fruits of Cornelian * E-mail: forman@fpharm.uniba.sk © Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae cherry (C. mas) for preparation of juices, syrups, and even an alcoholic distillate, drienkovica. Cornelian cherry fruits possess a pleasant taste (Forman, 2013). Forman V., Haladová M., Grancai D. Cornels or their particular parts, find use in traditional medicines as well. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological effects due to the presence of various active metabolites. The most important groups of secondary metabolites present in cornels are iridoids (Jeong et al., 2012), tannins (Hatano et al., 1989, 1989), triterpenes (Kim et al., 2011), flavonoids (Lee et al., 2000), lignans (Lee et al., 2007). Many biological activities of cornels were described in literature. The root bark of C. florida was used as an antimalarial during World War II when the US depleted their quinine reserves. Current research confirms some antileishmanial activity as well (Graziose et al., 2012). Morroniside is an iridoid isolated from C. officinalis fruits that plays an important role as a neuroprotective agent (Wang et al., 2010). C. officinalis is also a part of various Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations for the treatment of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (Ma et al., 2014). Some other species have been tested for antidiabetic properties, for example, leaves and fruits of C. mas and C. kousa. Infusions of leaves of Cornus mas are traditionally used in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and consumed as herbal tea in Turkey. Leaves and fruits of C. kousa find very similar use as edible materials, and have been medicinally used for the treatment of diarrhoea, haemorrhaging and hyperglycaemia in eastern Asian traditional medicine. C. kousa leaves have been reported to contain various active compounds (isoquercitrin, tannin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid), and their anti-hyperglycaemic effect is often attributed to the presence of chlorogenic acid as a potent hypoglycaemic agent. Some phenolic compounds are known to exert strong antioxidant activity, and C. kousa leaves were tested for their anti-inflammatory properties as well, positive results particularly obtained with water extracts (Celep, 2013, Daeyoung, 2011, Dinesh, 2009). This study is based on the knowledge of interesting pharmacological activities and traditional uses of cornel leaves. The main goal of this preliminary study is to compare the content of selected groups of secondary metabolites in species cultivated in Slovakia. (35%, and 0.5 mol/l), methenamine, potassium hydroxide (2%), sodium hydroxide (8.5%) (Centralchem, Slovakia); aluminium (III) chloride, Arnow's reagent, phosphomolybdotungstic reagent, sodium carbonate (29%), (Lachema, Czech Republic), caffeic acid (Merck, Germany), purified water. Equipment Analytical balance (JL-200, CHYO, Japan), Spectrophotometer (GenesysTM 6, Thermo Electron Corporation, UK) Methods Full methods as well as chemicals used are described in particular Ph. Eur. 8 monographs. Each method was modified slightly, for example, to fit the constant sample mass used, which was 0.600 g. Methods are described in the respective monographs, as follows: a) spectrophotometric assay of total polyphenols and tannins (expressed as pyrogallol) (Ph. Eur. 8, 2013, Tannins in herbal drugs); b) spectrophotometric assay of flavonoids (expressed as hyperoside) (Ph. Eur. 8, 2013, Betulae folium); c) spectrophotometric assay of hydroxycinnamic derivatives expressed as rosmarinic acid (Ph. Eur. 8, 2013, Rosmarini folium), and expressed as caffeic acid using a calibration curve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The aim of this study is to compare the content of selected secondary metabolites groups in selected Cornaceae species cultivated in Slovakia. Data shown in graphs (Figs. 1, 2 and 3) are the comparison of secondary metabolites content in the respective species. The results are expressed as average percentage values of three parallel measurements. Total hydroxycinnamic derivatives (THD) content is expressed as rosmarinic acid (Ph. Eur. 8), and as caffeic acid. The presence of this group of active compounds was reported in evaluated species before. As shown, S. coreana reaches the highest values (2.86% rosmarinic acid, and 2.55% caffeic acid, respectively), almost twice the value of other species. On the other hand, S. alba shows the lowest content of these substances (1.14% rosmarinic acid, and 1.01% caffeic acid, respectively). Leaves of S. coreana show also the highest content of flavonoids (1.37%), which is 3 to 4 times the value of other species. C. mas is the species with the lowest flavonoid content (0.21%). The highest amount of total polyphenols and tannins was found in C. kousa (9.6% total polyphenols, and 7.17% tannins, respectively) and the lowest percentage of these substances in S. coreana (7.27% total polyphenols, and 4.04% tannins, respectively). It can be noted as a general interesting observation that the species containing the highest amounts of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic derivatives is also the one with the lowest content of total polyphenols and tannins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant Material Leaves of selected cornel species were collected in September 2010 in the Tesárske Mlyany Arboretum, Slovakia. Voucher specimens have been deposited at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany in herbarium (Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia). Chemicals Chemicals used for the extraction and for spectrophotometric assays were of p. a. purity: acetone, ammonium persulfate (10% solution), anhydrous sodium sulphate, concentrated acetic acid, ethanol (50% v/v), ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid Acta Fac. Pharm. Univ. Comen. LXII, 2015 (Suppl IX): 8-11. Quantification of some secondary metabolites in selected Cornaceae species Figure 1. Hydroxycinnamic derivatives content in selected Swida (S.) and Cornus (C.) species, expressed as rosmarinic and caffeic acids [%], (n = 3) Figure 2. Flavonoids content in selected Swida (S.) and Cornus (C.) species, expressed as hyperoside [%], (n = 3) Figure 3. Total polyphenols and tannins content in selected Swida (S.) and Cornus (C.) species, expressed as pyrogallol [%], (n = 3) Forman V., Haladová M., Grancai D. CONCLUSION The results of our quantification assays show that the THD content in the respective Swida and Cornus species varied from 1.14 (S. alba) to 2.86% (S. coreana) for rosmarinic acid, and from 1.01 (S. alba) to 2.55% (S. coreana) for caffeic acid. Flavonoids content was in the range from 0.21 (C. mas) to 1.37% (S. coreana), total polyphenols content from 9.6 (C. kousa) to 7.27% (S. coreana), and tannins content from 7.17 (C. kousa) to 4.04% (S. coreana), respectively. The highest amount of THD expressed as rosmarinic acid (2.86%), and caffeic acid (2.55%), as well as of flavonoids (1.37%) was quantified in the

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Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae – de Gruyter

Published: Jun 1, 2015

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