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HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master degree program based on Unmet Clinical Need, global Healthcare Challenges, and 21st century skills

HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master degree program based on Unmet... DE GRUYTER Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2020;6(3): 20203153 HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master degree program based on Unmet Clinical Need, global Healthcare Challenges, and 21st century skills a, b Michael H. Friebe * Abstract: The effectiveness, efficiency, availability, 1. Introduction agility, and equality of global healthcare systems are in question. The COVID-19 pandemic have further highlighted There are significant challenges in present and future global some of these issues and also shown that healthcare provision healthcare delivery. Some countries have abundant services, is in many parts of the world paternalistic, nimble, and often but are stuck with a rather nimble and expensive system that governed too extensively by revenue and profit motivations. focuses on incremental innovations. Other geographies are The 4th industrial revolution - the machine learning age - with still in need of basic systems, educated staff, health data gathering, analysis, optimisation, and delivery changes infrastructure, and require completely different, inexpensive, has not yet reached Healthcare / Health provision. We are still and with that more disruptive solutions. treating patients when they are sick rather then to use advanced Healthcare 4.0 with a focus on prevention / early detection and sensors, data analytics, machine learning, genetic information, pro-active therapy will employ exponential technologies (AI, and other exponential technologies to prevent people from Big Data, Sensor Technology, Synthetic Biology, Robotics, becoming patients or to help and support a clinicians decision. 3D Printing, ...) that will surely lead to significant changes in We are trying to optimise and improve traditional medicine the way we experience and deliver healthcare where an (incremental innovation) rather than to use technologies to empowered patient will play a more and more important role. find new medical and clinical approaches (disruptive [1-3] innovation). Education of future stakeholders from the clinical and from the technology side has not been updated to Health In the coming years/decades we will experience a shift from 4.0 demands and the needed 21st century skills. This paper SICKCARE to HEALTHCARE to HEALTH, with more of presents a novel proposal for a university and innovation lab the health related monitoring and evaluation done in a based interdisciplinary Master education of HealthTEC homecare setting and a much larger focus on prevention innovation designers. (including physical exercise, food, mental health training, and many more) made possible by the upcoming technology Keywords: Healthcare Innovation, Biodesign, developments. This will also lead to a reorganisation of Exponential Technologies, Prevention, Health 4.0, healthcare delivery and workflows. We will not only deal with Biomedical Entrepreneurship, Healthcare Ethics, and handle Product Innovations, but will see significant Biomedicalengineering Education, Healthtec Innovation Business Model Innovations and subsequently a Health Management, 21st century skills, Health Democratization, Industry Transformation. Reverse Innovation Health innovation needs to be based on meaningful solutions https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3153 that actually solve an identified and meaningful problem, that can also include availability, excessive cost, or difficult handling. These problems can be regionally different based on ______ the delivery setup and can also be based on issues related to *Corresponding author: Prof. Michael Friebe, PhD a) INKA – Application Driven Research, Faculty of Medicine, inequalities as shown in diagnostic and treatment availabilities Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany, e-mail: and available funds to pay for these services. Health related michael.friebe@ovgu.de, http://www.inka-md.de problems need to be identified taking future potential of b) IDTM GmbH, Recklinghausen, Germany, technology developments into consideration including future http://www.friebelab.org Open Access. © 2020 Michael H. Friebe, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License . Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 2 Figure 1: Some of the innovation methods covered in the respective lectures and team work of the HTID-MRes study curriculum economics and delivery changes. home- or self care with a focus on maintaining ones health and help the individual to prevent from getting sick. This requires Which leads to the question on whether we actually teach our trusted and connected advanced sensorics and machine-/ deep biomedical engineering students the right skills considering learning for monitoring health conditions and comparing the these foreseeable future developments. results to peers and to the own individual historic data set. But Is it necessary for someone that is trying to identify and it also requires a sound clinical understanding and knowledge subsequently looking for applied innovation potential in the on innovation generation techniques, as well as on the health health delivery field to be a deeply trained data scientist, or economic environment, which are significantly different robotics engineer, or machine learning expert? — Answer: No. looking at it from a global perspective. But, to be a good health innovator is it possibly enough to In the context of these anticipated changes different skill sets know the potentials and impact of these technologies and are required for future health innovators than currently taught. apply them to healthcare needs and economic realities? — The innovators need to have an understanding of the Answer: Yes. [4-6] possibilities of exponential technologies in the health context, be empathetic with respect to the clinical stakeholders and the Globally, healthcare of the future will require 4 value patients, be able to identify problem areas, and to setup, propositions that should be fulfilled after the development: manage, and work within interdisciplinary teams (clinical, 1. Improve Patient and engineering, science, economics, design) on feasible solutions 2. Clinical Staff experience, that can be translated in form of an entrepreneurial venture, open access or with industry in a licensing agreement. 3. Improve the outcome (reduce diagnosis and treatment errors and pick the therapy with the most value for the We are currently still educating and training in silos: the individual), and clinician with little to no technology awareness training, the engineer with little to no training on clinical workflow and 4. dramatically reduce associated cost. associated needs, the economist with a focus on numbers One way to achieve that is to move healthcare delivery from rather than a focus on understanding the patient - clinician acute care to ambulatory care and from ambulatory care to interaction, and none of them on how to work in teams and on Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 3 how to innovate, develop based on needs, and translate into health economist (Bachelor degree as minimum entry clinical practice. requirement), Medical Student (completed 4th year and willingness to take a year off from medical studies) that wants Such an interdisciplinary educational setup covering technical, to understand real innovation and future oriented thinking in science, economics, and clinical disciplines (in a university the healthcare domain and what AI and other exponential represented by faculties) is most likely a difficult and technologies will allow us to do and will force us to frustrating undertaking considering the relatively slow and implement. nimble processes of making decisions in universities and with respect to changing teaching curricula. 3. Discussion and Conclusion 2. Methodology To move HEALTHCARE from the current SICKCARE to actual HEALTH provision and maintenance we need With all these upcoming changes and challenges we should dedicated Innovators, people that liaise between the introduce a "HealthTEC Innovation Design - HTID“ Master technology development, the clinical users / needs, and the of Research program that embraces technological patient. Innovators that are able to identify problem areas, are developments, understands the needs of future healthcare able to look for disruptive solutions, put a team together and (reducing cost, improving patient and clinician experience, iterate the results for maximum impact. reducing medical errors and improving outcomes), teaches entrepreneurial basics and exponential thinking in an This Innovator could be an engineer that has the right skill set interdisciplinary setting with the ultimate goal to help and empathy / understanding to the clinical problems, a democratize and personalize healthcare and put the patient in clinician that is interested in learning about the possibilities of the center of our activities. [7,8] new technologies, or an economist that is willing to learn the technological capabilities within a clinical / patient entered A very feasible and valuable example of a MRes program was environment. Or ideally could be an interdisciplinary successfully introduced by Imperial College (MRes Medical innovation team. Device Design and Entrepreneurship [9]) covering some core teaching modules (Computational and Statistical Methods for This proposed HTID-MRes could provide the training and soft Research, Medical Device Entrepreneurship, Topics in skills to innovate for a global market by focussing on solving Biomedical Engineering and Business), combined with unmet clinical needs through observation of the clinical innovation and team exercises, and otherwise focussing on processes and with the knowledge of future technological conducting a relevant and innovative research project based on developments (IDENTIFY), followed by application of an identified UNMET CLINICAL NEED. innovation generation tools (INVENT), and an iterative re- evaluation (going back to the stakeholders to confirm the This newly proposed HTID-MRes should consist of academic findings and verify the ideas) within economic realities and a teaching on Global Health Economics, Biodesign based subsequent IMPLEMENTATION. Innovation Generation, Exponential Healthcare Technologies, Intellectual Property, HealthTEC Start-Up Basics, Two additional skill are often neglected during the university Exponential Organisation Attributes and Scaling-Up based education, but equally if not more important. LIFE Techniques, Problem-Solving / Empathy / Ethics, Scientific SKILLS (curiosity, taking initiative, leadership, social Writing, and other innovation lectures (see Figure 1 for a awareness and ethical and moral responsibility) and summary of the covered Innovation Methods). LEARNING SKILLS that consist of the ability to critically think, to work in collaborative and interdisciplinary teams, and The teaching should consists of a total of 450 hours (e.g. 30 to communicate. [10] weeks of 12 academic hours plus a 3 week summer school with 90 academic hours) plus two academic projects (small Both of these are important pillars of the proposed HTID- research team project with 15 ECTS and a Master thesis with MRes program. 30 ECTS). The academic program with exception of the Health innovation (defined as Invention x Commercialization) summer school could also be offered as blended learning or rarely comes from just one technology segment, but often exclusively virtually online. The Master Thesis research topic when several domain expertise come together (e.g. electronics could then also be used by the medical students as a part or to develop the sensors, mechanical and material engineering complete fulfillment of their MD medical thesis. to develop biocompatible components, signal processing The ideal candidate would be a (student) scientist / engineer / expertise to prepare the data, computer science to establish Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 4 https://hbr.org/2000/09/will-disruptiveinnovations-cure- Figure 2: Horizontal and vertical learning for the HTID-MRes including 21st century skills health-care (2000). user interface and artificial intelligence). But this still does not [3] Dhavan, A., et al, “Current and Future Challenges in Point-of- lead to a future implementation, if the technology innovator Care Technologies: A Paradigm-Shift in Affordable Global Healthcare with Personalized and Preventive Medicine.”, does not understand the clinical users, or the patient needs, and IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and is ignorant about the associated health economics. Medicine 2015 Mar 5;3:2800110 (2015). [4] Christensen, C., Waldeck, A., Fogg, R., “The Innovation This is why the HTID-MRes should cover future technologies Health Care Really Needs: Help People Manage Their Own and their capabilities for health applications, basics on Health.”, Harvard Business Review Oct. 30, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/10/the-innovation-health-care-really- economics, teaching relevant soft skills and entrepreneurship needs-help-people-manage-their-own- plus a solid understanding of the current clinical processes health?autocomplete=true (2017). [5] Friebe, M., [International Healthcare Vision 2037. New with respect to the anticipated upcoming healthcare changes. Technologies, Educational Goals and Entrepreneurial Challenges], Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, The HTID-MRes has the potential to educate future health ISBN: 978-3-944722-59-7 (2017). innovators that follow the I3-EME formula, of [6] Friebe, M., “Exponential Technologies + Reverse Innovation = Solution for Future Healthcare Issues? What Does It Mean IDENTIFYING clinical problems, INVENT / IDEATE for University Education and Entrepreneurial Opportunities?”, solutions, iterate them and subsequently IMPLEMENT them Open Journal of Business and Management, 5, 458-469, DOI: by using the expertise of Engineers, Medical stakeholders, and https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2017.53039 (2017). [7] Friebe, M, “Healthcare Translation and Entrepreneurial Economists (see Figure 2). [11] Training in and for Egypt -- Case Study and Potential Impact Analysis. “, Open Journal of Business and Management, 5: 51--62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2017.51005 References (2017). [8] Friebe, M. and Traub, J., “Image guided surgery innovation [1] Hendricks, D., “Why Entrepreneurs Are the Future of with graduate students - a new lecture format.”, Current Healthcare.”. http://www.inc.com/drew- Directions in Biomedical Engineering 09/2015; 1(1), DOI: hendricks/whyentrepreneurs-are-the-future- https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0114 (2015). ofhealthcare.html (2016). [9] Moore J., MRes Medical Device Design and [2] Christensen, C., Bohmer, R., Kenagy, J., “Will Disruptive Entrepreneurship. Imperial College, London. Innovations Cure Health Care?”, HARVARD BUSINESS https://www.imperial.ac.uk/study/pg/bioengineering/medical- REVIEW, Sept-Oct 2000 issue, DOI: device-design-mres/ Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 5 [10] Bailey, A., Kauffman, B., Subotic, S., “Education Technology and the 21st-Century Skills Gap.”. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/public-sector- education-technology-21st-century-skill-gap.aspx (2015). [11] Friebe M., “Healthcare in need of innovation: exponential technology and biomedical entrepreneurship as solution providers.”, Proc. SPIE 11315, Medical Imaging 2020: Image- Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2556776 (2020). http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering de Gruyter

HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master degree program based on Unmet Clinical Need, global Healthcare Challenges, and 21st century skills

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de Gruyter
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© 2020 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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2364-5504
DOI
10.1515/cdbme-2020-3153
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Abstract

DE GRUYTER Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2020;6(3): 20203153 HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master degree program based on Unmet Clinical Need, global Healthcare Challenges, and 21st century skills a, b Michael H. Friebe * Abstract: The effectiveness, efficiency, availability, 1. Introduction agility, and equality of global healthcare systems are in question. The COVID-19 pandemic have further highlighted There are significant challenges in present and future global some of these issues and also shown that healthcare provision healthcare delivery. Some countries have abundant services, is in many parts of the world paternalistic, nimble, and often but are stuck with a rather nimble and expensive system that governed too extensively by revenue and profit motivations. focuses on incremental innovations. Other geographies are The 4th industrial revolution - the machine learning age - with still in need of basic systems, educated staff, health data gathering, analysis, optimisation, and delivery changes infrastructure, and require completely different, inexpensive, has not yet reached Healthcare / Health provision. We are still and with that more disruptive solutions. treating patients when they are sick rather then to use advanced Healthcare 4.0 with a focus on prevention / early detection and sensors, data analytics, machine learning, genetic information, pro-active therapy will employ exponential technologies (AI, and other exponential technologies to prevent people from Big Data, Sensor Technology, Synthetic Biology, Robotics, becoming patients or to help and support a clinicians decision. 3D Printing, ...) that will surely lead to significant changes in We are trying to optimise and improve traditional medicine the way we experience and deliver healthcare where an (incremental innovation) rather than to use technologies to empowered patient will play a more and more important role. find new medical and clinical approaches (disruptive [1-3] innovation). Education of future stakeholders from the clinical and from the technology side has not been updated to Health In the coming years/decades we will experience a shift from 4.0 demands and the needed 21st century skills. This paper SICKCARE to HEALTHCARE to HEALTH, with more of presents a novel proposal for a university and innovation lab the health related monitoring and evaluation done in a based interdisciplinary Master education of HealthTEC homecare setting and a much larger focus on prevention innovation designers. (including physical exercise, food, mental health training, and many more) made possible by the upcoming technology Keywords: Healthcare Innovation, Biodesign, developments. This will also lead to a reorganisation of Exponential Technologies, Prevention, Health 4.0, healthcare delivery and workflows. We will not only deal with Biomedical Entrepreneurship, Healthcare Ethics, and handle Product Innovations, but will see significant Biomedicalengineering Education, Healthtec Innovation Business Model Innovations and subsequently a Health Management, 21st century skills, Health Democratization, Industry Transformation. Reverse Innovation Health innovation needs to be based on meaningful solutions https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3153 that actually solve an identified and meaningful problem, that can also include availability, excessive cost, or difficult handling. These problems can be regionally different based on ______ the delivery setup and can also be based on issues related to *Corresponding author: Prof. Michael Friebe, PhD a) INKA – Application Driven Research, Faculty of Medicine, inequalities as shown in diagnostic and treatment availabilities Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany, e-mail: and available funds to pay for these services. Health related michael.friebe@ovgu.de, http://www.inka-md.de problems need to be identified taking future potential of b) IDTM GmbH, Recklinghausen, Germany, technology developments into consideration including future http://www.friebelab.org Open Access. © 2020 Michael H. Friebe, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License . Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 2 Figure 1: Some of the innovation methods covered in the respective lectures and team work of the HTID-MRes study curriculum economics and delivery changes. home- or self care with a focus on maintaining ones health and help the individual to prevent from getting sick. This requires Which leads to the question on whether we actually teach our trusted and connected advanced sensorics and machine-/ deep biomedical engineering students the right skills considering learning for monitoring health conditions and comparing the these foreseeable future developments. results to peers and to the own individual historic data set. But Is it necessary for someone that is trying to identify and it also requires a sound clinical understanding and knowledge subsequently looking for applied innovation potential in the on innovation generation techniques, as well as on the health health delivery field to be a deeply trained data scientist, or economic environment, which are significantly different robotics engineer, or machine learning expert? — Answer: No. looking at it from a global perspective. But, to be a good health innovator is it possibly enough to In the context of these anticipated changes different skill sets know the potentials and impact of these technologies and are required for future health innovators than currently taught. apply them to healthcare needs and economic realities? — The innovators need to have an understanding of the Answer: Yes. [4-6] possibilities of exponential technologies in the health context, be empathetic with respect to the clinical stakeholders and the Globally, healthcare of the future will require 4 value patients, be able to identify problem areas, and to setup, propositions that should be fulfilled after the development: manage, and work within interdisciplinary teams (clinical, 1. Improve Patient and engineering, science, economics, design) on feasible solutions 2. Clinical Staff experience, that can be translated in form of an entrepreneurial venture, open access or with industry in a licensing agreement. 3. Improve the outcome (reduce diagnosis and treatment errors and pick the therapy with the most value for the We are currently still educating and training in silos: the individual), and clinician with little to no technology awareness training, the engineer with little to no training on clinical workflow and 4. dramatically reduce associated cost. associated needs, the economist with a focus on numbers One way to achieve that is to move healthcare delivery from rather than a focus on understanding the patient - clinician acute care to ambulatory care and from ambulatory care to interaction, and none of them on how to work in teams and on Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 3 how to innovate, develop based on needs, and translate into health economist (Bachelor degree as minimum entry clinical practice. requirement), Medical Student (completed 4th year and willingness to take a year off from medical studies) that wants Such an interdisciplinary educational setup covering technical, to understand real innovation and future oriented thinking in science, economics, and clinical disciplines (in a university the healthcare domain and what AI and other exponential represented by faculties) is most likely a difficult and technologies will allow us to do and will force us to frustrating undertaking considering the relatively slow and implement. nimble processes of making decisions in universities and with respect to changing teaching curricula. 3. Discussion and Conclusion 2. Methodology To move HEALTHCARE from the current SICKCARE to actual HEALTH provision and maintenance we need With all these upcoming changes and challenges we should dedicated Innovators, people that liaise between the introduce a "HealthTEC Innovation Design - HTID“ Master technology development, the clinical users / needs, and the of Research program that embraces technological patient. Innovators that are able to identify problem areas, are developments, understands the needs of future healthcare able to look for disruptive solutions, put a team together and (reducing cost, improving patient and clinician experience, iterate the results for maximum impact. reducing medical errors and improving outcomes), teaches entrepreneurial basics and exponential thinking in an This Innovator could be an engineer that has the right skill set interdisciplinary setting with the ultimate goal to help and empathy / understanding to the clinical problems, a democratize and personalize healthcare and put the patient in clinician that is interested in learning about the possibilities of the center of our activities. [7,8] new technologies, or an economist that is willing to learn the technological capabilities within a clinical / patient entered A very feasible and valuable example of a MRes program was environment. Or ideally could be an interdisciplinary successfully introduced by Imperial College (MRes Medical innovation team. Device Design and Entrepreneurship [9]) covering some core teaching modules (Computational and Statistical Methods for This proposed HTID-MRes could provide the training and soft Research, Medical Device Entrepreneurship, Topics in skills to innovate for a global market by focussing on solving Biomedical Engineering and Business), combined with unmet clinical needs through observation of the clinical innovation and team exercises, and otherwise focussing on processes and with the knowledge of future technological conducting a relevant and innovative research project based on developments (IDENTIFY), followed by application of an identified UNMET CLINICAL NEED. innovation generation tools (INVENT), and an iterative re- evaluation (going back to the stakeholders to confirm the This newly proposed HTID-MRes should consist of academic findings and verify the ideas) within economic realities and a teaching on Global Health Economics, Biodesign based subsequent IMPLEMENTATION. Innovation Generation, Exponential Healthcare Technologies, Intellectual Property, HealthTEC Start-Up Basics, Two additional skill are often neglected during the university Exponential Organisation Attributes and Scaling-Up based education, but equally if not more important. LIFE Techniques, Problem-Solving / Empathy / Ethics, Scientific SKILLS (curiosity, taking initiative, leadership, social Writing, and other innovation lectures (see Figure 1 for a awareness and ethical and moral responsibility) and summary of the covered Innovation Methods). LEARNING SKILLS that consist of the ability to critically think, to work in collaborative and interdisciplinary teams, and The teaching should consists of a total of 450 hours (e.g. 30 to communicate. [10] weeks of 12 academic hours plus a 3 week summer school with 90 academic hours) plus two academic projects (small Both of these are important pillars of the proposed HTID- research team project with 15 ECTS and a Master thesis with MRes program. 30 ECTS). The academic program with exception of the Health innovation (defined as Invention x Commercialization) summer school could also be offered as blended learning or rarely comes from just one technology segment, but often exclusively virtually online. The Master Thesis research topic when several domain expertise come together (e.g. electronics could then also be used by the medical students as a part or to develop the sensors, mechanical and material engineering complete fulfillment of their MD medical thesis. to develop biocompatible components, signal processing The ideal candidate would be a (student) scientist / engineer / expertise to prepare the data, computer science to establish Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 4 https://hbr.org/2000/09/will-disruptiveinnovations-cure- Figure 2: Horizontal and vertical learning for the HTID-MRes including 21st century skills health-care (2000). user interface and artificial intelligence). But this still does not [3] Dhavan, A., et al, “Current and Future Challenges in Point-of- lead to a future implementation, if the technology innovator Care Technologies: A Paradigm-Shift in Affordable Global Healthcare with Personalized and Preventive Medicine.”, does not understand the clinical users, or the patient needs, and IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and is ignorant about the associated health economics. Medicine 2015 Mar 5;3:2800110 (2015). [4] Christensen, C., Waldeck, A., Fogg, R., “The Innovation This is why the HTID-MRes should cover future technologies Health Care Really Needs: Help People Manage Their Own and their capabilities for health applications, basics on Health.”, Harvard Business Review Oct. 30, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/10/the-innovation-health-care-really- economics, teaching relevant soft skills and entrepreneurship needs-help-people-manage-their-own- plus a solid understanding of the current clinical processes health?autocomplete=true (2017). [5] Friebe, M., [International Healthcare Vision 2037. New with respect to the anticipated upcoming healthcare changes. Technologies, Educational Goals and Entrepreneurial Challenges], Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, The HTID-MRes has the potential to educate future health ISBN: 978-3-944722-59-7 (2017). innovators that follow the I3-EME formula, of [6] Friebe, M., “Exponential Technologies + Reverse Innovation = Solution for Future Healthcare Issues? What Does It Mean IDENTIFYING clinical problems, INVENT / IDEATE for University Education and Entrepreneurial Opportunities?”, solutions, iterate them and subsequently IMPLEMENT them Open Journal of Business and Management, 5, 458-469, DOI: by using the expertise of Engineers, Medical stakeholders, and https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2017.53039 (2017). [7] Friebe, M, “Healthcare Translation and Entrepreneurial Economists (see Figure 2). [11] Training in and for Egypt -- Case Study and Potential Impact Analysis. “, Open Journal of Business and Management, 5: 51--62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2017.51005 References (2017). [8] Friebe, M. and Traub, J., “Image guided surgery innovation [1] Hendricks, D., “Why Entrepreneurs Are the Future of with graduate students - a new lecture format.”, Current Healthcare.”. http://www.inc.com/drew- Directions in Biomedical Engineering 09/2015; 1(1), DOI: hendricks/whyentrepreneurs-are-the-future- https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0114 (2015). ofhealthcare.html (2016). [9] Moore J., MRes Medical Device Design and [2] Christensen, C., Bohmer, R., Kenagy, J., “Will Disruptive Entrepreneurship. Imperial College, London. Innovations Cure Health Care?”, HARVARD BUSINESS https://www.imperial.ac.uk/study/pg/bioengineering/medical- REVIEW, Sept-Oct 2000 issue, DOI: device-design-mres/ Michael H. Friebe HealthTEC Innovation Design - a proposal for a novel Master of Research degree program — 5 [10] Bailey, A., Kauffman, B., Subotic, S., “Education Technology and the 21st-Century Skills Gap.”. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/public-sector- education-technology-21st-century-skill-gap.aspx (2015). [11] Friebe M., “Healthcare in need of innovation: exponential technology and biomedical entrepreneurship as solution providers.”, Proc. SPIE 11315, Medical Imaging 2020: Image- Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2556776 (2020).

Journal

Current Directions in Biomedical Engineeringde Gruyter

Published: Sep 1, 2020

Keywords: Healthcare Innovation; Biodesign; Exponential Technologies; Prevention; Health 4.0; Biomedical Entrepreneurship; Healthcare Ethics; Biomedicalengineering Education; Healthtec Innovation Management; 21st century skills; Health Democratization; Reverse Innovation

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