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Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration

Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration DE GRUYTER Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2020;6(3): 20203043 Stefan Oschatz*, Thomas Reske, Jana Markhoff, Thomas Eickner, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Niels Grabow and Sabine Illner Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration Abstract: In this study, initial experiments are presented necessary supporting structure for cells and apatite formation regarding the suitability of polyester based nonwoven to regenerate bone defects. composite materials for guided tissue regeneration based on Electrospinning, in particular, is a versatile tool for the degradation. The in vitro degradation of poly(lactic-co- generation of such biomaterials and allows the usage of a glycolic acid)/polydioxanone and polycaprolactone/ vast variety of substrates. Polyesters are especially polydioxanone mats has been performed under accelerated promising candidates due to their biodegradation ability. condition in alkaline glycine buffer at 50 °C for 21 days. The Several approaches for the application of biodegradable degradation of the materials has been characterized regarding nonwovens for GTR have been reported in the literature. As total mass loss and macroscopic morphological changes, as an example, YIN et al. reported on the manufacturing of well as determination of the molecular weight degradation electrospun poly(lactic acid)/silk fibroin-gelatin scaffold for via GPC experiments. GTR.[2] These scaffolds showed good cell adhesion for 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and the formation of a cell monolayer in 12 days. In 2016, the group of YAO reported the successful Keywords: dual co-electrospinning, polyester nonwoven, fabrication of a nonwoven from a PDLLA/PLGA blend with degradation, guided tissue regeneration an adjustable degradation rate depending on the amount of incorporated PLGA.[3] A different approach was made by https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3043 ZHANG et al. using an aqueous solution of gelatin to create a degradable nonwoven.[4] MAGIERA et al. went a step further and performed concurrent-electrospinning of PLA with 1 Introduction gelatin to create a composite nonwoven structure. The use of this technique resulted in reduced hydrophobicity of the Polymer based nonwoven materials are promising candidates material compared to pure PLA, leading to a faster for guided tissue regeneration (GTR), especially for the degradation rate.[5] treatment for periodontal damages, as they fulfill several In 2019, our group reported on the successful generation functions. On the one hand, they serve as a barrier for fast of a biostable co-electrospun nonwoven from polyurethane growing cells (e.g. gingival cells versus bone cells) into the and polyamide.[6] The materials accessible in such a way site of action, as those cells would compete with the target exhibited distinct fibers of the respective polymer. The cells.[1] On the other hand, nonwovens may provide a approach of this work is the combination of polymers with distinctly different degradation times in a dual co-electrospun composite nonwoven. Such a material may offer a sufficient ______ barrier effect, but, due to the faster degradation of one type of Corresponding author: Stefan Oschatz, Institute for Biomedical fiber, may still allow for the time delayed migration and Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, 18119 Rostock- colonization of cells. The residual slow degrading polymer Warnemünde, Germany acts as supporting scaffold and the opened pores between the E-Mail: stefan.oschatz@uni-rostock.de fibers enables cell infiltration. Thomas Reske and Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Institute for Implant Technology and Biomaterials e.V., 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, In this work, the degradation behavior of nonwovens Germany consisting of two different polyester fibers is presented. Sabine Illner, Jana Markhoff, Thomas Eickner and Niels Polydioxanone (PDO) has been combined with poly(lactic- Grabow, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL). PDO Medical Center, 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany Open Access. © 2020 Stefan Oschatz et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Stefan Oschatz et al., Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration — 2 (Resomer X) is a relatively fast degrading polymer, with calibration standards (376 - 2,570,000 g/mol). Column degradation times of < 6 months, according to manufacturer’s temperature was set to 30 °C. information. Compared with this, PLGA (Resomer LG 857) exhibits a degradation time of 1 - 2 years and PCL > 2 years.[7] The degradation has been observed in respect to 3 Results and Discussion total mass loss and molecular mass degradation. The degradation behaviour in respect to mass loss can be found in Figure 1. Notably, a distinct difference between the two polymer combinations investigated in this work can be 2 Materials and Methods observed. Whereas the PCL/PDO system temporarily stabilizes at around 12% mass loss after 14 days under the 2.1 General information: described degradation conditions, the investigated PLGA/PDO composite nonwoven showed a considerably Resomer LG 857 S (PLGA) and Resomer X 206 S (poly- higher mass loss of ~ 80% in the same time range. dioxanone) were provided by Evonik. Poly-caprolactone (PCL) was provided by Aldrich. 2.1.1 Dual co-electrospinning: Dual co-Electrospinning was performed on a Contipro 4SPIN C4S LAB2 (Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic). The setup used was 24 cm collector distance, 43 kV high voltage and a feed rate of 50 μL/min for both polymer solutions. All polymers were dissolved in CHCl (PDO: 10 w/w%, PLGA: 6 w/w%, PCL 7 w/w%) prior to spinning. The obtained nonwovens were thermally annealed for 24 hrs at 80 °C after the spinning process. 2.1.2 Accelerated degradation: Circular samples of 11 mm diameter were taken from the generated nonwoven and placed in degradation medium without further treatment under decent shaking. For Figure 1: Mass loss during accelerated degradation of degradation, glycine buffer adjusted to pH = 8.7 with NaOH PLGA/PDO (grey) and PCL/PDO (red/dashed) was used at 50 °C. Medium was replaced after 12 days of composite nonwovens in glycine buffer at pH = 8.7 and degradation. At the selected time points, the degradation 50 °C (n = 3) medium was removed and the samples were washed twice for 15 min with distilled water. Finally, the samples were dried However, the observed mass loss of PLGA/PDO at 40 °C under reduced pressure. Mass loss during composite nonwoven was significantly higher than expected degradation was investigated by using a Radwag micro based on data from pure PDO and PLGA film material. This balance MYA 0.8/3.4Y. can be explained on the different surface-area-to-volume 2.1.3 GPC-measurements: ratio of bulk materials compared to fibrous structures. Since The molecular weight of the polymer nonwoven samples was degradation of these materials is based on hydrolysis of the determined using a PSS SECcurity SEC system (Polymer ester groups, a larger surface promotes the diffusion of water Standard Services GmbH, Mainz, Germany) including a RI soluble molecular fragments at late stages of degradation [8] detector combined with a WGE Dr. Bures g 2010 viscosity and may decrease mechanical resilience. In accordance to detector (WGE Dr. Bures GmbH, Dallgow, Germany) this, the PLGA/PDO nonwoven showed strong equipped with three PSS SDV columns (103, 105 and 106 Å, disintegration, leading to an increase in the observed mass respectively). Chloroform stabilized with ethanol was chosen loss due to the fact that fragments of the material may have as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The samples been lost during media changes. To visualize this effect, were dissolved in chloroform giving a final concentration of macro images at the different degradation stages were taken 1.5 mg/mL, with 0.2 μL/mL hexylbenzene as internal (Figure 2). standard. MW was calculated using twelve polystyrene Stefan Oschatz et al., Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration — 3 21 days. This observation can be explained by the a) PLGA/PDO composition of the materials. The nonwovens consist of two fiber types from two distinct polymers which exhibit different degradation behaviors, whereas on polymer degrades more slowly compared to the other. This leads to the formation of two overlapping signals in the chromatogram, causing a distortion on the outcome of the b) PCL/PDO MW determination. A representative image of such a chromatogram is shown in Figure 4. Figure 2: Macro photography of the nonwovens at different degradation time points (from left to right: 7, 10, 14 and 21 days). The scale bar represents 10 mm. For a more detailed insight on the underlying chemical processes during the degradation, the nonwoven samples were further analysed via GPC to determine the loss in molecular weight. As it can be seen in Figure 3, both Figure 4: Overlapping gel permeation chromatograms composite materials show a similar behavior regarding for PCL/PDO composite nonwoven after accelerated degradation of the polymer chains in a time range of 0 – 14 degradation for 21 d. The image shows the results for all days. This, however, is in strong contrast to the results of the three repetitive measurements for one sample. total mass lost experiment. We assume that this contradiction is based on a more pronounced macroscopic cleavage of the nonwoven fibers for the PLGA/PDO nonwoven compared to the PCL/PDO system. However, this observation has to be 4 Conclusion addressed more in detail in the on-going work. The combination of two different polymers to form a composite nonwoven via dual co-electrospinning is a promising way to generate matrices for GTR. Our initial experiments showed that the choice of the combined polymers crucially alters the degradation behavior of such nonwovens. Although the molecular mass loss is comparable, PLGA/PDO showed a distinctly higher degree of fragmentation and total mass loss compared to a PCL/PDO composite. Follow-up work of our group will focus more on these effects, e.g. by SEM imaging of the degrading samples to investigate changes in fiber morphology, which may be responsible for the observed differences in behaviour. Figure 3: Cumulative molecular weight loss during Furthermore, cell seeding experiments will be conducted to accelerated degradation of PLGA/PDO (grey) and evaluate the suitability of polyester nonwoven composites for PCL/PDO (red/dashed) composite nonwoven in glycine possible in vivo applications. buffer at pH = 8.7 and 50 °C (n = 2 with 3 repetitive measurements each) Acknowledgements The skillful work of Annika Volpert, Manfred Strotmeier and Regarding the last data point, the GPC measurements Jonathan Ortelt is gratefully acknowledged. The authors showed an increase in MW for both composite materials at Stefan Oschatz et al., Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration — 4 [3] Zhang E, Zhu C, Yang J, Sun H, Zhang X, Li S, Wang Y, Sun thank Evonik Industries for kindly providing the Resomer L, Yao F. Electrospun PDLLA/PLGA composite membranes samples. for potential application in guided tissue regeneration. Mater Author Statement Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016;58:278-285. Research funding: Research funding: Financial support by [4] Zhang S, Huang Y, Yang X, Mei F, Ma Q, Chen G, Ryu S, Deng X. Gelatin nanofibrous membrane fabricated by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) electrospinning of aqueous gelatin solution for guided tissue within RESPONSE “Partnership for Innovation in Implant regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res 90A 2009;3:671-679. Technology” is gratefully acknowledged. Conflict of interest: [5] Magiera A, Markowski J, Menaszek E, Pilch J, Blazewicz S. Authors state no conflict of interest. Informed consent: PLA-Based Hybrid and Composite Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds as Potential Materials for Tissue Engineering. Informed consent is not applicable. Ethical approval: The J Nanomatter 2017. conducted research is not related to either human or animal [6] Illner S, Arbeiter D, Teske M, Khaimov V, Oschatz S, Senz use. V, Schmitz KP, Grabow N, Kohse S. Tissue biomimicry using cross-linked electrospun nonwoven fiber composites. Curr Dir Biomed Eng 2019;5:119-122. [7] Evonik Industries – “RESOMER® BIORESORBABLE References POLYMERS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES”, [https://healthcare. evonik.com/product/health-care/en/products/biomaterials/res [1] Bottino MC, Thomas V, Schmidt G, Vohra YK, Chu TM, Kowolik MJ, Janowski GM. Recent advances in the omer/pages/medical-devices.aspx], Access date: 23.03.2020 [8] Martins JA, Lach AA, Morris HL, Carr AJ, Mouthuy PA. development of GTR/GBR membranes for periodontal regeneration- a materials perspective. Dent Mater Polydioxanone implants: A systematic review on safety and performance in patients. J Biomater Appl. 2020;34(7):902– 2012;28:703-721. [2] Yin GB, Zhang YZ, Wu JL, Wang SD, Shi DB, Dong ZH. Study on Electronspun Poly(lactic acid) Fibroin-Gelatin Composite Nanofibers Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. J Fiber Bioeng Inform 2009;2:182-188. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering de Gruyter

Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration

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de Gruyter
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© 2020 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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2364-5504
DOI
10.1515/cdbme-2020-3043
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Abstract

DE GRUYTER Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2020;6(3): 20203043 Stefan Oschatz*, Thomas Reske, Jana Markhoff, Thomas Eickner, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Niels Grabow and Sabine Illner Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration Abstract: In this study, initial experiments are presented necessary supporting structure for cells and apatite formation regarding the suitability of polyester based nonwoven to regenerate bone defects. composite materials for guided tissue regeneration based on Electrospinning, in particular, is a versatile tool for the degradation. The in vitro degradation of poly(lactic-co- generation of such biomaterials and allows the usage of a glycolic acid)/polydioxanone and polycaprolactone/ vast variety of substrates. Polyesters are especially polydioxanone mats has been performed under accelerated promising candidates due to their biodegradation ability. condition in alkaline glycine buffer at 50 °C for 21 days. The Several approaches for the application of biodegradable degradation of the materials has been characterized regarding nonwovens for GTR have been reported in the literature. As total mass loss and macroscopic morphological changes, as an example, YIN et al. reported on the manufacturing of well as determination of the molecular weight degradation electrospun poly(lactic acid)/silk fibroin-gelatin scaffold for via GPC experiments. GTR.[2] These scaffolds showed good cell adhesion for 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and the formation of a cell monolayer in 12 days. In 2016, the group of YAO reported the successful Keywords: dual co-electrospinning, polyester nonwoven, fabrication of a nonwoven from a PDLLA/PLGA blend with degradation, guided tissue regeneration an adjustable degradation rate depending on the amount of incorporated PLGA.[3] A different approach was made by https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3043 ZHANG et al. using an aqueous solution of gelatin to create a degradable nonwoven.[4] MAGIERA et al. went a step further and performed concurrent-electrospinning of PLA with 1 Introduction gelatin to create a composite nonwoven structure. The use of this technique resulted in reduced hydrophobicity of the Polymer based nonwoven materials are promising candidates material compared to pure PLA, leading to a faster for guided tissue regeneration (GTR), especially for the degradation rate.[5] treatment for periodontal damages, as they fulfill several In 2019, our group reported on the successful generation functions. On the one hand, they serve as a barrier for fast of a biostable co-electrospun nonwoven from polyurethane growing cells (e.g. gingival cells versus bone cells) into the and polyamide.[6] The materials accessible in such a way site of action, as those cells would compete with the target exhibited distinct fibers of the respective polymer. The cells.[1] On the other hand, nonwovens may provide a approach of this work is the combination of polymers with distinctly different degradation times in a dual co-electrospun composite nonwoven. Such a material may offer a sufficient ______ barrier effect, but, due to the faster degradation of one type of Corresponding author: Stefan Oschatz, Institute for Biomedical fiber, may still allow for the time delayed migration and Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, 18119 Rostock- colonization of cells. The residual slow degrading polymer Warnemünde, Germany acts as supporting scaffold and the opened pores between the E-Mail: stefan.oschatz@uni-rostock.de fibers enables cell infiltration. Thomas Reske and Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Institute for Implant Technology and Biomaterials e.V., 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, In this work, the degradation behavior of nonwovens Germany consisting of two different polyester fibers is presented. Sabine Illner, Jana Markhoff, Thomas Eickner and Niels Polydioxanone (PDO) has been combined with poly(lactic- Grabow, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL). PDO Medical Center, 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany Open Access. © 2020 Stefan Oschatz et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Stefan Oschatz et al., Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration — 2 (Resomer X) is a relatively fast degrading polymer, with calibration standards (376 - 2,570,000 g/mol). Column degradation times of < 6 months, according to manufacturer’s temperature was set to 30 °C. information. Compared with this, PLGA (Resomer LG 857) exhibits a degradation time of 1 - 2 years and PCL > 2 years.[7] The degradation has been observed in respect to 3 Results and Discussion total mass loss and molecular mass degradation. The degradation behaviour in respect to mass loss can be found in Figure 1. Notably, a distinct difference between the two polymer combinations investigated in this work can be 2 Materials and Methods observed. Whereas the PCL/PDO system temporarily stabilizes at around 12% mass loss after 14 days under the 2.1 General information: described degradation conditions, the investigated PLGA/PDO composite nonwoven showed a considerably Resomer LG 857 S (PLGA) and Resomer X 206 S (poly- higher mass loss of ~ 80% in the same time range. dioxanone) were provided by Evonik. Poly-caprolactone (PCL) was provided by Aldrich. 2.1.1 Dual co-electrospinning: Dual co-Electrospinning was performed on a Contipro 4SPIN C4S LAB2 (Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic). The setup used was 24 cm collector distance, 43 kV high voltage and a feed rate of 50 μL/min for both polymer solutions. All polymers were dissolved in CHCl (PDO: 10 w/w%, PLGA: 6 w/w%, PCL 7 w/w%) prior to spinning. The obtained nonwovens were thermally annealed for 24 hrs at 80 °C after the spinning process. 2.1.2 Accelerated degradation: Circular samples of 11 mm diameter were taken from the generated nonwoven and placed in degradation medium without further treatment under decent shaking. For Figure 1: Mass loss during accelerated degradation of degradation, glycine buffer adjusted to pH = 8.7 with NaOH PLGA/PDO (grey) and PCL/PDO (red/dashed) was used at 50 °C. Medium was replaced after 12 days of composite nonwovens in glycine buffer at pH = 8.7 and degradation. At the selected time points, the degradation 50 °C (n = 3) medium was removed and the samples were washed twice for 15 min with distilled water. Finally, the samples were dried However, the observed mass loss of PLGA/PDO at 40 °C under reduced pressure. Mass loss during composite nonwoven was significantly higher than expected degradation was investigated by using a Radwag micro based on data from pure PDO and PLGA film material. This balance MYA 0.8/3.4Y. can be explained on the different surface-area-to-volume 2.1.3 GPC-measurements: ratio of bulk materials compared to fibrous structures. Since The molecular weight of the polymer nonwoven samples was degradation of these materials is based on hydrolysis of the determined using a PSS SECcurity SEC system (Polymer ester groups, a larger surface promotes the diffusion of water Standard Services GmbH, Mainz, Germany) including a RI soluble molecular fragments at late stages of degradation [8] detector combined with a WGE Dr. Bures g 2010 viscosity and may decrease mechanical resilience. In accordance to detector (WGE Dr. Bures GmbH, Dallgow, Germany) this, the PLGA/PDO nonwoven showed strong equipped with three PSS SDV columns (103, 105 and 106 Å, disintegration, leading to an increase in the observed mass respectively). Chloroform stabilized with ethanol was chosen loss due to the fact that fragments of the material may have as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The samples been lost during media changes. To visualize this effect, were dissolved in chloroform giving a final concentration of macro images at the different degradation stages were taken 1.5 mg/mL, with 0.2 μL/mL hexylbenzene as internal (Figure 2). standard. MW was calculated using twelve polystyrene Stefan Oschatz et al., Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration — 3 21 days. This observation can be explained by the a) PLGA/PDO composition of the materials. The nonwovens consist of two fiber types from two distinct polymers which exhibit different degradation behaviors, whereas on polymer degrades more slowly compared to the other. This leads to the formation of two overlapping signals in the chromatogram, causing a distortion on the outcome of the b) PCL/PDO MW determination. A representative image of such a chromatogram is shown in Figure 4. Figure 2: Macro photography of the nonwovens at different degradation time points (from left to right: 7, 10, 14 and 21 days). The scale bar represents 10 mm. For a more detailed insight on the underlying chemical processes during the degradation, the nonwoven samples were further analysed via GPC to determine the loss in molecular weight. As it can be seen in Figure 3, both Figure 4: Overlapping gel permeation chromatograms composite materials show a similar behavior regarding for PCL/PDO composite nonwoven after accelerated degradation of the polymer chains in a time range of 0 – 14 degradation for 21 d. The image shows the results for all days. This, however, is in strong contrast to the results of the three repetitive measurements for one sample. total mass lost experiment. We assume that this contradiction is based on a more pronounced macroscopic cleavage of the nonwoven fibers for the PLGA/PDO nonwoven compared to the PCL/PDO system. However, this observation has to be 4 Conclusion addressed more in detail in the on-going work. The combination of two different polymers to form a composite nonwoven via dual co-electrospinning is a promising way to generate matrices for GTR. Our initial experiments showed that the choice of the combined polymers crucially alters the degradation behavior of such nonwovens. Although the molecular mass loss is comparable, PLGA/PDO showed a distinctly higher degree of fragmentation and total mass loss compared to a PCL/PDO composite. Follow-up work of our group will focus more on these effects, e.g. by SEM imaging of the degrading samples to investigate changes in fiber morphology, which may be responsible for the observed differences in behaviour. Figure 3: Cumulative molecular weight loss during Furthermore, cell seeding experiments will be conducted to accelerated degradation of PLGA/PDO (grey) and evaluate the suitability of polyester nonwoven composites for PCL/PDO (red/dashed) composite nonwoven in glycine possible in vivo applications. buffer at pH = 8.7 and 50 °C (n = 2 with 3 repetitive measurements each) Acknowledgements The skillful work of Annika Volpert, Manfred Strotmeier and Regarding the last data point, the GPC measurements Jonathan Ortelt is gratefully acknowledged. The authors showed an increase in MW for both composite materials at Stefan Oschatz et al., Degradable dual co-electrospun polyester based nonwovens for guided tissue regeneration — 4 [3] Zhang E, Zhu C, Yang J, Sun H, Zhang X, Li S, Wang Y, Sun thank Evonik Industries for kindly providing the Resomer L, Yao F. Electrospun PDLLA/PLGA composite membranes samples. for potential application in guided tissue regeneration. Mater Author Statement Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016;58:278-285. Research funding: Research funding: Financial support by [4] Zhang S, Huang Y, Yang X, Mei F, Ma Q, Chen G, Ryu S, Deng X. Gelatin nanofibrous membrane fabricated by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) electrospinning of aqueous gelatin solution for guided tissue within RESPONSE “Partnership for Innovation in Implant regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res 90A 2009;3:671-679. Technology” is gratefully acknowledged. Conflict of interest: [5] Magiera A, Markowski J, Menaszek E, Pilch J, Blazewicz S. Authors state no conflict of interest. Informed consent: PLA-Based Hybrid and Composite Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds as Potential Materials for Tissue Engineering. Informed consent is not applicable. Ethical approval: The J Nanomatter 2017. conducted research is not related to either human or animal [6] Illner S, Arbeiter D, Teske M, Khaimov V, Oschatz S, Senz use. V, Schmitz KP, Grabow N, Kohse S. Tissue biomimicry using cross-linked electrospun nonwoven fiber composites. Curr Dir Biomed Eng 2019;5:119-122. [7] Evonik Industries – “RESOMER® BIORESORBABLE References POLYMERS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES”, [https://healthcare. evonik.com/product/health-care/en/products/biomaterials/res [1] Bottino MC, Thomas V, Schmidt G, Vohra YK, Chu TM, Kowolik MJ, Janowski GM. Recent advances in the omer/pages/medical-devices.aspx], Access date: 23.03.2020 [8] Martins JA, Lach AA, Morris HL, Carr AJ, Mouthuy PA. development of GTR/GBR membranes for periodontal regeneration- a materials perspective. Dent Mater Polydioxanone implants: A systematic review on safety and performance in patients. J Biomater Appl. 2020;34(7):902– 2012;28:703-721. [2] Yin GB, Zhang YZ, Wu JL, Wang SD, Shi DB, Dong ZH. Study on Electronspun Poly(lactic acid) Fibroin-Gelatin Composite Nanofibers Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. J Fiber Bioeng Inform 2009;2:182-188.

Journal

Current Directions in Biomedical Engineeringde Gruyter

Published: Sep 1, 2020

Keywords: dual co-electrospinning; polyester nonwoven; degradation; guided tissue regeneration

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