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Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises for the Needs of Ecological Management

Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises for the Needs of Ecological Management The article deals of assessing the competitiveness of enterprises in the confectionery industry to improve infor- mation and analytical support of ecological management. A unified methodology for assessing the competitive- ness of business entities in the context of ecological management has not yet been developed. The article pro- poses to assess the competitiveness of confectionery enterprises on the basis of an integral index. Its peculiarity is that, in addition to economic production, market characteristics, it also includes environmental ones, which reflect significant environmental aspects (air emissions and the formation of hazardous waste). Calculations were made and the results of the study were tested on the basis of the leading confectionery enterprises of Ukraine. This made it possible to identify among the studied set of enterprises leaders who improved economic results and strengthened their market positions by reducing anthropogenic impact on the environment, introducing ecolog- ical management and corporate social responsibility. Taking into account their successful experience will contrib- ute to the improvement of the ecological management system at other enterprises of the confectionery industry. Key words: ecological management, analysis, competitiveness, confectionery industry, information sup-port, en- vironmentally responsible business INTRODUCTION (GCI 4.0) are of scientific and practical interest in this re- In the modern conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolu- gard. In its calculations, a scoring scale was used, taking tion, the importance of studies of competitiveness at the into account 12 main parameters of long-term growth for macro and micro levels, in particular the economies of the following constituent structural blocks and their pa- countries, regions, business entities, and the like, is in- rameters: creasing. «Over the last decade, promotion of competi- I. Enabling Environment: Institutions, Infrastructure, ICT tiveness represents one of the central goals of economic adoption, Macroeconomic stability; policy of most of the countries. Moreover, in recent years, II. Human Capital: Health, Skills; the promotion of competitiveness has been seen as a way III. Markets: Product market, Labour market, Financial of achieving desirable changes in economy and society» system, Market size; [1]. Assessment of the competitiveness of national econ- IV. Innovation Ecosystem: Business dynamism, Innovation omies allows for the analysis of their advantages and capability (The Global Competitiveness Report, 2018; weaknesses. The results of assessing 141 countries of the 2019). world in terms of the level of competitiveness of their The ranking of the 39 countries of the first group accord- economies using the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 ing to the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 (GCI 4.0) for 28 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 2019 and its changes compared to 2018 are shown in Ta- mainly developed and are actively used to compare coun- ble 1. tries and regions. However, at the grassroots level i.e. the level of business entities, methodological approaches Table 1 have not yet been sufficiently developed. Therefore, now Distribution of countries with a high level of competitiveness the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises tak- according to the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 ing into account environmental indicators is especially rel- (GCI 4.0) in 2019 evant for enterprises engaged in foreign economic activ- Points Ranking Country Points ity. until until Ranking Country Many countries around the world are actively developing 2019 2018, 2019 2018, +/- +/- national environmental development strategies aimed at 1 Singapore 84.8 +1 21 Austria 76.6 +1 meeting global environmental commitments under the 2 United States 83.7 -1 22 Belgium 76.4 -1 Paris Agreement. It should be expected that in the near 3 Hong Kong 83.1 +4 23 Spain 75.3 +3 future environmental requirements and restrictions in re- SAR lation to enterprises - manufacturers and exporters of 4 Netherlands 82.4 +2 24 Ireland 75.1 -1 5 United products are expected to increase significantly On the one Switzerland 82.3 -1 25 Arab 75.0 +2 hand, this will create significant barriers for producers Emirates who do not pay due attention to environmental aspects in 6 Japan 82.3 -1 26 Iceland 74.7 -2 their economic activities. On the other hand, the market 7 Germany 81.8 -4 27 Malaysia 74.6 -2 conditions for businesses that develop and implement en- 8 Sweden 81.2 +1 28 China 73.9 - 9 United King- vironmental strategies will improve. Thus, the European 81.2 -1 29 Qatar 72.9 +1 dom Union is considering the possibility of introducing carbon 10 Denmark 81.2 - 30 Italy 71.5 +1 import regulations for Ukraine. This mechanism will make 11 Finland 80.2 - 31 Estonia 70.9 +1 it possible to display in the price of goods imported into 12 Taiwan, Czech Re- 80.2 +1 32 70.9 -3 China public the EU the volume of emissions of all greenhouse gases 13 Korea, Rep. 79.6 +2 33 Chile 70.5 - that were formed during the production process. That is, 14 Canada 79.6 -2 34 Portugal 70.4 - the carbon footprint of the product will be converted into 15 France 78.8 +2 35 Slovenia 70.2 - a carbon duty at the border. Thus, products manufactured 16 Saudi Australia 78.7 -2 36 70.0 +3 at enterprises with outdated resource-intensive technol- Arabia 17 Norway 78.1 -1 37 Poland 68.9 - ogies will rise in price and lose competitiveness [5]. 18 Luxembourg 77.0 +1 38 Malta 68.5 -2 In these conditions, the largest environmental and market 19 New Zealand 76.7 -1 39 Lithuania 68.4 +1 risks arise in export-oriented manufacturers, among 20 Israel 76.7 - which one can single out the enterprises of the confec- Source: The Global Competitiveness Report, 2018; 2019 [2, 3]. tionery industry, which may lose their competitive ad- vantages. To maintain market positions in foreign mar- Thus, the most powerful in comparison with other coun- kets, adapt to drastic changes in environmental and trade tries that have significant competitive advantages for regulation, it is important to analyze the impact of envi- functioning in modern conditions are the top ten coun- ronmental factors on the competitiveness of confection- tries: Singapore, United States, Hong Kong SAR, the Neth- ery enterprises, to identify problem areas for further so- erlands, Switzerland, Japan, Germany, Sweden, United lutions. Kingdom and Denmark. Unfortunately, Ukraine was in Thus, the urgent requirement of the time is to develop a 85th place (57 points) and worsened its position by 2 lev- methodology for assessing the competitiveness of confec- els (from 83rd place) compared to 2018. tionery enterprises, taking into account environmental Attention is drawn to the fact that, based on the materials factors. Identification of the most significant environmen- of the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report, one can ob- tal factors will allow timely implementation of measures serve the mutual influence of countries' competitiveness, to strengthen their competitive advantages. The scientific their economic growth and environmental sustainability. substantiation of such a methodology will contribute to Having discovered a similar trend in 2013, Despotovic D., the improvement of information and analytical support of Cvetanovic S., Nedic V., formulated a hypothesis about ecological management, increasing its efficiency and inte- the positive impact of the social and environmental blocks gration with other management subsystems. included in the Global Competitiveness Index on the com- The aim of the article is to improve the methodology for petitiveness of individual countries. Based on the results assessing the competitiveness of enterprises in the of a study of data from 34 countries, scientists have con- confectionery industry in terms of taking into account firmed that social parameters have an undeniable positive environmental aspects to improve information support impact on competitiveness. In this case, the influence of for ecological management and its implementation into environmental parameters is variable and requires fur- an integrated management system. In this paper the ther careful scientific study [4]. model including environmental factors for assessing the Thus, at the macro level, the methodological approaches competitiveness of confectionery industry was of comparative analysis and assessment of competitive- established. The described methodology was tested at ness, taking into account environmental factors, are five enterprises in Ukraine. H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 29 Methodological approaches to assessing the competitive- relational marketing [13]. The authors concluded that ness of confectionery enterprises are proposed, which al- enterprises that improve their environmental low taking into account not only economic indices, but performance create positive interactions with their also indices of anthropogenic impact on the environment stakeholders. (emissions of pollutants into the air, formation and recy- S. Chuang, S. Huang investigated the impact of cling of production waste, fines for violating environmen- environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) on tal legislation, costs of preventive measures to reduce the business competitiveness. After analyzing the data of 358 negative impact of production on the environment). The enterprises in Taiwan, scientists have found that the proposed approaches make it possible to influence envi- development and implementation of corporate social ronmental factors on the competitiveness of enterprises, responsibility has an important positive impact on green formulate priority environmental goals of environmental IT human capital, green IT structural capital and IT management, and determine competitive advantages in relational capital. They, in turn, have a positive effect on the course of implementing environmental policy. the competitiveness of enterprises [14]. The specifics of developing corporate social responsibility of enterprises LITERATURE REVIEW to increase their competitiveness were disclosed by U. Theoretical and methodological principles of assessing Andrusiv, J. Streimikis, O. Lyashenko, V. Yakubiv, M. Lyzun, the competitiveness of enterprises, taking into account M. Ali, A. Jaharadak [15, 16]. the impact of environmental factors on their activities The scientists paid special attention to the substantiation have been the subject of research by many scientists. A. of the factors affecting the competitiveness of Balkyte, М. Tvaronavieiene, S. Stavropoulos, R. Wall, Y. enterprises, taking into account the technical and Xu, A. Kasztelan and others in their studies outlined the economic parameters of production, the intensity of importance and problems of assessing the competitive- anthropogenic impact, the potential for increasing the ness of economic entities in the context of sustainable environmental safety of products [17, 18, 19]. W. Zhao, H. economic development [1, 5, 6, 7]. The complexity of Zhang found that the competitiveness of the local competitive growth of economic entities taking into ac- agricultural eco-brand is influenced by the state of the count the strengthening of environmental factors was environment in the region, the activities of the industrial considered in detail by M. Porter and others [8, 9, 10]. cluster and the initiative of stakeholders [20]. Agreeing X. Cheng, R. Hong, C. Li argue that the traditional regional with the obtained results, meanwhile, we note that the competitiveness assessment system pays too much atten- study does not take into account other, no less important tion to economic performance. Its application does not al- factors, namely natural and recreational support, the low to fully assess regional competitiveness. To solve this activity of enterprises to reduce anthropogenic impact, problem, scientists have proposed to use the green com- and others. F. Belz and H. Hugenschmidt made a petitiveness index. This integral index includes indices of comparative analysis of existing environmental problems the competitiveness of natural resources, the competi- and their impact on the competitiveness of the food and tiveness of the ecological environment and energy con- transport industries in Switzerland [21]. By constructing a sumption, economic and social sustainable competitive- "matrix of environmental problems" and a "matrix of ness, as well as the competitiveness of human health [11]. environmental rates", the authors found that competition For government regulation and strategic management, is affected by environmental problems. Scientists have the assessment of competitiveness, taking into account concluded that in order to be prepared for environmental the environmental factors of individual industries and en- change, companies must develop strategies that meet not terprises, is equally important. Their competitiveness cer- only economic but also environmental requirements. tainly affects the place of the country in the global com- A separate area of research is the substantiation of new petitive ranking, and, in fact, determines it. and improvement of existing methods for assessing com- The introduction of strict restrictions on the use of natural petitiveness, incl. by taking into account environmental resources and anthropogenic impact on the environment, factors. the growth of stakeholder requirements for the A. Obikhod, O. Ambrosenko substantiated the methodo- environmental friendliness of products at all stages of the logical foundations for assessing the competitive environ- life cycle increase the influence of environmental factors mental potential of the regions, taking into account the on the activities and competitiveness of enterprises. problems of environmental safety [22]. Scientists have Numerous scientific studies prove that the proposed integral indicators of natural and anthropogenic implementation of an active environmental policy threats, built a competitive rating of the regions of contributes to the formation of competitive economic, Ukraine. However, this technique is difficult to apply to financial and market advantages for enterprises [12]. specific business entities due to the irrelevance of the ob- Scientists M. Larrán, J. Madueño, D. María, P. Sancho, by ject and analysis indicators. modeling structural equations based on 481 small and J. Fahy proposed an analysis of competitive advantages medium enterprises from southern Spain, found that based on the resource approach [23]. The author devel- environmental performance has a positive, direct and oped a resource model of global sustainable competitive significant impact on the competitiveness of companies, advantage (GSCA), which he tested on the materials of in- as well as on the intermediary effects of image and 30 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 dividual enterprises in the automotive industry. The pro- A practical tool for the implementation of the identified posed methodology is of great theoretical and methodo- priority areas of environmental activities is ecological logical significance for the analysis of the competitive po- management, where they acquire a quantitative dimen- sitions of firms in global production chains. However, the sion in the form of environmental goals and objectives author ignores environmental indicators, such as waste (Fig. 1). management, CO emissions, etc. Assessment 2 Identification of priority areas of competitiveness taking of environmental activities that will M. Heriyantoa, A. Febriana, T. Handokob and Syofianc into account environmental ensure sustainable economic indices development, strategic market substantiated the application of structural equation mod- and economic indices Strat egic eling (SEM) methods to develop an environmental strat- planning Identification of economic egy to create innovations and competitive advantages of and environmental Environmental goals palm oil producers [24]. Thus, the scientists noted the pro- advantages and objectives of the encological and disadvantages management system duction and environmental features of this type of activ- Fig. 1 Assessment of the competitiveness of the confectionery ity. However, the weak point of this method is the need industry enterprises, taking into account environmental indices for complex mathematical calculations using specially de- for the needs of strategic planning and ecological management signed software. M. López-Gamero, J. Molina-Azorín combined two theo- The need to identify the environmental aspects of the en- ries – the institutional theory and the resource method to terprises of the confectionery industry, to determine the study the influence of external (voluntary norms and most significant of them is due to a variety of environmen- stakeholders) and internal factors (company resources) tal factors, their versatile influence. Environmental aspect on gaining competitive advantages by the enterprise [25]. as "an element of an organization's activities, products or Despite the conducted researches, the received scientific services that can interact with the environment" is de- results are not enough for the analysis of the competitive- fined by the international standard ISO 14001. The envi- ness of enterprises, taking into account the of confection- ronmental aspect is important as it significantly affects ery industry characteristics, the urgent problems of envi- the environment. Managing such aspects in the ecological ronmental management. There is no information on the management system would lead to the best environmen- confectionery industry in the literature. O. Gorb, I. Yas- tal, economic and financial results. nolob, N. Protsiuk determined that adaptation to interna- The environmental aspects of the confectionery industry tional environmental standards is one of the important enterprises may include: challenges for maintaining the competitive position of − emissions of pollutants into the air; Ukrainian enterprises in connection with entering interna- − discharges of pollutants into water bodies; tional markets [26]. − waste generation, recycling; − use of raw materials, water, energy; METHODOLOGY − noise pollution, dust and other visible pollution (Fig. In the context of promoting the ideas of environmentally 2). responsible business, the consumption of high-quality and safe food, buyers prefer manufacturers who imple- ment an active environmental policy, develop and market environmentally friendly products, implement projects in the field of environmental restoration and preservation. Thus, for the enterprises of the confectionery industry, environmental factors act as an important reserve for the formation and strengthening of competitive advantages in the development and implementation of various com- petitive strategies, in particular, strategies for "price lead- ership", "strengthening market positions", "product de- velopment". In the management system of confectionery enterprises, the assessment of competitiveness, taking into account environmental indices, is of information and analytical im- Fig. 2 Environmental aspects of production activities of confec- portance for strategic planning and ecological manage- tionery enterprises ment. In strategic management, such an assessment al- lows to determine the priority areas of environmental ac- Depending on the ability to manage and control, the envi- tivities of the enterprise, which will provide environmen- ronmental aspects of the confectionery industry can be tal as well as market-economic competitive advantages. divided into two groups – direct and indirect. Direct envi- That is, it will contribute to a synergistic environmental ronmental aspects are those that the enterprise can con- and economic effect. trol. Indirect aspects include aspects over which enter- prises do not have full control (Table 2). H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 31 Table 2 Assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises in the Groups of environmental aspects in the direction of influence confectionery industry, taking into account environmen- and control at confectionery enterprises tal factors, organizationally provides for the implementa- Direct influence Indirect influence tion of the following stages: Emissions of pollutants into Environmental externalities 1. Identification of a set of economic, market and pro- the air duction indices that form the competitive advantages Discharges of pollutants into Concentration of pollutants of enterprises in the market and are included in the water bodies in the air assessment of competitiveness. Production waste, its pro- Water quality for industrial 2. Determination of significant environmental aspects of cessing and recycling needs the industry, taking into account environmental and Use of raw materials and en- Local environmental crises ergy technological features, urgent environmental prob- Use of mobile sources of air Unauthorized landfills lems. pollution of household and industrial 3. Calculation of the integral index of competitiveness. waste near the territory of the 4. Comprehensive assessment of the level of competi- enterprise tiveness of the enterprise, taking into account the in- Environmental emergencies Groundwater pollution fluence of each of the characteristics on the integral Environmentally harmful pack- Decrease in water supply index. aging of finished products, in the region 5. Determining the strengths and weaknesses of enter- packaging recycling, packaging prises in comparison with competitors. during transportation 6. Assessment of the influence of all characteristics among themselves, that is, how much each of them For qualitative and quantitative assessment of direct en- affects the other, in order to ensure effective manage- vironmental aspects, it is advisable to use the following ment. indices (Table 3). Schematically, the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises in the confectionery industry can be displayed Table 3 as follows (Fig. 3). Indices that characterize the environmental aspects of the confectionery industry Environmental Index aspect Water consump- Water consumption for production needs, tion thousand m Water consumption for general production needs, thousand m Water consumption by individual structural di- visions, thousand m Energy con- Electricity consumption, thousand kWh sumption Thermal energy consumption, thousand Gcal Natural gas consumption, thousand m Consumption of renewable energy sources, thousand tons of oil equivalent Consumption Consumption of raw materials used by the of raw materials type of recovery (renewable/non-renewable), t and resources Fig. 3 Structural and logical scheme of a comprehensive assess- Environmental Number of chemicals used in production ment of the competitiveness of confectionery enterprises in impact, health by type, t, kg, l Ukraine, taking into account environmental factors of people/work- Volume of hazardous substances used by ers when using types, t, kg, l When determining the significant environmental aspects chemicals of enterprises in the confectionery industry, it is necessary Emissions Volume and hazard level of pollutants emitted to take into account the following main criteria: impact on of pollutants into the air, t, class the environment, requirements of stakeholders, require- into Over-limit volumes of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere the air, t ments of legislation and other governing bodies (Fig. 4). Share of cleaning pollutants in emissions,% Discharges Volume and hazard level of pollutants dis- of pollutants charged into water bodies into water bod- by type, t, class ies Over-limit volumes of pollutants discharged into water bodies, t Share of cleaning pollutants in discharges,% Waste manage- Volume, level and hazard class of waste ment operations by type, t Share of waste reuse,% 32 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 health of employees of an enterprise and threatens labor safety conditions should be of paramount importance. A three-point assessment system is also used here: 1 – the issue does not concern the interests of interested parties, 2 – the issue will concern the interests of the parties in the near future, 3 – the issue directly concerns the interests of the parties at the present time. 3. Requirements of legislation and other governing bod- ies (L) In this methodology, the legally regulated aspect is con- sidered significant by default, since ISO 14001 requires compliance with the legislation, therefore it is necessary to ensure constant control and monitoring of this aspect. Here, a 20-point scale is used: 0 – the aspect is not regulated by legislation, Fig. 4 Methodical approaches to the definition of significant en- 10 – the aspect is regulated by legislation and the com- vironmental aspects in the ecological management of confec- pany meets its requirements, tionery enterprises 20 – the aspect is regulated by legislation, but the com- pany does not meet its requirements. The assessment of the significance of the impact on the Taking into account the above designation, the calculation environment is carried out according to the three above of the significance of environmental aspects is carried out criteria. according to the formula: 1. Impact on the environment 𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝐴 𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑐𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼 × 𝑃𝑟 × 𝐷 × 𝑆𝑡 + 𝐿 (1) а) The scale of the impact (I) or the magnitude of the im- Significant environmental aspects determined according pact on the environment is usually assessed on a three- to the results of preliminary analysis are included in the point scale: matrix of indices (primary data) to assess competitive- 1 – small volumes of emissions/discharges into the envi- ness. In addition to them, the matrix preliminarily includes ronment, economic and market indices 2 – average volumes, (X1, ... .m) (Table 4). 3 – significant (large) volumes. b) Probability of a problem (Pr) or frequency of impact. Table 4 Impact rates are used to assess normal operating condi- Matrix of economic, market and environmental indices tions, and the likelihood of a problem occurring for poten- of enterprises of the confectionery industry tially hazardous situations. The frequency of impact is also Competing Characteristics assessed on a three-point scale: enterprises 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 1 2 3 𝑚 1 – low frequency (impact occurs infrequently), 1 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 11 12 13 1𝑚 2 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 2 – average frequency (impact occurs sometimes, several 21 22 23 2𝑚 3 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 times a year), 31 32 33 3𝑚 … … … … … 𝑖𝑗 3 – high frequency (regular or continuous impact). n 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 Probability of a problem is assessed on a three-point 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 𝑛 3 scale: Indices in Table 5 have different units of measurement. To 1 – low probability (a problem is unlikely), bring all indices into a commensurate look, the primary 2 – medium probability (a problem may arise), matrix of indices must be transformed into a matrix of rel- 3 – high probability (there is a real threat of a problem oc- ative (dimensionless) indices (Table 6) using the formulas: curring at any time). min 𝑋 𝑖𝑗 c) Danger (D) – how dangerous is the potential impact on 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 ⁄ (2) 𝑋 = , 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 the environment under consideration. Some aspects can 𝑖𝑗 have dangerous consequences for it. For example, leaks 𝑋 = 𝑖𝑗 (3) max 𝑋 𝑖𝑗 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 of various chemicals that not only disrupt the balance of where: the ecosystem but also threaten the health of workers, 𝑋 is a dimensionless value of the characteristic; can reduce the quality of drinking water, and the like. As 𝑋 is an absolute natural value of the characteristic; well as other indices, danger is estimated on a tribal scale: 1 – low danger, min 𝑋 , max 𝑋 is the minimum or maximum value of 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 2 – average danger, the characteristics of competing enterprises; 3 – high danger. 𝑛 is the number of analyzed objects of research (compet- 2. Stakeholder Requirements (St) ing enterprises); Aspects concerning stakeholder interests are also consid- 𝑚 is the number of characteristics that are common to all ered significant. For example, an aspect that affects the objects; 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑛𝑚 H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 33 𝑖 is an ordinal number of the object under analysis; It is advisable to reflect the significance of each of the 𝑗 is a number of characteristic that is common to all ob- characteristics in the form of the following Table (Table 7). jects. Table 7 Thus, we obtain a matrix of normalized values of the char- Determining the coefficients of significance acteristics of competing enterprises (Table 5). of the characteristics of competing enterprises Characteristics Entropy Significance Table 5 𝑋 𝐸 Matrix of normalized values of the characteristics 𝐾 1 1 of competing enterprises 𝑋 𝐸 2 2 2 Competing Characteristics 𝑋 𝐸 3 3 enterprises 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 1 2 3 𝑚 … . . . 1 1 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝐸 11 13 1𝑚 𝐾 𝑚 𝑚 2 1 𝑋 𝑋 … 1 Total 1 22 23 3 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 31 32 33 3𝑚 Taking into account a number of ecological management … … … … … 𝑖𝑗 factors in the characteristics of enterprises whose com- n 1 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 petitiveness is being considered, the proposed model will In order to calculate the internal significance for each make it possible to determine the significance of such fac- characteristic the formula presented below was used. The tors (their influence on competitiveness) and form the fi- formula allows to calculate the share of each object in the nal comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of 𝑛𝑡𝑖 corresponding characteristic (𝐹 ): each enterprise (𝐶 ), calculated by the formula: 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚 𝑋 ∑ 𝐶 = 𝑋 ∙ 𝐾 (8) 𝑖𝑗 𝑖 𝑗 =1 𝑖𝑗 𝑗 𝐹 = ⁄ (4) 𝑖𝑗 ∑ 𝑋 𝑖𝑗 𝑖 =1 where: where: 𝐾 are the calculated indices of the significance of each 𝑋 stands for dimensionless values of characteristics, characteristic; which are determined depending on the optimal value of 𝑋 are the dimensionless normalized values of character- the corresponding characteristic; istics. ∑ 𝑋 is the sum of dimensionless values of character- The results of calculations to determine the level of com- 𝑖 =1 istics for all enterprises for each of the characteristics. petitiveness of all enterprises operating in the market are The calculation of the importance of each enterprise in given in Table 8. the studied characteristic is made on the basis of a matrix Table 8 of dimensionless indices. Its results are shown in Table 6. Parameters for assessing the level of competitiveness Table 6 of competing companies The share of each enterprise in the characteristics Normalized values of the competitiveness of enterprises of parameters Level of competitiveness Competing Characteristics of competitiveness Com- enterprises of enterprises 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 1 2 3 𝑚 petitors 1 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 in relation 11 12 13 1𝑚 in relation 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 to the market 2 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 1 2 3 𝑚 21 22 23 2𝑚 to the ideal average 3 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 31 32 33 3𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡 … … … … 𝐹 … 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 1 1 … 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 11 13 1𝑚 n 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 𝑛 3 Total: 1 1 1 1 1 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 2 1 … 1 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 22 23 2 𝑖𝑛𝑡 Based on the share of each of the characteristics calcu- 𝑖𝑛𝑡 lated in Table 7, we determine the internal (functional) 𝑖𝑛𝑡 3 … ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝐶 31 32 33 3𝑚 3 𝑖𝑛𝑡 significance. To calculate the coefficient of internal signif- icance, first we calculate the value of entropy (Ej) by the … … … … … … … 𝑖𝑗 formula: 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑛 𝑛 n 1 … 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝐸 = − ∙ 𝐹 ln 𝐹 (5) 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑗 𝑖 =1 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 ln 𝑛 Internal (functional) significance 𝑘 is defined as: Signifi- … – – 𝐾 𝐾 𝐾 𝐾 1 2 3 𝑚 cance 𝑘 = 1 − 𝐸 (6) 𝑗 𝑗 The average value of competitive- 𝑖𝑛𝑡 The share of the corresponding index of each competing 𝑖 =1 𝑛 ness enterprise in a certain characteristic (the coefficient of sig- 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝐶 ) nificance of the characteristic – K ) is calculated for each characteristic as: Further, the general complex index of the competitive- 𝐾 = 𝑗 𝑚 (7) ness of confectionery enterprises is determined, the ∑ 𝑘 𝑗 =1 structure of the significance of factors is formed and the 𝑛𝑚 𝑛𝑚 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑛𝑚 34 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 polygon of competitiveness is built, taking into account all − Environmental policy. Each of the enterprises has de- factors and their significance for each enterprise. veloped an environmental policy, which provides for the implementation of various measures to reduce an- RESULTS thropogenic impact, increase environmental safety at The proposed methodology for assessing the competitive- all stages of the product life cycle. ness of confectionery enterprises, taking into account en- They cover over 50% of the confectionery market. Eco- vironmental factors, has been tested at the most powerful nomic and environmental indices of the analyzed enter- confectionery enterprises in Ukraine: PJSC "Production prises for 2014-2018 are given in Table 9. Association" KONTI, "Vinnytsia Confectionery Factory", In view of the fact that the indices have different units of PJSC Kremenchug confectionery factory "ROSHEN", PJSC measurement, we will carry out the calculations to obtain "Kyiv confectionery factory" ROSHEN, PJSC "Confection- commensurate values given in the matrix of normalized ery factory" AVK "Dnepropetrovsk". These enterprises values (Table 10). were selected taking into account the following criteria: Given the previous methodology, in Table 11 shows a − Market position. These enterprises occupy up to 70% complex assessment of the level of competitiveness of of the domestic confectionery market, providing al- confectionery enterprises in Ukraine in 2018. most 2/3 of confectionery exports abroad. Table 9 Natural economic and environmental indices of confectionery enterprises in Ukraine, 2014-2018, mln. UAH* Pollutants emit- Extremely Little and Carbon diox- Net income The cost ted into the at- and highly moderately Aggregate ide emitted Enterprise Year from sales of goods Equity mosphere (ex- hazardous hazardous liabilities into the at- of products sold cept carbon diox- waste gen- waste gen- mosphere, t ide), t erated, t erated, t A B X X X X X X X X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2014 3393.1 2386.1 1292.1 1743.1 18.7 10687.3 11.4 2420.4 2015 3554.2 2401.1 1289.9 2313.4 12.77 10662.0 22.7 693.9 PJSC Production Association 2016 2616.3 1724.7 1299.6 2349.3 11.6 6302.8 0.9 715.1 "KONTI" 2017 1499.6 1082.1 1367.1 1540.7 9.5 6379.2 1.7 753.2 2018 1004.3 758.1 935.2 1488.5 8.0 5107.6 4.2 799.6 2014 510.5 381.3 676.3 155.5 50.9 14101.8 3.9 2402.9 2015 641.0 431.3 1618.3 1692.6 49.6 16316.6 4.3 2202.1 PJSC "Vinnytsia Confectionery 2016 674.5 481.1 1933.9 1611.9 46.4 14981.6 3.0 2202.1 Factory" 2017 703.4 638.5 4004.6 141.6 56.6 14356.9 3.7 1889.7 2018 751.0 690.7 4007.5 327.5 55.4 13511.5 3.7 2036.4 2014 189.9 174.1 92.9 132.1 19.0 6721.9 0.7 530.6 2015 157.2 140.8 90.1 111.9 15.0 6721.9 1.1 463.6 PJSC Kremenchug confection- 2016 120.0 112.6 84.7 91.6 14.9 6721.9 0.9 461.8 ery factory "ROSHEN" 2017 179.7 160.7 87.0 223.0 15.1 6791.4 4.6 619.4 2018 183.7 167.9 86.3 344.3 16.1 7295.8 2.3 696.1 2014 671.6 625.6 197.7 294.6 30.1 14581.1 5.5 8983.3 2015 497.6 456.0 484.6 332.8 25.0 13750.2 2.5 10211.1 PJSC Kyiv confectionery 2016 294.4 256.2 519.4 264.9 19.2 11075.5 1.2 3644.4 factory "ROSHEN" 2017 250.5 215.8 530.4 174.6 18.9 10721.3 0.7 2828.8 2018 232.3 204.3 535.2 1238 18.0 10100.0 1.1 2579.9 2014 388.4 353.5 156.3 84.6 62.1 8032.5 2.8 1231.8 PJSC 2015 338.4 305.8 185.5 50.1 37.1 7194.3 1.0 1197.4 "Confectionery 2016 310.7 287.6 182.9 152.6 29.1 5744.4 0.2 377.8 factory" AVK 2017 434.2 413.3 183.6 13.5 27.9 5722.9 0.2 657.9 "Dnepropetrovsk" 2018 822.6 753.6 184.6 332.7 36.6 6476.4 0.3 649.4 * UAH – national currency of Ukraine – grivna Source: Given by the authors based on statistical and financial reporting of confectionery enterprises. H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 35 Table 10 Normalized economic and environmental indices of confectionery enterprises, 2014-2018, mln. UAH Carbon dioxide Extremely Little and mod- Net income The cost Pollutants emitted into Aggregate emitted and highly haz- erately hazard- Enterprise Year from sales of goods Equity the atmosphere (except liabilities into the atmos- ardous waste ous waste gen- of products sold carbon dioxide), t phere, t generated, t erated, t A B X X X X X X X X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PJSC 2014 1.00 0.07 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.63 0.06 0.22 Production Associ- 2015 1.00 0.06 0.80 0.02 1.00 0.63 0.05 0.07 ation 2016 1.00 0.07 0.67 0,04 1.00 091 0.19 0.53 "KONTI" 2017 1.00 0.15 0.34 0,01 1.00 0.90 0.09 0.82 2018 1.00 0.22 023 0.08 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.81 PJSC 2014 0.15 0.46 0.52 0.05 0.37 0.48 0.18 0.22 "Vinnytsia Confec- 2015 0.18 0.33 1.00 0.03 0.26 0.41 0.24 0.21 tionery Factory" 2016 0.26 0.23 1.00 0.06 0.25 0.38 0.05 0.17 2017 0.47 0.25 1.00 0.10 0.17 0.40 0.04 0.33 2018 0.75 0.24 1.00 0.38 0.15 0.38 0.09 0.32 PJSC 2014 0.06 1.00 0.07 0.64 098 1.00 1.00 1.00 Kremenchug con- 2015 0.04 1.00 0.06 0.45 0.85 1.00 0.96 1.00 fectionery factory 2016 0.05 1.00 0.04 1.00 0.77 0.85 0.18 0.82 "ROSHEN" 2017 0.12 1.00 0.02 0.06 0.63 0.84 0.03 1.00 2018 0.18 1.00 0.02 0.36 0.50 0.70 0.14 0.93 PJSC 2014 0.20 0.28 0.15 0.29 0.62 0.46 0.13 0.06 Kyiv confectionery 2015 0.14 0.31 0.30 0.15 0.51 0.49 0.41 0.05 factory "ROSHEN" 2016 0.11 0.44 0.27 0.35 0.60 0.52 0.13 0.10 2017 0.17 0.74 0.13 0.08 0.50 0.53 0.21 0.22 2018 0.23 0.82 0.13 1.00 0.45 0.51 0.31 0.25 PJSC "Confection- 2014 0.11 0.49 0.12 1.00 0.30 0.84 0.25 0.43 ery factory" AVK 2015 0.10 0.46 0.11 1.00 0.34 0.93 1.00 0.39 "Dnepropetrovsk" 2016 0.12 0.39 0.09 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 2017 0.29 0.39 0.05 1.00 0.34 1.00 1.00 0.94 2018 0.82 0.22 0.05 0.37 0.22 0.79 1.00 1.00 Source: Given by the authors based on statistical and financial reporting of confectionery enterprises. Table 11 Matrix of complex assessment of the level of competitiveness of confectionery enterprises of Ukraine, 2018 Level Normalized characteristic values of competitiveness Net income The cost Extremely Little and from sales of goods Pollutants Carbon di- In rela- In relation Name of enterprise and highly moderately of products sold Aggregate emitted into oxide emit- tion to to the av- Equity hazardous hazardous (goods, (goods, liabilities the atmos- ted into the the erage waste gen- waste gen- works, ser- works, phere* atmosphere ideal value erated erated vices) services) PJSC Production Association 1.00 0.22 0.23 0.08 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.81 0.37 0.91 "KONTI" PJSC "Vinnytsia Confectionery Fac- 0.75 0.24 1.00 0.38 0.15 0.38 0.09 0.32 0.50 1.23 tory" PJSC Kremenchug confectionery 0.18 1.00 0.02 0.36 0.50 0.70 0.14 0.93 0.31 0.77 factory "ROSHEN" PJSC Kyiv confectionery factory 0.23 0.82 0.13 1.00 0.45 0.51 0.31 0.25 0.39 0.96 "ROSHEN" PJSC "Confectionery factory" AVK 0.82 0.22 0.05 0.37 0.22 0.79 1.00 1.00 0.46 1.14 "Dnepropetrovsk" Entropy of the characteristic 0.89 0.86 0.58 0.86 0.88 0.97 0.70 0.92 - - (𝐸 ) Functional weight of the char- 0.11 0.14 0.42 0.14 0.12 0.03 0.30 0.08 - - acteristic (𝑘 ) Significance of the characteris- 0.08 0.10 0.31 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.22 0.06 - - tic (𝐾 ) * Except carbon dioxide Source: Сalculated by the authors based on statistical and financial reporting of confectionery enterprises. 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Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.005 Halyna Ivanivna Kupalova Nataliia Volodimirivna Goncharenkо Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Department of Environmental Management Department of Environmental Management and Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine e-mail: prof.galina@gmail.com e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net Tatyana Mikolaivna Artyukh Kateryna Anatoliivna Demіanenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Rivne State University for the Humanities Department of Environmental Management Department of Economic Theory and Entrepreneurship Stepan Bandera Street 12, 33028 Rivne, Ukraine Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net Liudmyla Mykhailivna Bukharina Zaporizhzhia National University Department of Entrepreneurship Management of Organization and Logistics Zhukovsky str., 66, Zaporizhzhya, 69600 Ukraine e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Management Systems in Production Engineering de Gruyter

Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises for the Needs of Ecological Management

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de Gruyter
Copyright
© 2022 Halyna I. Kupalova et al., published by Sciendo
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2450-5781
DOI
10.2478/mspe-2022-0004
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Abstract

The article deals of assessing the competitiveness of enterprises in the confectionery industry to improve infor- mation and analytical support of ecological management. A unified methodology for assessing the competitive- ness of business entities in the context of ecological management has not yet been developed. The article pro- poses to assess the competitiveness of confectionery enterprises on the basis of an integral index. Its peculiarity is that, in addition to economic production, market characteristics, it also includes environmental ones, which reflect significant environmental aspects (air emissions and the formation of hazardous waste). Calculations were made and the results of the study were tested on the basis of the leading confectionery enterprises of Ukraine. This made it possible to identify among the studied set of enterprises leaders who improved economic results and strengthened their market positions by reducing anthropogenic impact on the environment, introducing ecolog- ical management and corporate social responsibility. Taking into account their successful experience will contrib- ute to the improvement of the ecological management system at other enterprises of the confectionery industry. Key words: ecological management, analysis, competitiveness, confectionery industry, information sup-port, en- vironmentally responsible business INTRODUCTION (GCI 4.0) are of scientific and practical interest in this re- In the modern conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolu- gard. In its calculations, a scoring scale was used, taking tion, the importance of studies of competitiveness at the into account 12 main parameters of long-term growth for macro and micro levels, in particular the economies of the following constituent structural blocks and their pa- countries, regions, business entities, and the like, is in- rameters: creasing. «Over the last decade, promotion of competi- I. Enabling Environment: Institutions, Infrastructure, ICT tiveness represents one of the central goals of economic adoption, Macroeconomic stability; policy of most of the countries. Moreover, in recent years, II. Human Capital: Health, Skills; the promotion of competitiveness has been seen as a way III. Markets: Product market, Labour market, Financial of achieving desirable changes in economy and society» system, Market size; [1]. Assessment of the competitiveness of national econ- IV. Innovation Ecosystem: Business dynamism, Innovation omies allows for the analysis of their advantages and capability (The Global Competitiveness Report, 2018; weaknesses. The results of assessing 141 countries of the 2019). world in terms of the level of competitiveness of their The ranking of the 39 countries of the first group accord- economies using the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 ing to the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 (GCI 4.0) for 28 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 2019 and its changes compared to 2018 are shown in Ta- mainly developed and are actively used to compare coun- ble 1. tries and regions. However, at the grassroots level i.e. the level of business entities, methodological approaches Table 1 have not yet been sufficiently developed. Therefore, now Distribution of countries with a high level of competitiveness the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises tak- according to the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 ing into account environmental indicators is especially rel- (GCI 4.0) in 2019 evant for enterprises engaged in foreign economic activ- Points Ranking Country Points ity. until until Ranking Country Many countries around the world are actively developing 2019 2018, 2019 2018, +/- +/- national environmental development strategies aimed at 1 Singapore 84.8 +1 21 Austria 76.6 +1 meeting global environmental commitments under the 2 United States 83.7 -1 22 Belgium 76.4 -1 Paris Agreement. It should be expected that in the near 3 Hong Kong 83.1 +4 23 Spain 75.3 +3 future environmental requirements and restrictions in re- SAR lation to enterprises - manufacturers and exporters of 4 Netherlands 82.4 +2 24 Ireland 75.1 -1 5 United products are expected to increase significantly On the one Switzerland 82.3 -1 25 Arab 75.0 +2 hand, this will create significant barriers for producers Emirates who do not pay due attention to environmental aspects in 6 Japan 82.3 -1 26 Iceland 74.7 -2 their economic activities. On the other hand, the market 7 Germany 81.8 -4 27 Malaysia 74.6 -2 conditions for businesses that develop and implement en- 8 Sweden 81.2 +1 28 China 73.9 - 9 United King- vironmental strategies will improve. Thus, the European 81.2 -1 29 Qatar 72.9 +1 dom Union is considering the possibility of introducing carbon 10 Denmark 81.2 - 30 Italy 71.5 +1 import regulations for Ukraine. This mechanism will make 11 Finland 80.2 - 31 Estonia 70.9 +1 it possible to display in the price of goods imported into 12 Taiwan, Czech Re- 80.2 +1 32 70.9 -3 China public the EU the volume of emissions of all greenhouse gases 13 Korea, Rep. 79.6 +2 33 Chile 70.5 - that were formed during the production process. That is, 14 Canada 79.6 -2 34 Portugal 70.4 - the carbon footprint of the product will be converted into 15 France 78.8 +2 35 Slovenia 70.2 - a carbon duty at the border. Thus, products manufactured 16 Saudi Australia 78.7 -2 36 70.0 +3 at enterprises with outdated resource-intensive technol- Arabia 17 Norway 78.1 -1 37 Poland 68.9 - ogies will rise in price and lose competitiveness [5]. 18 Luxembourg 77.0 +1 38 Malta 68.5 -2 In these conditions, the largest environmental and market 19 New Zealand 76.7 -1 39 Lithuania 68.4 +1 risks arise in export-oriented manufacturers, among 20 Israel 76.7 - which one can single out the enterprises of the confec- Source: The Global Competitiveness Report, 2018; 2019 [2, 3]. tionery industry, which may lose their competitive ad- vantages. To maintain market positions in foreign mar- Thus, the most powerful in comparison with other coun- kets, adapt to drastic changes in environmental and trade tries that have significant competitive advantages for regulation, it is important to analyze the impact of envi- functioning in modern conditions are the top ten coun- ronmental factors on the competitiveness of confection- tries: Singapore, United States, Hong Kong SAR, the Neth- ery enterprises, to identify problem areas for further so- erlands, Switzerland, Japan, Germany, Sweden, United lutions. Kingdom and Denmark. Unfortunately, Ukraine was in Thus, the urgent requirement of the time is to develop a 85th place (57 points) and worsened its position by 2 lev- methodology for assessing the competitiveness of confec- els (from 83rd place) compared to 2018. tionery enterprises, taking into account environmental Attention is drawn to the fact that, based on the materials factors. Identification of the most significant environmen- of the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report, one can ob- tal factors will allow timely implementation of measures serve the mutual influence of countries' competitiveness, to strengthen their competitive advantages. The scientific their economic growth and environmental sustainability. substantiation of such a methodology will contribute to Having discovered a similar trend in 2013, Despotovic D., the improvement of information and analytical support of Cvetanovic S., Nedic V., formulated a hypothesis about ecological management, increasing its efficiency and inte- the positive impact of the social and environmental blocks gration with other management subsystems. included in the Global Competitiveness Index on the com- The aim of the article is to improve the methodology for petitiveness of individual countries. Based on the results assessing the competitiveness of enterprises in the of a study of data from 34 countries, scientists have con- confectionery industry in terms of taking into account firmed that social parameters have an undeniable positive environmental aspects to improve information support impact on competitiveness. In this case, the influence of for ecological management and its implementation into environmental parameters is variable and requires fur- an integrated management system. In this paper the ther careful scientific study [4]. model including environmental factors for assessing the Thus, at the macro level, the methodological approaches competitiveness of confectionery industry was of comparative analysis and assessment of competitive- established. The described methodology was tested at ness, taking into account environmental factors, are five enterprises in Ukraine. H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 29 Methodological approaches to assessing the competitive- relational marketing [13]. The authors concluded that ness of confectionery enterprises are proposed, which al- enterprises that improve their environmental low taking into account not only economic indices, but performance create positive interactions with their also indices of anthropogenic impact on the environment stakeholders. (emissions of pollutants into the air, formation and recy- S. Chuang, S. Huang investigated the impact of cling of production waste, fines for violating environmen- environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) on tal legislation, costs of preventive measures to reduce the business competitiveness. After analyzing the data of 358 negative impact of production on the environment). The enterprises in Taiwan, scientists have found that the proposed approaches make it possible to influence envi- development and implementation of corporate social ronmental factors on the competitiveness of enterprises, responsibility has an important positive impact on green formulate priority environmental goals of environmental IT human capital, green IT structural capital and IT management, and determine competitive advantages in relational capital. They, in turn, have a positive effect on the course of implementing environmental policy. the competitiveness of enterprises [14]. The specifics of developing corporate social responsibility of enterprises LITERATURE REVIEW to increase their competitiveness were disclosed by U. Theoretical and methodological principles of assessing Andrusiv, J. Streimikis, O. Lyashenko, V. Yakubiv, M. Lyzun, the competitiveness of enterprises, taking into account M. Ali, A. Jaharadak [15, 16]. the impact of environmental factors on their activities The scientists paid special attention to the substantiation have been the subject of research by many scientists. A. of the factors affecting the competitiveness of Balkyte, М. Tvaronavieiene, S. Stavropoulos, R. Wall, Y. enterprises, taking into account the technical and Xu, A. Kasztelan and others in their studies outlined the economic parameters of production, the intensity of importance and problems of assessing the competitive- anthropogenic impact, the potential for increasing the ness of economic entities in the context of sustainable environmental safety of products [17, 18, 19]. W. Zhao, H. economic development [1, 5, 6, 7]. The complexity of Zhang found that the competitiveness of the local competitive growth of economic entities taking into ac- agricultural eco-brand is influenced by the state of the count the strengthening of environmental factors was environment in the region, the activities of the industrial considered in detail by M. Porter and others [8, 9, 10]. cluster and the initiative of stakeholders [20]. Agreeing X. Cheng, R. Hong, C. Li argue that the traditional regional with the obtained results, meanwhile, we note that the competitiveness assessment system pays too much atten- study does not take into account other, no less important tion to economic performance. Its application does not al- factors, namely natural and recreational support, the low to fully assess regional competitiveness. To solve this activity of enterprises to reduce anthropogenic impact, problem, scientists have proposed to use the green com- and others. F. Belz and H. Hugenschmidt made a petitiveness index. This integral index includes indices of comparative analysis of existing environmental problems the competitiveness of natural resources, the competi- and their impact on the competitiveness of the food and tiveness of the ecological environment and energy con- transport industries in Switzerland [21]. By constructing a sumption, economic and social sustainable competitive- "matrix of environmental problems" and a "matrix of ness, as well as the competitiveness of human health [11]. environmental rates", the authors found that competition For government regulation and strategic management, is affected by environmental problems. Scientists have the assessment of competitiveness, taking into account concluded that in order to be prepared for environmental the environmental factors of individual industries and en- change, companies must develop strategies that meet not terprises, is equally important. Their competitiveness cer- only economic but also environmental requirements. tainly affects the place of the country in the global com- A separate area of research is the substantiation of new petitive ranking, and, in fact, determines it. and improvement of existing methods for assessing com- The introduction of strict restrictions on the use of natural petitiveness, incl. by taking into account environmental resources and anthropogenic impact on the environment, factors. the growth of stakeholder requirements for the A. Obikhod, O. Ambrosenko substantiated the methodo- environmental friendliness of products at all stages of the logical foundations for assessing the competitive environ- life cycle increase the influence of environmental factors mental potential of the regions, taking into account the on the activities and competitiveness of enterprises. problems of environmental safety [22]. Scientists have Numerous scientific studies prove that the proposed integral indicators of natural and anthropogenic implementation of an active environmental policy threats, built a competitive rating of the regions of contributes to the formation of competitive economic, Ukraine. However, this technique is difficult to apply to financial and market advantages for enterprises [12]. specific business entities due to the irrelevance of the ob- Scientists M. Larrán, J. Madueño, D. María, P. Sancho, by ject and analysis indicators. modeling structural equations based on 481 small and J. Fahy proposed an analysis of competitive advantages medium enterprises from southern Spain, found that based on the resource approach [23]. The author devel- environmental performance has a positive, direct and oped a resource model of global sustainable competitive significant impact on the competitiveness of companies, advantage (GSCA), which he tested on the materials of in- as well as on the intermediary effects of image and 30 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 dividual enterprises in the automotive industry. The pro- A practical tool for the implementation of the identified posed methodology is of great theoretical and methodo- priority areas of environmental activities is ecological logical significance for the analysis of the competitive po- management, where they acquire a quantitative dimen- sitions of firms in global production chains. However, the sion in the form of environmental goals and objectives author ignores environmental indicators, such as waste (Fig. 1). management, CO emissions, etc. Assessment 2 Identification of priority areas of competitiveness taking of environmental activities that will M. Heriyantoa, A. Febriana, T. Handokob and Syofianc into account environmental ensure sustainable economic indices development, strategic market substantiated the application of structural equation mod- and economic indices Strat egic eling (SEM) methods to develop an environmental strat- planning Identification of economic egy to create innovations and competitive advantages of and environmental Environmental goals palm oil producers [24]. Thus, the scientists noted the pro- advantages and objectives of the encological and disadvantages management system duction and environmental features of this type of activ- Fig. 1 Assessment of the competitiveness of the confectionery ity. However, the weak point of this method is the need industry enterprises, taking into account environmental indices for complex mathematical calculations using specially de- for the needs of strategic planning and ecological management signed software. M. López-Gamero, J. Molina-Azorín combined two theo- The need to identify the environmental aspects of the en- ries – the institutional theory and the resource method to terprises of the confectionery industry, to determine the study the influence of external (voluntary norms and most significant of them is due to a variety of environmen- stakeholders) and internal factors (company resources) tal factors, their versatile influence. Environmental aspect on gaining competitive advantages by the enterprise [25]. as "an element of an organization's activities, products or Despite the conducted researches, the received scientific services that can interact with the environment" is de- results are not enough for the analysis of the competitive- fined by the international standard ISO 14001. The envi- ness of enterprises, taking into account the of confection- ronmental aspect is important as it significantly affects ery industry characteristics, the urgent problems of envi- the environment. Managing such aspects in the ecological ronmental management. There is no information on the management system would lead to the best environmen- confectionery industry in the literature. O. Gorb, I. Yas- tal, economic and financial results. nolob, N. Protsiuk determined that adaptation to interna- The environmental aspects of the confectionery industry tional environmental standards is one of the important enterprises may include: challenges for maintaining the competitive position of − emissions of pollutants into the air; Ukrainian enterprises in connection with entering interna- − discharges of pollutants into water bodies; tional markets [26]. − waste generation, recycling; − use of raw materials, water, energy; METHODOLOGY − noise pollution, dust and other visible pollution (Fig. In the context of promoting the ideas of environmentally 2). responsible business, the consumption of high-quality and safe food, buyers prefer manufacturers who imple- ment an active environmental policy, develop and market environmentally friendly products, implement projects in the field of environmental restoration and preservation. Thus, for the enterprises of the confectionery industry, environmental factors act as an important reserve for the formation and strengthening of competitive advantages in the development and implementation of various com- petitive strategies, in particular, strategies for "price lead- ership", "strengthening market positions", "product de- velopment". In the management system of confectionery enterprises, the assessment of competitiveness, taking into account environmental indices, is of information and analytical im- Fig. 2 Environmental aspects of production activities of confec- portance for strategic planning and ecological manage- tionery enterprises ment. In strategic management, such an assessment al- lows to determine the priority areas of environmental ac- Depending on the ability to manage and control, the envi- tivities of the enterprise, which will provide environmen- ronmental aspects of the confectionery industry can be tal as well as market-economic competitive advantages. divided into two groups – direct and indirect. Direct envi- That is, it will contribute to a synergistic environmental ronmental aspects are those that the enterprise can con- and economic effect. trol. Indirect aspects include aspects over which enter- prises do not have full control (Table 2). H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 31 Table 2 Assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises in the Groups of environmental aspects in the direction of influence confectionery industry, taking into account environmen- and control at confectionery enterprises tal factors, organizationally provides for the implementa- Direct influence Indirect influence tion of the following stages: Emissions of pollutants into Environmental externalities 1. Identification of a set of economic, market and pro- the air duction indices that form the competitive advantages Discharges of pollutants into Concentration of pollutants of enterprises in the market and are included in the water bodies in the air assessment of competitiveness. Production waste, its pro- Water quality for industrial 2. Determination of significant environmental aspects of cessing and recycling needs the industry, taking into account environmental and Use of raw materials and en- Local environmental crises ergy technological features, urgent environmental prob- Use of mobile sources of air Unauthorized landfills lems. pollution of household and industrial 3. Calculation of the integral index of competitiveness. waste near the territory of the 4. Comprehensive assessment of the level of competi- enterprise tiveness of the enterprise, taking into account the in- Environmental emergencies Groundwater pollution fluence of each of the characteristics on the integral Environmentally harmful pack- Decrease in water supply index. aging of finished products, in the region 5. Determining the strengths and weaknesses of enter- packaging recycling, packaging prises in comparison with competitors. during transportation 6. Assessment of the influence of all characteristics among themselves, that is, how much each of them For qualitative and quantitative assessment of direct en- affects the other, in order to ensure effective manage- vironmental aspects, it is advisable to use the following ment. indices (Table 3). Schematically, the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises in the confectionery industry can be displayed Table 3 as follows (Fig. 3). Indices that characterize the environmental aspects of the confectionery industry Environmental Index aspect Water consump- Water consumption for production needs, tion thousand m Water consumption for general production needs, thousand m Water consumption by individual structural di- visions, thousand m Energy con- Electricity consumption, thousand kWh sumption Thermal energy consumption, thousand Gcal Natural gas consumption, thousand m Consumption of renewable energy sources, thousand tons of oil equivalent Consumption Consumption of raw materials used by the of raw materials type of recovery (renewable/non-renewable), t and resources Fig. 3 Structural and logical scheme of a comprehensive assess- Environmental Number of chemicals used in production ment of the competitiveness of confectionery enterprises in impact, health by type, t, kg, l Ukraine, taking into account environmental factors of people/work- Volume of hazardous substances used by ers when using types, t, kg, l When determining the significant environmental aspects chemicals of enterprises in the confectionery industry, it is necessary Emissions Volume and hazard level of pollutants emitted to take into account the following main criteria: impact on of pollutants into the air, t, class the environment, requirements of stakeholders, require- into Over-limit volumes of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere the air, t ments of legislation and other governing bodies (Fig. 4). Share of cleaning pollutants in emissions,% Discharges Volume and hazard level of pollutants dis- of pollutants charged into water bodies into water bod- by type, t, class ies Over-limit volumes of pollutants discharged into water bodies, t Share of cleaning pollutants in discharges,% Waste manage- Volume, level and hazard class of waste ment operations by type, t Share of waste reuse,% 32 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 health of employees of an enterprise and threatens labor safety conditions should be of paramount importance. A three-point assessment system is also used here: 1 – the issue does not concern the interests of interested parties, 2 – the issue will concern the interests of the parties in the near future, 3 – the issue directly concerns the interests of the parties at the present time. 3. Requirements of legislation and other governing bod- ies (L) In this methodology, the legally regulated aspect is con- sidered significant by default, since ISO 14001 requires compliance with the legislation, therefore it is necessary to ensure constant control and monitoring of this aspect. Here, a 20-point scale is used: 0 – the aspect is not regulated by legislation, Fig. 4 Methodical approaches to the definition of significant en- 10 – the aspect is regulated by legislation and the com- vironmental aspects in the ecological management of confec- pany meets its requirements, tionery enterprises 20 – the aspect is regulated by legislation, but the com- pany does not meet its requirements. The assessment of the significance of the impact on the Taking into account the above designation, the calculation environment is carried out according to the three above of the significance of environmental aspects is carried out criteria. according to the formula: 1. Impact on the environment 𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝐴 𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑐𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼 × 𝑃𝑟 × 𝐷 × 𝑆𝑡 + 𝐿 (1) а) The scale of the impact (I) or the magnitude of the im- Significant environmental aspects determined according pact on the environment is usually assessed on a three- to the results of preliminary analysis are included in the point scale: matrix of indices (primary data) to assess competitive- 1 – small volumes of emissions/discharges into the envi- ness. In addition to them, the matrix preliminarily includes ronment, economic and market indices 2 – average volumes, (X1, ... .m) (Table 4). 3 – significant (large) volumes. b) Probability of a problem (Pr) or frequency of impact. Table 4 Impact rates are used to assess normal operating condi- Matrix of economic, market and environmental indices tions, and the likelihood of a problem occurring for poten- of enterprises of the confectionery industry tially hazardous situations. The frequency of impact is also Competing Characteristics assessed on a three-point scale: enterprises 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 1 2 3 𝑚 1 – low frequency (impact occurs infrequently), 1 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 11 12 13 1𝑚 2 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 2 – average frequency (impact occurs sometimes, several 21 22 23 2𝑚 3 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 times a year), 31 32 33 3𝑚 … … … … … 𝑖𝑗 3 – high frequency (regular or continuous impact). n 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 Probability of a problem is assessed on a three-point 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 𝑛 3 scale: Indices in Table 5 have different units of measurement. To 1 – low probability (a problem is unlikely), bring all indices into a commensurate look, the primary 2 – medium probability (a problem may arise), matrix of indices must be transformed into a matrix of rel- 3 – high probability (there is a real threat of a problem oc- ative (dimensionless) indices (Table 6) using the formulas: curring at any time). min 𝑋 𝑖𝑗 c) Danger (D) – how dangerous is the potential impact on 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 ⁄ (2) 𝑋 = , 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 the environment under consideration. Some aspects can 𝑖𝑗 have dangerous consequences for it. For example, leaks 𝑋 = 𝑖𝑗 (3) max 𝑋 𝑖𝑗 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 of various chemicals that not only disrupt the balance of where: the ecosystem but also threaten the health of workers, 𝑋 is a dimensionless value of the characteristic; can reduce the quality of drinking water, and the like. As 𝑋 is an absolute natural value of the characteristic; well as other indices, danger is estimated on a tribal scale: 1 – low danger, min 𝑋 , max 𝑋 is the minimum or maximum value of 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 1≤𝑖 ≤𝑛 2 – average danger, the characteristics of competing enterprises; 3 – high danger. 𝑛 is the number of analyzed objects of research (compet- 2. Stakeholder Requirements (St) ing enterprises); Aspects concerning stakeholder interests are also consid- 𝑚 is the number of characteristics that are common to all ered significant. For example, an aspect that affects the objects; 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑛𝑚 H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 33 𝑖 is an ordinal number of the object under analysis; It is advisable to reflect the significance of each of the 𝑗 is a number of characteristic that is common to all ob- characteristics in the form of the following Table (Table 7). jects. Table 7 Thus, we obtain a matrix of normalized values of the char- Determining the coefficients of significance acteristics of competing enterprises (Table 5). of the characteristics of competing enterprises Characteristics Entropy Significance Table 5 𝑋 𝐸 Matrix of normalized values of the characteristics 𝐾 1 1 of competing enterprises 𝑋 𝐸 2 2 2 Competing Characteristics 𝑋 𝐸 3 3 enterprises 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 1 2 3 𝑚 … . . . 1 1 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝐸 11 13 1𝑚 𝐾 𝑚 𝑚 2 1 𝑋 𝑋 … 1 Total 1 22 23 3 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 31 32 33 3𝑚 Taking into account a number of ecological management … … … … … 𝑖𝑗 factors in the characteristics of enterprises whose com- n 1 … 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 petitiveness is being considered, the proposed model will In order to calculate the internal significance for each make it possible to determine the significance of such fac- characteristic the formula presented below was used. The tors (their influence on competitiveness) and form the fi- formula allows to calculate the share of each object in the nal comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of 𝑛𝑡𝑖 corresponding characteristic (𝐹 ): each enterprise (𝐶 ), calculated by the formula: 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚 𝑋 ∑ 𝐶 = 𝑋 ∙ 𝐾 (8) 𝑖𝑗 𝑖 𝑗 =1 𝑖𝑗 𝑗 𝐹 = ⁄ (4) 𝑖𝑗 ∑ 𝑋 𝑖𝑗 𝑖 =1 where: where: 𝐾 are the calculated indices of the significance of each 𝑋 stands for dimensionless values of characteristics, characteristic; which are determined depending on the optimal value of 𝑋 are the dimensionless normalized values of character- the corresponding characteristic; istics. ∑ 𝑋 is the sum of dimensionless values of character- The results of calculations to determine the level of com- 𝑖 =1 istics for all enterprises for each of the characteristics. petitiveness of all enterprises operating in the market are The calculation of the importance of each enterprise in given in Table 8. the studied characteristic is made on the basis of a matrix Table 8 of dimensionless indices. Its results are shown in Table 6. Parameters for assessing the level of competitiveness Table 6 of competing companies The share of each enterprise in the characteristics Normalized values of the competitiveness of enterprises of parameters Level of competitiveness Competing Characteristics of competitiveness Com- enterprises of enterprises 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 1 2 3 𝑚 petitors 1 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 in relation 11 12 13 1𝑚 in relation 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 … 𝑋 to the market 2 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 1 2 3 𝑚 21 22 23 2𝑚 to the ideal average 3 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 31 32 33 3𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡 … … … … 𝐹 … 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 1 1 … 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 11 13 1𝑚 n 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 … 𝐹 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 𝑛 3 Total: 1 1 1 1 1 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 2 1 … 1 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 22 23 2 𝑖𝑛𝑡 Based on the share of each of the characteristics calcu- 𝑖𝑛𝑡 lated in Table 7, we determine the internal (functional) 𝑖𝑛𝑡 3 … ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝐶 31 32 33 3𝑚 3 𝑖𝑛𝑡 significance. To calculate the coefficient of internal signif- icance, first we calculate the value of entropy (Ej) by the … … … … … … … 𝑖𝑗 formula: 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑛 𝑛 n 1 … 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑛 1 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝐸 = − ∙ 𝐹 ln 𝐹 (5) 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑗 𝑖 =1 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 ln 𝑛 Internal (functional) significance 𝑘 is defined as: Signifi- … – – 𝐾 𝐾 𝐾 𝐾 1 2 3 𝑚 cance 𝑘 = 1 − 𝐸 (6) 𝑗 𝑗 The average value of competitive- 𝑖𝑛𝑡 The share of the corresponding index of each competing 𝑖 =1 𝑛 ness enterprise in a certain characteristic (the coefficient of sig- 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝐶 ) nificance of the characteristic – K ) is calculated for each characteristic as: Further, the general complex index of the competitive- 𝐾 = 𝑗 𝑚 (7) ness of confectionery enterprises is determined, the ∑ 𝑘 𝑗 =1 structure of the significance of factors is formed and the 𝑛𝑚 𝑛𝑚 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑛𝑚 34 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2022, Volume 30, Issue 1 polygon of competitiveness is built, taking into account all − Environmental policy. Each of the enterprises has de- factors and their significance for each enterprise. veloped an environmental policy, which provides for the implementation of various measures to reduce an- RESULTS thropogenic impact, increase environmental safety at The proposed methodology for assessing the competitive- all stages of the product life cycle. ness of confectionery enterprises, taking into account en- They cover over 50% of the confectionery market. Eco- vironmental factors, has been tested at the most powerful nomic and environmental indices of the analyzed enter- confectionery enterprises in Ukraine: PJSC "Production prises for 2014-2018 are given in Table 9. Association" KONTI, "Vinnytsia Confectionery Factory", In view of the fact that the indices have different units of PJSC Kremenchug confectionery factory "ROSHEN", PJSC measurement, we will carry out the calculations to obtain "Kyiv confectionery factory" ROSHEN, PJSC "Confection- commensurate values given in the matrix of normalized ery factory" AVK "Dnepropetrovsk". These enterprises values (Table 10). were selected taking into account the following criteria: Given the previous methodology, in Table 11 shows a − Market position. These enterprises occupy up to 70% complex assessment of the level of competitiveness of of the domestic confectionery market, providing al- confectionery enterprises in Ukraine in 2018. most 2/3 of confectionery exports abroad. Table 9 Natural economic and environmental indices of confectionery enterprises in Ukraine, 2014-2018, mln. UAH* Pollutants emit- Extremely Little and Carbon diox- Net income The cost ted into the at- and highly moderately Aggregate ide emitted Enterprise Year from sales of goods Equity mosphere (ex- hazardous hazardous liabilities into the at- of products sold cept carbon diox- waste gen- waste gen- mosphere, t ide), t erated, t erated, t A B X X X X X X X X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2014 3393.1 2386.1 1292.1 1743.1 18.7 10687.3 11.4 2420.4 2015 3554.2 2401.1 1289.9 2313.4 12.77 10662.0 22.7 693.9 PJSC Production Association 2016 2616.3 1724.7 1299.6 2349.3 11.6 6302.8 0.9 715.1 "KONTI" 2017 1499.6 1082.1 1367.1 1540.7 9.5 6379.2 1.7 753.2 2018 1004.3 758.1 935.2 1488.5 8.0 5107.6 4.2 799.6 2014 510.5 381.3 676.3 155.5 50.9 14101.8 3.9 2402.9 2015 641.0 431.3 1618.3 1692.6 49.6 16316.6 4.3 2202.1 PJSC "Vinnytsia Confectionery 2016 674.5 481.1 1933.9 1611.9 46.4 14981.6 3.0 2202.1 Factory" 2017 703.4 638.5 4004.6 141.6 56.6 14356.9 3.7 1889.7 2018 751.0 690.7 4007.5 327.5 55.4 13511.5 3.7 2036.4 2014 189.9 174.1 92.9 132.1 19.0 6721.9 0.7 530.6 2015 157.2 140.8 90.1 111.9 15.0 6721.9 1.1 463.6 PJSC Kremenchug confection- 2016 120.0 112.6 84.7 91.6 14.9 6721.9 0.9 461.8 ery factory "ROSHEN" 2017 179.7 160.7 87.0 223.0 15.1 6791.4 4.6 619.4 2018 183.7 167.9 86.3 344.3 16.1 7295.8 2.3 696.1 2014 671.6 625.6 197.7 294.6 30.1 14581.1 5.5 8983.3 2015 497.6 456.0 484.6 332.8 25.0 13750.2 2.5 10211.1 PJSC Kyiv confectionery 2016 294.4 256.2 519.4 264.9 19.2 11075.5 1.2 3644.4 factory "ROSHEN" 2017 250.5 215.8 530.4 174.6 18.9 10721.3 0.7 2828.8 2018 232.3 204.3 535.2 1238 18.0 10100.0 1.1 2579.9 2014 388.4 353.5 156.3 84.6 62.1 8032.5 2.8 1231.8 PJSC 2015 338.4 305.8 185.5 50.1 37.1 7194.3 1.0 1197.4 "Confectionery 2016 310.7 287.6 182.9 152.6 29.1 5744.4 0.2 377.8 factory" AVK 2017 434.2 413.3 183.6 13.5 27.9 5722.9 0.2 657.9 "Dnepropetrovsk" 2018 822.6 753.6 184.6 332.7 36.6 6476.4 0.3 649.4 * UAH – national currency of Ukraine – grivna Source: Given by the authors based on statistical and financial reporting of confectionery enterprises. H. I. KUPALOVA et al. – Assessment of Competitiveness of Confectionery Enterprises… 35 Table 10 Normalized economic and environmental indices of confectionery enterprises, 2014-2018, mln. UAH Carbon dioxide Extremely Little and mod- Net income The cost Pollutants emitted into Aggregate emitted and highly haz- erately hazard- Enterprise Year from sales of goods Equity the atmosphere (except liabilities into the atmos- ardous waste ous waste gen- of products sold carbon dioxide), t phere, t generated, t erated, t A B X X X X X X X X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PJSC 2014 1.00 0.07 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.63 0.06 0.22 Production Associ- 2015 1.00 0.06 0.80 0.02 1.00 0.63 0.05 0.07 ation 2016 1.00 0.07 0.67 0,04 1.00 091 0.19 0.53 "KONTI" 2017 1.00 0.15 0.34 0,01 1.00 0.90 0.09 0.82 2018 1.00 0.22 023 0.08 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.81 PJSC 2014 0.15 0.46 0.52 0.05 0.37 0.48 0.18 0.22 "Vinnytsia Confec- 2015 0.18 0.33 1.00 0.03 0.26 0.41 0.24 0.21 tionery Factory" 2016 0.26 0.23 1.00 0.06 0.25 0.38 0.05 0.17 2017 0.47 0.25 1.00 0.10 0.17 0.40 0.04 0.33 2018 0.75 0.24 1.00 0.38 0.15 0.38 0.09 0.32 PJSC 2014 0.06 1.00 0.07 0.64 098 1.00 1.00 1.00 Kremenchug con- 2015 0.04 1.00 0.06 0.45 0.85 1.00 0.96 1.00 fectionery factory 2016 0.05 1.00 0.04 1.00 0.77 0.85 0.18 0.82 "ROSHEN" 2017 0.12 1.00 0.02 0.06 0.63 0.84 0.03 1.00 2018 0.18 1.00 0.02 0.36 0.50 0.70 0.14 0.93 PJSC 2014 0.20 0.28 0.15 0.29 0.62 0.46 0.13 0.06 Kyiv confectionery 2015 0.14 0.31 0.30 0.15 0.51 0.49 0.41 0.05 factory "ROSHEN" 2016 0.11 0.44 0.27 0.35 0.60 0.52 0.13 0.10 2017 0.17 0.74 0.13 0.08 0.50 0.53 0.21 0.22 2018 0.23 0.82 0.13 1.00 0.45 0.51 0.31 0.25 PJSC "Confection- 2014 0.11 0.49 0.12 1.00 0.30 0.84 0.25 0.43 ery factory" AVK 2015 0.10 0.46 0.11 1.00 0.34 0.93 1.00 0.39 "Dnepropetrovsk" 2016 0.12 0.39 0.09 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 2017 0.29 0.39 0.05 1.00 0.34 1.00 1.00 0.94 2018 0.82 0.22 0.05 0.37 0.22 0.79 1.00 1.00 Source: Given by the authors based on statistical and financial reporting of confectionery enterprises. Table 11 Matrix of complex assessment of the level of competitiveness of confectionery enterprises of Ukraine, 2018 Level Normalized characteristic values of competitiveness Net income The cost Extremely Little and from sales of goods Pollutants Carbon di- In rela- In relation Name of enterprise and highly moderately of products sold Aggregate emitted into oxide emit- tion to to the av- Equity hazardous hazardous (goods, (goods, liabilities the atmos- ted into the the erage waste gen- waste gen- works, ser- works, phere* atmosphere ideal value erated erated vices) services) PJSC Production Association 1.00 0.22 0.23 0.08 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.81 0.37 0.91 "KONTI" PJSC "Vinnytsia Confectionery Fac- 0.75 0.24 1.00 0.38 0.15 0.38 0.09 0.32 0.50 1.23 tory" PJSC Kremenchug confectionery 0.18 1.00 0.02 0.36 0.50 0.70 0.14 0.93 0.31 0.77 factory "ROSHEN" PJSC Kyiv confectionery factory 0.23 0.82 0.13 1.00 0.45 0.51 0.31 0.25 0.39 0.96 "ROSHEN" PJSC "Confectionery factory" AVK 0.82 0.22 0.05 0.37 0.22 0.79 1.00 1.00 0.46 1.14 "Dnepropetrovsk" Entropy of the characteristic 0.89 0.86 0.58 0.86 0.88 0.97 0.70 0.92 - - (𝐸 ) Functional weight of the char- 0.11 0.14 0.42 0.14 0.12 0.03 0.30 0.08 - - acteristic (𝑘 ) Significance of the characteris- 0.08 0.10 0.31 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.22 0.06 - - tic (𝐾 ) * Except carbon dioxide Source: Сalculated by the authors based on statistical and financial reporting of confectionery enterprises. 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Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.005 Halyna Ivanivna Kupalova Nataliia Volodimirivna Goncharenkо Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Department of Environmental Management Department of Environmental Management and Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine e-mail: prof.galina@gmail.com e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net Tatyana Mikolaivna Artyukh Kateryna Anatoliivna Demіanenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Rivne State University for the Humanities Department of Environmental Management Department of Economic Theory and Entrepreneurship Stepan Bandera Street 12, 33028 Rivne, Ukraine Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net Liudmyla Mykhailivna Bukharina Zaporizhzhia National University Department of Entrepreneurship Management of Organization and Logistics Zhukovsky str., 66, Zaporizhzhya, 69600 Ukraine e-mail: nota7sha@ukr.net

Journal

Management Systems in Production Engineeringde Gruyter

Published: Mar 1, 2022

Keywords: ecological management; analysis; competitiveness; confectionery industry; information sup-port; environmentally responsible business

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