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Copper Deficiency in Infants: A Syndrome Characterized by Hypocupremia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, and

Copper Deficiency in Infants: A Syndrome Characterized by Hypocupremia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, and Abstract Introduction Low serum copper concentrations are characteristic of the newborn infant * and are known to occur in nephrosis,† in sprue,7 and in the hepatolenticular degenerative disorder of Wilson.‡ In addition, Zurukzoglu-Sklavounou in Switzerland,11 Stransky in the Phillipine Islands12 and Axtrup in Sweden,13 although attaching little or no significance to the findings, have published data indicating the sporadic occurrence of hypocupremia in infants with hypochromic, microcytic anemia. On the other hand, it is generally concluded that the serum copper concentration is normal or elevated in iron deficiency anemia and data supporting this position have been reported by Axtrup,13 Brenner,14 Freudenberg,15 and by Lahey and co-workers,9 as well as by the previously cited authors.§Infants maintained on nearly exclusive milk diets are likely to develop a microcytic, hypochromic anemia typical of iron deficiency and closely resembling the anemia produced in swine by copper-deficient diets.‖ References 1. Brenner, W.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Eisen- und Kupferstoffwechsels im Kindesalter: 1. Mitteilung: Die Eisen- and Kupfer-Kurve im Serum normaler Kinder , Ztschr. Kinderh. 65:727-748, 1948.Crossref 2. Fay, J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin, Serum Iron, Serum Iron-Binding Capacity and Plasma Copper During Normal Pregnancy , J. Clin. Invest. 28:487-491, 1949.Crossref 3. Lesné, E.; Zizine, P., and Briskas, S. B.: Note sur les variations du cuivre dans le sang des enfants normaux aux différents âges , Compte. rend. Soc. Biol. 121:1582-1583, 1936. 4. Sturgeon, P.: Studies of Iron Requirements in Infants and Children: I. Normal Values for Serum Iron, Copper and Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin , Pediatrics 13:107-124, 1954. 5. Krebs, H. A.: Über das Kupfer im menschlichen Blutserum , Klin. Wchnschr. 7:584-585, 1928.Crossref 6. Cartwright, G. E.; Gubler, C. J., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: XI. Copper and Iron Metabolism in the Nephrotic Syndrone , J. Clin. Invest. 33:685-698, 1954.Crossref 7. Cartwright, G. E.: The Relationship of Copper, Cobalt, and Other Trace Elements to Hemopoiesis , Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 3:11-19, 1955. 8. Bearn, A. G., and Kunkel, H. G.: Biochemical Abnormalities in Wilson's Disease , abstracted, T. Clin. Invest. 31:616, 1952. 9. Lahey, M. E.; Gubler, C. J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: VII. Blood Copper in Pregnancy and Various Pathologic States , J. Clin. Invest. 32:329-339, 1953.Crossref 10. Bush, J. A.; Mahoney, J. P.; Markowitz, H.; Gubler, C. J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: XVI. Radioactive Copper Studies in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Hepatolenticular Degeneration , J. Clin. Invest. 34:1766-1778, 1955.Crossref 11. Zurukzoglu-Sklavounou, S.: Hypochrome Anämie im Kindesalter: Studie auf Grund von 373 Fällen , Helvet. paediat. acta 8:251-275, 1953. 12. Stransky, E.; Dauis-Lawas, D. T., and Lawas, I. L.: On Serum Copper Level and Its Importance in Childhood , Ann. pædiat. 179:1-11, 1952. 13. Axtrup, S.: The Blood Copper in Anaemias of Children with Special Reference to Premature Cases , Lund, Sweden, P. H. Lindstedt Universitets Bokhandel, 1946. 14. Brenner, W.: Beiträge zum Eisen- and Kupferstoffwechsel im Kindesalter. 3. Mitteilung , Ztschr. Kinderh. 66:299-318, 1949.Crossref 15. Freudenberg, E.: Alimentäre Anaemien im Säuglingsalter , Ann. pædiat. 169:163-192, 1947. 16. Lahey, M. E.; Gubler, C. J.; Chase, M. S.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: II. Hematologic Manifestations of Copper Deficiency in Swine , Blood 7:1053-1074, 1952. 17. Cartwright, G. E.; Gubler, C. J.; Bush, J. A., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: XVII. Further Observations on the Anemia of Copper Deficiency in Swine , Blood 11:143-153, 1956. 18. Macy, I. G.; Kelley, H., and Sloan, R.: The Composition of Milks: A Compilation of the Comparative Composition and Properties of Human, Cow and Goat Milk, Colostrum and Transitional Milk , Bull. 119, National Research Council, January, 1950. 19. Brenner, W.: Die Bedeutung des Kupfers in Biologie und Pathologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des wachsenden Organismus , Ergebn. inn. Med. u. Kinderh. 4:806-974, 1953. 20. Bush, J. A.: The Role of Trace Elements in Hemopoiesis and in the Therapy of Anemia , Pediatrics 17:586-595, 1956. 21. Gubler, C. J.; Lahey, M. E.; Ashenbrucker, H.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: I. A Method for the Determination of Copper in Whole Blood, Red Blood Cells, and Plasma , J. Biol. Chem. 196:209-220, 1952. 22. Hamilton, L. D.; Gubler, C. J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Diurnal Variation in Plasma Iron Level of Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 75:65-68, 1950. 23. Rath, C. E., and Finch, C. A.: Chemical, Clinical, and Immunological Studies on Products of Human Plasma Fractionation: XXXVII. Serum Iron Transport; Measurement of Iron-Binding Capacity of Serum in Man , J. Clin. Invest. 28:79-85, 1949.Crossref 24. Grinstein, M., and Watson, C. J.: Studies of Protoporphyrin: III. Photoelectric Methods for Quantitative Determination of Protoporphyrin in Blood , J. Biol. Chem. 147:675-684, 1943. 25. Kingsley, G. R.: The Direct Biuret Method for the Determination of Serum Proteins as Applied to Photoelectric and Visual Colorimetry , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 27:840-845, 1942. 26. Gubler, C. J.; Lahey, M. E.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: X. Factors Influencing the Plasma Copper Level of the Albino Rat , Am. J. Physiol. 171:652-658, 1952. 27. Marston, H. R.: Cobalt, Copper and Molybdenum in the Nutrition of Animals and Plants , Physiol. Rev. 32:66-121, 1952. 28. Scheinberg, I. H., and Gitlin, D.: Deficiency of Ceruloplasmin in Patients with Hepatolenticular Degeneration (Wilson's Disease) , Science 116:484-485, 1952. 29. Gubler, C. J.; Lahey, M. E.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: IX. The Transportation of Copper in Blood , J. Clin. Invest. 32:405-414, 1953. 30. Van Wyk, J. J.; Baxter, J. H.; Akeroyd, J. H., and Motulsky, A. G.: The Anemia of Copper Deficiency in Dogs Compared with That Produced by Iron Deficiency , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 93:41-49, 1953. 31. Sturgeon, P.: Iron Metabolism: A Review with Special Considerations on Iron Requirements in Normal Infancy , Pediatrics 18:267-298, 1956. 32. Roadhouse, C. L., and Henderson, J. L.: The Market Milk Industry , New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1941. 33. De Vries, S. I.: De betekenis van koper bij de behandeling van tegen ijzer refractaire hypochrome anaemie , Nederl. tijdschr. geneesk. 96:611-619, 1952. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children American Medical Association

Copper Deficiency in Infants: A Syndrome Characterized by Hypocupremia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, and

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References (36)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1956 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6916
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.1956.02060030248002
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Low serum copper concentrations are characteristic of the newborn infant * and are known to occur in nephrosis,† in sprue,7 and in the hepatolenticular degenerative disorder of Wilson.‡ In addition, Zurukzoglu-Sklavounou in Switzerland,11 Stransky in the Phillipine Islands12 and Axtrup in Sweden,13 although attaching little or no significance to the findings, have published data indicating the sporadic occurrence of hypocupremia in infants with hypochromic, microcytic anemia. On the other hand, it is generally concluded that the serum copper concentration is normal or elevated in iron deficiency anemia and data supporting this position have been reported by Axtrup,13 Brenner,14 Freudenberg,15 and by Lahey and co-workers,9 as well as by the previously cited authors.§Infants maintained on nearly exclusive milk diets are likely to develop a microcytic, hypochromic anemia typical of iron deficiency and closely resembling the anemia produced in swine by copper-deficient diets.‖ References 1. Brenner, W.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Eisen- und Kupferstoffwechsels im Kindesalter: 1. Mitteilung: Die Eisen- and Kupfer-Kurve im Serum normaler Kinder , Ztschr. Kinderh. 65:727-748, 1948.Crossref 2. Fay, J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin, Serum Iron, Serum Iron-Binding Capacity and Plasma Copper During Normal Pregnancy , J. Clin. Invest. 28:487-491, 1949.Crossref 3. Lesné, E.; Zizine, P., and Briskas, S. B.: Note sur les variations du cuivre dans le sang des enfants normaux aux différents âges , Compte. rend. Soc. Biol. 121:1582-1583, 1936. 4. Sturgeon, P.: Studies of Iron Requirements in Infants and Children: I. Normal Values for Serum Iron, Copper and Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin , Pediatrics 13:107-124, 1954. 5. Krebs, H. A.: Über das Kupfer im menschlichen Blutserum , Klin. Wchnschr. 7:584-585, 1928.Crossref 6. Cartwright, G. E.; Gubler, C. J., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: XI. Copper and Iron Metabolism in the Nephrotic Syndrone , J. Clin. Invest. 33:685-698, 1954.Crossref 7. Cartwright, G. E.: The Relationship of Copper, Cobalt, and Other Trace Elements to Hemopoiesis , Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 3:11-19, 1955. 8. Bearn, A. G., and Kunkel, H. G.: Biochemical Abnormalities in Wilson's Disease , abstracted, T. Clin. Invest. 31:616, 1952. 9. Lahey, M. E.; Gubler, C. J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: VII. Blood Copper in Pregnancy and Various Pathologic States , J. Clin. Invest. 32:329-339, 1953.Crossref 10. Bush, J. A.; Mahoney, J. P.; Markowitz, H.; Gubler, C. J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: XVI. Radioactive Copper Studies in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Hepatolenticular Degeneration , J. Clin. Invest. 34:1766-1778, 1955.Crossref 11. Zurukzoglu-Sklavounou, S.: Hypochrome Anämie im Kindesalter: Studie auf Grund von 373 Fällen , Helvet. paediat. acta 8:251-275, 1953. 12. Stransky, E.; Dauis-Lawas, D. T., and Lawas, I. L.: On Serum Copper Level and Its Importance in Childhood , Ann. pædiat. 179:1-11, 1952. 13. Axtrup, S.: The Blood Copper in Anaemias of Children with Special Reference to Premature Cases , Lund, Sweden, P. H. Lindstedt Universitets Bokhandel, 1946. 14. Brenner, W.: Beiträge zum Eisen- and Kupferstoffwechsel im Kindesalter. 3. Mitteilung , Ztschr. Kinderh. 66:299-318, 1949.Crossref 15. Freudenberg, E.: Alimentäre Anaemien im Säuglingsalter , Ann. pædiat. 169:163-192, 1947. 16. Lahey, M. E.; Gubler, C. J.; Chase, M. S.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: II. Hematologic Manifestations of Copper Deficiency in Swine , Blood 7:1053-1074, 1952. 17. Cartwright, G. E.; Gubler, C. J.; Bush, J. A., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: XVII. Further Observations on the Anemia of Copper Deficiency in Swine , Blood 11:143-153, 1956. 18. Macy, I. G.; Kelley, H., and Sloan, R.: The Composition of Milks: A Compilation of the Comparative Composition and Properties of Human, Cow and Goat Milk, Colostrum and Transitional Milk , Bull. 119, National Research Council, January, 1950. 19. Brenner, W.: Die Bedeutung des Kupfers in Biologie und Pathologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des wachsenden Organismus , Ergebn. inn. Med. u. Kinderh. 4:806-974, 1953. 20. Bush, J. A.: The Role of Trace Elements in Hemopoiesis and in the Therapy of Anemia , Pediatrics 17:586-595, 1956. 21. Gubler, C. J.; Lahey, M. E.; Ashenbrucker, H.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: I. A Method for the Determination of Copper in Whole Blood, Red Blood Cells, and Plasma , J. Biol. Chem. 196:209-220, 1952. 22. Hamilton, L. D.; Gubler, C. J.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Diurnal Variation in Plasma Iron Level of Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 75:65-68, 1950. 23. Rath, C. E., and Finch, C. A.: Chemical, Clinical, and Immunological Studies on Products of Human Plasma Fractionation: XXXVII. Serum Iron Transport; Measurement of Iron-Binding Capacity of Serum in Man , J. Clin. Invest. 28:79-85, 1949.Crossref 24. Grinstein, M., and Watson, C. J.: Studies of Protoporphyrin: III. Photoelectric Methods for Quantitative Determination of Protoporphyrin in Blood , J. Biol. Chem. 147:675-684, 1943. 25. Kingsley, G. R.: The Direct Biuret Method for the Determination of Serum Proteins as Applied to Photoelectric and Visual Colorimetry , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 27:840-845, 1942. 26. Gubler, C. J.; Lahey, M. E.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: X. Factors Influencing the Plasma Copper Level of the Albino Rat , Am. J. Physiol. 171:652-658, 1952. 27. Marston, H. R.: Cobalt, Copper and Molybdenum in the Nutrition of Animals and Plants , Physiol. Rev. 32:66-121, 1952. 28. Scheinberg, I. H., and Gitlin, D.: Deficiency of Ceruloplasmin in Patients with Hepatolenticular Degeneration (Wilson's Disease) , Science 116:484-485, 1952. 29. Gubler, C. J.; Lahey, M. E.; Cartwright, G. E., and Wintrobe, M. M.: Studies on Copper Metabolism: IX. The Transportation of Copper in Blood , J. Clin. Invest. 32:405-414, 1953. 30. Van Wyk, J. J.; Baxter, J. H.; Akeroyd, J. H., and Motulsky, A. G.: The Anemia of Copper Deficiency in Dogs Compared with That Produced by Iron Deficiency , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 93:41-49, 1953. 31. Sturgeon, P.: Iron Metabolism: A Review with Special Considerations on Iron Requirements in Normal Infancy , Pediatrics 18:267-298, 1956. 32. Roadhouse, C. L., and Henderson, J. L.: The Market Milk Industry , New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1941. 33. De Vries, S. I.: De betekenis van koper bij de behandeling van tegen ijzer refractaire hypochrome anaemie , Nederl. tijdschr. geneesk. 96:611-619, 1952.

Journal

A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of ChildrenAmerican Medical Association

Published: Sep 1, 1956

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