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M. Miller, I. Gardner, C. Kreuder, D. Paradies, K. Worcester, D. Jessup, E. Dodd, M. Harris, J. Ames, A. Packham, P. Conrad (2002)
Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).International journal for parasitology, 32 8
W. Inskeep, Chris Gardiner, R. Harris, J. Dubey, R. Goldston (1990)
Toxoplasmosis in Atlantic Bottle-Nosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 26
David Lindsay, Kalmia Phelps, Stephen Smith, G. Flick, Susan Sumner, J. Dubey (2001)
Removal of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts from Sea Water by Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 48
Melissa Miller, K. Sverlow, P. Crosbie, B. Barr, L. Lowenstine, F. Gulland, A. Packham, P. Conrad (2001)
Isolation and Characterization of Two Parasitic Protozoa from a Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca Vitulina Richardsi) With Meningoencephalomyelitis, 87
R. Elsner (1999)
Living in water : solution to physiological problems
J. Dubey, P. Fair, G. Bossart, D. Hill, R. Fayer, C. Sreekumar, O. Kwok, P. Thulliez (2005)
A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SEROLOGIC TESTS TO DETECT ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN NATURALLY EXPOSED BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS), 91
J. Dubey, Juan Morales, N. Sundar, G. Velmurugan, C. González-Barrientos, G. Hernández-Mora, C. Su (2007)
Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii From Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) From Costa Rica, 93
C. Su, X. Zhang, J. Dubey (2006)
Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers: a high resolution and simple method for identification of parasites.International journal for parasitology, 36 7
F. Schulman, T. Lipscomb, D. Moffett, A. Krafft, J. Lichy, M. Tsai, J. Taubenberger, S. Kennedy (1997)
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Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosisJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 35
P. Conrad, Melissa Miller, C. Kreuder, E. James, J. Mazet, Haydee Dabritz, D. Jessup, F. Gulland, M. Grigg (2005)
Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment.International journal for parasitology, 35 11-12
J. Dubey (1998)
Refinement of pepsin digestion method for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from infected tissues.Veterinary parasitology, 74 1
C. Kreuder, Melissa Miller, Melissa Miller, D. Jessup, D. Jessup, L. Lowenstine, M. Harris, J. Ames, Tim Carpenter, Patricia Conrad, J. Mazet (2003)
PATTERNS OF MORTALITY IN SOUTHERN SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS) FROM 1998–2001, 39
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Post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of Italy between 1990 and 1993Veterinary Record, 136
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J. Dubey, D. Graham, C. Blackston, T. Lehmann, S. Gennari, A. Ragozo, S. Nishi, S. Shen, O. Kwok, D. Hill, P. Thulliez (2002)
Biological and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus) from São Paulo, Brazil: unexpected findings.International journal for parasitology, 32 1
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Toxoplasmosis of Animals and ManJournal of Parasitology, 75
K. Arkush, Melissa Miller, C. Leutenegger, I. Gardner, A. Packham, A. Heckeroth, A. Tenter, B. Barr, P. Conrad (2003)
Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).International journal for parasitology, 33 10
Rebecca Cole, David Lindsay, David Lindsay, D. Howe, D. Howe, C. Roderick, J. Dubey, J. Dubey, N. Thomas, L. Baeten (2000)
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J. Dubey, G. Desmonts (1987)
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J. Dubeya, R. Zarnkeb, N. Thomasc, S. Wongd, W. Bonnd, M. Briggse, J. Davisf, R. Ewingg, M. Menseh, O. Kwoka, S. Romandi, P. Thulliezi (2003)
Toxoplasma gondii , Neospora caninum , Sarcocystis neurona , and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals
J. Dubey, N. Sundar, N. Pineda, N. Kyvsgaard, L. Luna, E. Rimbaud, J. Oliveira, O. Kwok, Y. Qi, C. Su (2006)
Biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Nicaragua, Central America.Veterinary parasitology, 142 1-2
Melissa Miller, M. Grigg, C. Kreuder, Erick James, A. Melli, P. Crosbie, D. Jessup, J. Boothroyd, Deborah Brownstein, Patricia Conrad (2004)
An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality.International journal for parasitology, 34 3
Toxoplasma gondii infection in marine mammals is intriguing and indicative of contamination of the ocean environment and coastal waters with oocysts. In previous serological surveys, >90% of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the coasts of Florida, South Carolina, and California had antibodies to T. gondii by the modified agglutination test (MAT). In the present study, attempts were made to isolate T. gondii from dead T. truncatus. During 2005, 2006, and 2007, serum or blood clot, and tissues (brain, heart, skeletal muscle) of 52 T. truncatus stranded on the coasts of South Carolina were tested for T. gondii. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT 1:25 or higher) were found in 26 (53%) of 49 dolphins; serum was not available from 3 animals. Tissues (heart, muscle, and sometimes brain) of 32 dolphins (26 seropositive, 3 seronegative, and 3 without accompanying sera) were bioassayed for T. gondii in mice, or cats, or both. Tissues of the recipient mice were examined for T. gondii stages. Feces of recipient cats were examined for shedding of T. gondii oocysts, but none excreted oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from hearts of the 3 dolphins (2 with MAT titers of 1:200, and 1 without accompanied serum) by bioassay in mice. Genotyping of these 3 T. gondii isolates (designated TgDoUs1-3) with the use of 10 PCR-RFLP markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico) revealed 2 genotypes. Two of the 3 isolates have Type II alleles at all loci and belong to the clonal Type II lineage. One isolate has a unique genotype. This is the first report of isolation of viable T. gondii from T. truncatus.
The Journal of Parasitology – Allen Press
Published: Aug 28, 2008
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