Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
A. Prasad (2000)
Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts.The Journal of infectious diseases, 182 Suppl 1
R. Guerrant, M. Kosek, S. Moore, B. Lorntz, R. Brantley, A. Lima (1988)
Magnitude and impact of diarrheal diseases.Archives of medical research, 33 4
D. Thurnham (1997)
Micronutrients and immune function: some recent developments.Journal of Clinical Pathology, 50
O. Bushen, J. Davenport, A. Lima, S. Piscitelli, Arejas Uzgiris, T. Silva, R. Leite, M. Kosek, R. Dillingham, A. Girao, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2004)
Erratum: Diarrhea and reduced levels of antiretroviral drugs: Improvement with glutamine or alanyl-glutamine in a randomized controlled trial in northeast Brazil (Clinical Infectious Disease (2004) 38 (1764-1770))Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39
L. Savioli, H. Smith, A. Thompson (2006)
Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the 'Neglected Diseases Initiative'.Trends in parasitology, 22 5
O. Bushen, J. Davenport, A. Lima, S. Piscitelli, Arejas Uzgiris, T. Silva, R. Leite, M. Kosek, R. Dillingham, A. Girao, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2004)
Diarrhea and reduced levels of antiretroviral drugs: improvement with glutamine or alanyl-glutamine in a randomized controlled trial in northeast Brazil.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 38 12
Mark Niehaus, S. Moore, P. Patrick, L. Derr, B. Lorntz, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2002)
Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 66 5
Robert Newman, C. Sears, S. Moore, J. Nataro, T. Wuhib, Deborah Agnew, R. Guerrant, Aldo Lima (1999)
Longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in children in northeastern Brazil.The Journal of infectious diseases, 180 1
J. Fló, F. Elías, E. Massouh, M. Roux (1994)
Impairment of B and T cell maturation in gut associated lymphoid tissues due to malnutrition during lactation.Developmental and comparative immunology, 18 6
Norma Ramirez, L. Ward, S. Sreevatsan (2004)
A review of the biology and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.Microbes and infection, 6 8
R. Faggioni, K. Feingold, C. Grunfeld (2001)
Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition 1The FASEB Journal, 15
B. Bègue, H. Wajant, J. Bambou, L. Dubuquoy, D. Siegmund, J. Beaulieu, D. Canioni, D. Berrebi, N. Brousse, P. Desreumaux, J. Schmitz, M. Lentze, O. Goulet, N. Cerf‐Bensussan, F. Ruemmele (2006)
Implication of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in inflammatory intestinal epithelial lesions.Gastroenterology, 130 7
A. Çalikoğlu, Aysen Karayal, A. D'ercole (2001)
Nutritional Regulation of IGF-I Expression during Brain Development in MicePediatric Research, 49
W. Checkley, R. Gilman, L. Epstein, M. Suarez, J. Díaz, L. Cabrera, R. Black, C. Sterling (1997)
Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children.American journal of epidemiology, 145 2
B. Carneiro-Filho, R. Oriá, Katie Rea, G. Brito, J. Fujii, T. Obrig, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2004)
Alanyl-glutamine hastens morphologic recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice.Nutrition, 20 10
E. Tyzzer (1907)
A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouseProceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 5
Feng-jun Wang, Feng-jun Wang, Brad Schwarz, W. Graham, Yingmin Wang, Liping Su, D. Clayburgh, C. Abraham, J. Turner (2006)
IFN-gamma-induced TNFR2 expression is required for TNF-dependent intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.Gastroenterology, 131 4
S. Lacroix, R. Mancassola, M. Naciri, F. Laurent (2001)
Cryptosporidium parvum-Specific Mucosal Immune Response in C57BL/6 Neonatal and Gamma Interferon-Deficient Mice: Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in ProtectionInfection and Immunity, 69
S. Hughes, Paul Kelly (2006)
Interactions of malnutrition and immune impairment, with specific reference to immunity against parasitesParasite Immunology, 28
A. Pallaro, M. Roux, N. Slobodianik (2001)
Nutrition disorders and immunologic parameters: study of the thymus in growing rats.Nutrition, 17 9
S. Mocellin, F. Marincola, C. Rossi, D. Nitti, M. Lise (2004)
The multifaceted relationship between IL-10 and adaptive immunity: putting together the pieces of a puzzle.Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 15 1
R. Oriá, P. Patrick, H. Zhang, B. Lorntz, C. Costa, G. Brito, L. Barrett, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2005)
APOE4 Protects the Cognitive Development in Children with Heavy Diarrhea Burdens in Northeast BrazilPediatric Research, 57
I-Sarah Lean, V. Mcdonald, R. Pollok (2002)
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium infectionCurrent Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 15
S. Tzipori, H. Ward (2002)
Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease.Microbes and infection, 4 10
R. Oriá, P. Patrick, J. Blackman, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2007)
Role of apolipoprotein E4 in protecting children against early childhood diarrhea outcomes and implications for later development.Medical hypotheses, 68 5
O. Bushen, A. Kohli, R. Pinkerton, K. Dupnik, R. Newman, C. Sears, R. Fayer, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2007)
Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 4
Cirle Alcantara, C. Yang, Theodore Steiner, L. Barrett, Aldo Lima, C. Chappell, P. Okhuysen, A. White, R. Guerrant (2003)
Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and lactoferrin in immunocompetent hosts with experimental and Brazilian children with acquired cryptosporidiosis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 68 3
W. Checkley, L. Epstein, Robert Gilman, Robert Black, L. Cabrera, Charles Sterling (1998)
Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth.American journal of epidemiology, 148 5
B. Kirkpatrick, M. Daniels, S. Jean, J. Pape, C. Karp, B. Littenberg, D. Fitzgerald, H. Lederman, J. Nataro, C. Sears (2002)
Cryptosporidiosis stimulates an inflammatory intestinal response in malnourished Haitian children.The Journal of infectious diseases, 186 1
W. Current, N. Reese (1986)
A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice.The Journal of protozoology, 33 1
David Guerrant, S. Moore, A. Lima, P. Patrick, J. Schorling, R. Guerrant (1999)
Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 61 5
P. Fraker, L. King, Tonya Laakko, T. Vollmer (2000)
The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status.The Journal of nutrition, 130 5S Suppl
J. Ernest, B. Blagburn, D. Lindsay, W. Current (1986)
Infection dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) in neonatal mice (Mus musculus).The Journal of parasitology, 72 5
A. Buret, A. Chin, K. Scott (2003)
Infection of human and bovine epithelial cells with Cryptosporidium andersoni induces apoptosis and disrupts tight junctional ZO-1: effects of epidermal growth factor.International journal for parasitology, 33 12
R. Guerrant, Maria Souza, J. McAuliffe, J. Schorling (1992)
Diarrhea as a cause and an effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 47 1 Pt 2
L. Eckmann, J. Fierer, M. Kagnoff (1996)
Genetically resistant (Ityr) and susceptible (Itys) congenic mouse strains show similar cytokine responses following infection with Salmonella dublin.Journal of immunology, 156 8
H. Dülger, M. Arik, M. Şekeroğlu, M. Tarakçıoğlu, T. Noyan, Y. Cesur, R. Balahoroğlu (2002)
Pro-inflammatory cytokines in Turkish children with protein-energy malnutrition.Mediators of Inflammation, 11
Aldo Lima, G. Fang, J. Schorling, Licio Albuquerque, J. McAuliffe, Sulivan Mota, R. Leite, R. Guerrant (1992)
Persistent diarrhea in Northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutritionActa Pædiatrica, 81
R. Guerrant (1997)
Cryptosporidiosis: an emerging, highly infectious threat.Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3
P. Karanis, C. Kourenti, Huw Smith (2007)
Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt.Journal of water and health, 5 1
S. Cunningham‐Rundles, D. Mcneeley, Aeri Moon (2005)
Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 115 6
T. Sasahara, H. Maruyama, Masahito Aoki, R. Kikuno, T. Sekiguchi, Akira Takahashi, Yoshinori Satoh, H. Kitasato, Y. Takayama, M. Inoue (2003)
Apoptosis of intestinal crypt epithelium after Cryptosporidium parvum infectionJournal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 9
E. Houpt, O. Bushen, N. Sam, A. Kohli, Amon Asgharpour, C. Ng, D. Calfee, R. Guerrant, V. Maro, Sendui Ole-Nguyaine, J. Shao (2005)
ASYMPTOMATIC CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS INFECTION AMONG HUMAN IMMUNDEFICIENCY VIRUS–INFECTED PATIENTS IN TANZANIAAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73
R. Guerrant, R. Oriá, O. Bushen, P. Patrick, E. Houpt, A. Lima (2005)
Global impact of diarrheal diseases that are sampled by travelers: the rest of the hippopotamus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 41 Suppl 8
R. Dillingham, R. Guerrant (2004)
Childhood stunting: measuring and stemming the staggering costs of inadequate water and sanitationThe Lancet, 363
M. Deng, M. Rutherford, M. Abrahamsen (2004)
Host intestinal epithelial response to Cryptosporidium parvum.Advanced drug delivery reviews, 56 6
R. Dillingham, A. Lima, R. Guerrant (2002)
Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact.Microbes and infection, 4 10
Richard Brantley, Richard Brantley, Richard Brantley, K. Williams, K. Williams, K. Williams, Terezinha Silva, Terezinha Silva, Terezinha Silva, Maria Sistrom, Maria Sistrom, Maria Sistrom, Nathan Thielman, Nathan Thielman, Nathan Thielman, Honorine Ward, Honorine Ward, Honorine Ward, Aldo Lima, Aldo Lima, Aldo Lima, R. Guerrant, R. Guerrant, R. Guerrant (2003)
AIDS-associated diarrhea and wasting in Northeast Brazil is associated with subtherapeutic plasma levels of antiretroviral medications and with both bovine and human subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum.The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, 7 1
(2000)
Effects of zinc deficiency on Th 1 and Th 2 cytokine shifts
J. Harp (2003)
Cryptosporidium and host resistance: historical perspective and some novel approachesAnimal Health Research Reviews, 4
Huw Smith, G. Corcoran (2004)
New drugs and treatment for cryptosporidiosisCurrent Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 17
S. Cacciò, E. Pozio (2006)
Advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosisExpert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 4
FT Wieringa, M. Dijkhuizen, Ce West, J. Ven-Jongekrijg, Muhilal, J. Meer (2004)
Reduced production of immunoregulatory cytokines in vitamin A- and zinc-deficient Indonesian infantsEuropean Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58
Cryptosporidium parvum is a leading pathogen in children in developing countries. To investigate whether early postnatal malnutrition leads to heavier C. parvum infections, we assessed intestinal adaptation and parasite load in suckling mice during the first 2 wk of life, analogous to the first postnatal yr in humans. Undernutrition was induced by daily C57BL6J pup separation from lactating dams. Half of the pups were separated daily, for 4 hr on day 4, 8 hr on day 5, and for 12 hr from day 6 until day 14. On day 6, each pup received an oral inoculum of 10 5 to 10 7 parasites in 10–25 μl of PBS. Littermate controls received PBS alone. Stools were assessed from days 8, 11, and 14 for oocyst counts. Mice were killed on day 14, 8 days postinoculation, at the peak of the infection. Ileal and colon segments were obtained for histology, real-time and reverse transcriptase PCR, and immunoassays. Villus and crypt lengths and cross-sectional areas were also measured. Undernourished and nourished mice infected with excysted 10 6 or 10 7 oocysts exhibited the poorest growth outcomes compared with their uninfected controls. Nourished 10 6 -infected mice had comparable weight decrements to uninfected undernourished mice. Body weight and villi were additively affected by malnutrition and cryptosporidiosis. Hyperplastic crypts and heavier inflammatory responses were found in the ilea of infected malnourished mice. Undernourished infected mice exhibited greater oocyst shedding, TNF-α and IFN-γ intestinal levels, and mRNA expression compared to nourished mice infected with either 10 5 or 10 6 oocysts. Taken together, these findings show that Cryptosporidium infection can cause undernutrition and, conversely, that weanling undernutrition intensifies infection and mucosal damage.
Journal of Parasitology – Allen Press
Published: Dec 1, 2008
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.